WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION
Science, Technology and Engineering (STE) Program
GRADE
ELECTRONIC 10

LEARNING QUARTER 3

MODULE WEEK 6-8

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

0
 MODULE IN
ELECTRONICS
Science, Technology and
Engineering (STE) Program

QUARTER 3
WEEK 6-8

Procedure of Assembling,
Tracking, Aligning, and Testing the
Functionality of AM/FM Receiver

Development Team

Writer: Richard F. Aison

Editor / Reviewer: Hamilton C. Remigio Ponciano S. Raspado

Flenie A. Galicinao

Lay-out Artist: Hamilton C. Remigio

Management Team: Vilma D. Eda, CESO V

Arnel S. Bandiola Lourdes B. Arucan

Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

1
 What I Need to Know

This module in Electronics contains information and suggested learning activities

that provide you understanding on the knowledge, skills and desirable attitudes required in
the principles of signal transmission and reception.

In order to benefit much from this module, you should learn about procedure of
assembling, tracking, aligning, and testing the functionality of AM/FM Receiver.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Enumerate and explain the procedure in assembling, tracking, aligning, and testing
the functionality of AM/FM Receiver.

Learning Objectives:

1. Enumerate the procedure in assembling AM/FM receiver.

2. Describe the steps in tracking and aligning AM/FM receivers.
3. Explain the procedure in testing the functionality of an AM/FM receiver.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a sheet of paper. Do not
write anything in this module.

1. Which of the following has the purpose to increase the power of the audio signal received
from either detector to a power level capable of driving the speaker?
A. AM Oscillator Stage C. Automatic Gain Control Stage
B. Audio Amplifier Stage D. FM Ratio Detector Stage

2. It converts the amplitude modulated IF (intermediate frequency) signal to a low-level audio

signal.
A. AM Amplifier C. AM Mixer
B. AM Detector D. AM Oscillator

3. Which of the following feeds back a DC voltage to the first AM IF amplifier in order to
maintain a near constant level of audio at the detector?
A. AM Oscillator C. Automatic Gain Control
B. Audio Amplifier D. FM Ratio Detector

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

2
4. Which of the following has a fixed gain of about 20?
A. AM Oscillator C. Automatic Gain Control
B. Audio Amplifier D. FM Ratio Detector

5. In ratio detector alignment, what specific tool is needed when we need to turn both coils
T4 and T5 fully counter clockwise until they stop?
A. Adjustable Wrench C. Longnose Plier
B. Allen Wrench D. Screwdriver

What’s In

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Directions: Look for the words related to the procedure in assembling, tracking, aligning
and testing the functionality of AM/FM Receiver. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

A N T E N N A W R T Y U I O P L K J H G F D S A Z
V B N F M O I U Y T R E W Q A S D F G H J K L M N
A S D F F G H J K L N B V I O M N O P U Y T R E W
D S M I X E R A E W R T Y U D I O P L K J H G F D
N U O C U I O P R T E W W Q E A S F C V B N Y R T
O P K I L U A I N T E G R A T E D C I R C U I T Z
S U P E R H E T E R O D Y N E L K N B V C X Z Q W
C T U N I O N B Y V R I T D C S A X C B N M I O P
I N M C J U I O N B C S F B T M O P I T R E W Q N
L U N Y I O N M B V C T X R O M E N J K I T E I N
L I O N H E A D V G E O W A R B N N M J K L P O Y
A O I U Y T R E W Q A R S D F G H J K K L N B I O
T E R T Y U I N B V R T R A N S I S T O R E W T Y
O R I O N M B J U O P I N B V C X D G T Y U I O P
R U I N E B J K U L N O B V C F G T Y U I O P B G
Y U I B V T R E C B A N D W I D T H O R D F E Y U
O I N S D F G H J K I O T R E Q A Z X C V B N M K

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

3
 What’s New
The most familiar form of radio receiver is a broadcast receiver, often just called
a radio, which receives audio programs intended for public reception transmitted by
local radio stations. The sound is reproduced either by a loudspeaker in the radio or
an earphone which plugs into a jack on the radio. The radio requires electric power, provided
either by batteries inside the radio or a power cord which plugs into an electric outlet. All
radios have a volume control to adjust the loudness of the audio, and some type of "tuning"
control to select the radio station to be received.

What is It

Lesson Procedure in Assembling, Tracking,

1 Aligning and Testing the

Functionality of AM/FM Receiver

The AM/FM Radio Kit project is a “superheterodyne” receiver of the standard AM

(amplitude modulation) and FM (frequency modulation) broadcast frequencies. The unique
design of the Superhet 108 allows you to place the parts over their corresponding symbol in
the schematic drawing on the surface of the printed circuit board during assembly. This
technique maximizes the learning process while keeping the chances of an assembly error
at a minimum. It is very important, however, that good soldering practices are used to
prevent bad connections. The Soldering Guide should be reviewed before any soldering is
attempted.

The actual assembly is broken down into 9 sections. The theory of operation for each
section, or stage, should be read before the assembly is started. This will provide the
student with an understanding of what that stage has been designed to accomplish, and
how it actually works. After each assembly, you will be instructed to make certain tests and
measurements to prove that each section is functioning properly. If a test fails to produce the
proper results, a troubleshooting guide is provided to help you correct the problem. If test
equipment is available, further measurements and calculations are demonstrated to allow
each student to verify that each stage meets the engineering specifications. After all of the
stages have been built and tested, a final alignment procedure is provided to peak the
performance of the receiver and maximize the Superhet 108’s reception capabilities.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

4
 Figure 1. Block Diagram of AM/FM Radio Sections .
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

The purpose of Section 1, the Audio Amplifier Stage, is to increase the power of the
audio signal received from either detector to a power level capable of driving the speaker.
The audio amplifier is IC or transistor version. Section 2 includes the AM detector circuit and
the AGC (automatic gain control) stage. The AM detector converts the amplitude modulated
IF (intermediate frequency) signal to a low-level audio signal.

The AGC stage feeds back a DC voltage to the first AM IF amplifier in order to
maintain a near constant level of audio at the detector. Section 3 is the second AM IF
amplifier. The second AM IF amplifier is tuned to 455kHz (Kilohertz) and has a fixed gain at
this frequency of 50. Section 4 is the first AM IF 2 amplifier which has a variable gain that
depends on the AGC voltage received from the AGC stage. The first AM IF amplifier is also
tuned to 455kHz. Section 5 includes the AM mixer, AM oscillator and AM antenna stages.
When the radio wave passes through the antenna, it induces a small voltage across the
antenna coil. This voltage is coupled to the mixer, or converter, stage to be changed to a
frequency of 455kHz. This change is accomplished by mixing (heterodyning) the radio
frequency signal with the oscillator signal. Section 6 is the FM ratio detector circuit. The FM
ratio detector has a fixed gain of about 20. Section 7 is the second FM IF amplifier. The
second FM IF amplifier is tuned to 10.7MHz (Megahertz) and has a set gain of approximately
20. The 3dB bandwidth of this stage should be approximately 350kHz. Section 8 is the first
FM IF amplifier. The first FM IF amplifier is also tuned to 10.7MHz and has a set gain of
approximately 10. It also has a 3dB bandwidth of 350kHz. Section 9 includes the FM mixer,
FM oscillator, FM RF (Radio Frequency) amplifier, AFC (Automatic Frequency Control)
stage, and the FM antenna. The incoming radio waves are amplified by the FM RF amplifier,
which is tuned to a desired radio station in the FM frequency bandwidth of 88MHz to
108MHz. These amplified signals are then coupled to the FM mixer stage to be changed to a
frequency of 10.7MHz. This change, as in AM, is accomplished by heterodyning the radio
frequency signal with the oscillator signal. The AFC stage feeds back a DC voltage to the FM
oscillator to prevent the oscillator from drifting. Each of these blocks will be explained in
detail in the Theory of Operation given before the assembly instructions for that stage.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

5
Semiconductor Parts Familiarization

This section will familiarize you with the proper method used to test the transistors
and the diode.

Transistor Test (NPN and PNP)

Figure 2. NPN Transistor Testing Figure 3. NPN Transistor Testing

Using an Ohmmeter, connect the Using an Ohmmeter, connect the
transistor as shown in Test A. Your meter transistor as shown in Test B. Your meter
should be reading a low resistance. Switch should be reading a high resistance. Switch
the lead from the Emitter to the Collector. the lead from the Emitter to the Collector.
Your meter should again be reading a low Your meter should again be reading a high
resistance. resistance. Typical results read
approximately 1MΩ to infinity.

Figure 4. PNP Transistor Testing Figure 5. PNP Transistor Testing

Using an Ohmmeter, connect the Using an Ohmmeter, connect the
transistor as shown in Test C. Your meter transistor as shown in Test D. Your meter
should be reading a low resistance. Switch should be reading a high resistance. Switch
the lead from the Emitter to the Collector. the lead from the Emitter to the Collector.
Your meter should again be reading a low Your meter should again be reading a high
resistance. resistance.

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
6
Section 1-A
Integrated Circuit (IC) Audio Amplifier

This radio kit contains two separate audio systems. The first is an integrated circuit
(IC) and the second is a five-transistor circuit. The objective is to show you how these two
circuits function and to compare the performance of each. We will begin the radio project by
building the IC audio amplifier first.

The purpose of the Audio Amplifier is to increase the audio power to a level sufficient
to drive an 8-ohm speaker. To do this, DC (direct current) from the battery is converted by
the amplifier to an AC (alternating current) in the speaker. The ratio of the power delivered to
the speaker and the power taken from the battery is the efficiency of the amplifier. For the
Audio Amplifier, we use the integrated circuit (IC) LM-386. In Figure 6, you can see
equivalent schematic and connection diagrams.

Figure 6 Figure 7

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

In a Class A amplifier (transistor on over entire cycle), the maximum theoretical

efficiency is 0.5 or 50%. But, in a Class B amplifier (transistor on for 1/2 cycle), the maximum
theoretical efficiency is 0.785 or 78.5%. Since transistor characteristics are not ideal in a
pure Class B amplifier, the transistors will introduce crossover distortion. This is due to the
non-linear transfer curve near zero current or cutoff. This type of distortion is shown in
Figure 7.

In order to eliminate crossover distortion and maximize efficiency, the transistors of

the audio amplifier circuit are biased on for slightly more than 1/2 of the cycle, Class AB. In
other words, the transistors are working as Class A amplifiers for very small levels of power
to the speaker, but they slide toward Class B operation at larger power levels.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

7
 To make the LM-386 a more versatile amplifier, two pins (1 and 8) are provided for
gain control. With pins 1 and 8 open, the 1.35kΩ resistor sets the gain at 20 (see Figure 8).
The gain will go up to 200 (see Figure 9) if a capacitor is placed between pins 1 and 8. The
gain can be set to any value from 20 to 200 if a resistor is placed in series with the capacitor.
The amplifier with a gain of 150 is shown in Figure 10.

The amplifier in our kit with a gain of 150 is shown in Figure 11. Capacitor C40
couples the audio signal from the volume control to the input of the audio amplifier.
Capacitor C43 blocks the DC to the speaker, while allowing the AC to pass.

Figure 8 Figure 9

Figure 10

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Figure 11
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
8
 Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Section 1-B
Transistor Audio Amplifier

If you have successfully completed the IC audio amplifier, you are now ready to build
the five-transistor audio amplifier. The transistor audio amplifier is built on a separate PC
board and will plug into the IC socket. It will be necessary to remove the IC from its socket.

The ratio of the power delivered to the speaker and the power taken from the battery
is the efficiency of the amplifier. In a Class A amplifier (transistor on over entire cycle) the
maximum theoretical efficiency is 0.5 or 50%, but in a Class B amplifier (transistor on for ½
cycle) the maximum theoretical efficiency is 0.785 or 78.5%. Since transistor characteristics
are not ideal, in a pure Class B amplifier, the transistors will introduce crossover distortion.
This is due to the non-linear transfer curve near zero current or cutoff. This type of distortion
is shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

In order to eliminate crossover distortion and maximize efficiency, the transistors

(Q11 and Q12) of the audio amplifier circuit are biased on for slightly more than ½ of the
cycle, Class AB. In other words, the transistors are working as Class A amplifiers for very
small levels of power to the speaker, but they slide toward Class B operation at larger power
levels.

Figure 13. Schematic Diagram of Transistor Audio Amplifier

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

9
 Transistor Q10 is a Class A amplifier that drives Q11 and Q12 through the bias string
R46, D5 and R49. Q13 and Q14 are current amplifiers that amplify the current of transistors
Q11 and Q12. The AC and DC gain are set by the DC current in transistor Q10 and the
collector resistor R46. The AC gain of the Audio Amplifier is approximately equal to 100,
while the DC gain equals approximately 50. The transistors Q13 and Q14 self-bias so that
the voltage at their emitters is approximately 1/2 the supply voltage. R47 provides feedback
to the base of Q10 which is biased at approximately 0.7 volts. Capacitor C40 couples the
audio signal from the volume control to the input of the audio amplifier. Capacitor C43 blocks
the DC to the speaker, while allowing the AC to pass.

Section 2
AM Detector and AGC Stage

The purpose of the detector is to change the amplitude modulated IF signal back to
an audio signal. This is accomplished by a process called detection or demodulation. First,
the amplitude modulated IF signal is applied to a diode in such a way as to leave only the
negative portion of that signal (see Figure 14). The diode acts like an electronic check valve
that only lets current pass in the same direction as the arrow (in the diode symbol) points.
When the diode is in conduction (On Condition), it will force the capacitors C33 and C38 to
charge to approximately the same voltage as the negative peak of the IF signal. After
conduction stops in the diode (Off Condition), the capacitors will discharge through resistors
R36 and R42. The discharge time constant must be small enough to follow the audio signal
or high frequency audio distortion will occur. The discharge time constant must be large
enough, however, to remove the intermediate frequency (455kHz) and leave only the audio
as shown in Figure 14.

The purpose of the automatic gain control (AGC) circuit is to maintain a constant
level at the detector, regardless of the strength of the incoming signal. Without AGC, the
volume control would have to be adjusted for each station and even moderately strong
stations would clip in the final IF amplifier causing audio distortion. AGC is accomplished by
adjusting the DC bias of the first IF amplifier to lower its gain as the signal strength
increases. Figure 14 shows that the audio at the top of the volume control is actually “riding”
on a negative DC voltage when strong signals are encountered. This negative DC
component corresponds to the strength of the incoming signal. The larger the signal, the
more negative the component. At test point five (TP5), the audio is removed by a low pass
filter, R36 and C32, leaving only the DC component. Resistor R35 is used to shift the voltage
at TP5 high enough to bias the base of transistor Q8 to the full gain position when no signal
is present. Resistors R35 and R36 also forward bias diode D4 just enough to minimize “On
Condition” threshold voltage.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

10
 Figure 14

Figure 14. Schematic Diagram of AM Detector and AGC Stage

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Section 3
Second AM IF Amplifier

The purpose of the second IF amplifier to increase the amplitude of the intermediate
frequency (IF) and at the same time provide SELECTIVITY. Selectivity is the ability to “pick
out” one radio station while rejecting all others. The second IF transformer (T8) acts as a
bandpass filter with a 3dB bandwidth of approximately 6kHz. The amplitude versus
frequency response of the second IF amplifier is shown in Figure 15.

Both IF amplifiers are tuned to a frequency of 455kHz and only need to be aligned
once when the radio is assembled. These amplifiers provide the majority of the gain and
selectivity needed to separate the radio stations.

Figure 15

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

The gain at 455kHz in the second IF amplifier is fixed by the AC impedance of the
primary side of transformer T8, and the DC current in Q9. The current in Q9 is set by
resistors R39, R40 and R41. Both C36 and C37 bypass the 455kHz signal to ground,
making Q9 a common emitter amplifier. The signal is coupled from the first IF amplifier to the
second IF amplifier through transformer T7. The IF transformers not only supply coupling
and selectivity, but they also provide an impedance match between the collector of one
stage and the base of the next stage. This match allows maximum power to transfer from
one stage to the next.

Section 4
First AM IF Amplifier

The operation of the first IF amplifier is the same as the second IF amplifier with one
important difference. The gain of the first IF amplifier decreases after the AGC threshold is
passed to keep the audio output constant at the detector and prevent overload of the second
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
11
IF amplifier. This is accomplished by making the voltage on the base of transistor Q8 lower
as the signal strength increases. Since the voltage from base to emitter is fairly constant, the
drop in voltage at the base produces a similar drop in voltage at the emitter of Q8. This drop
lowers the voltage across R37 and thus, reduces the DC current through R37. Since all of
the DC current from the emitter of Q8 must go through R37, the DC current in Q8 is
therefore lowered. When the DC current in a transistor is lowered, its effective emitter
resistance increases. The AC gain of transistor Q8 is equal to the AC collector load of Q8
divided by its effective emitter resistance. Raising the value of the effective emitter
resistance, thus, lowers the AC gain of Q8.

Section 5
AM Mixer, AM Oscillator, and AM Antenna

In a superheterodyne type receiver, the radio wave at the antenna is amplified and
then mixed with the local oscillator to produce the intermediate frequency (IF). Transistor Q7
not only amplifies the RF signal, but also simultaneously oscillates at a frequency 455kHz
above the desired radio station frequency. Positive feedback from the collector to the emitter
of Q7 is provided by coil L5 and capacitor C31. During the heterodyning process the
following four frequencies are present at the collector of Q7.

1. The local oscillator frequency, OF.

2. The RF carrier or radio station frequency.
3. The sum of these two frequencies, OF + RF.
4. The difference of these two frequencies, OF – RF.

The “difference frequency” is used as the intermediate frequency in AM radios. The

collector of Q7 also contains an IF transformer (T6) tuned only to the difference frequency.
This transformer rejects all frequencies except those near 455kHz. T6 also couples the
455kHz signal to the base of Q8 to be processed by the IF amplifiers. The antenna and the
oscillator coils are the only two resonant circuits that change when the radio is tuned for
different stations. Since a radio station may exist 455kHz above the oscillator frequency, it is
important that the antenna rejects this station and selects only the station 455kHz below the
oscillator frequency. The frequency of the undesired station 455kHz above the oscillator is
called the image frequency. If the selectivity of the antenna (Q factor) is high, the image will
be reduced sufficiently.

The oscillator circuit must also change when the radio is tuned in order to remain
455kHz above the tuning of the desired radio station. The degree of accuracy in keeping the
oscillator frequency exactly 455kHz above the tuning of the antenna is called tracking
accuracy.

Section 6
The FM Radio

Section 6 begins the construction of the FM radio. The stages that we will build are
shown in the block diagram below. We will begin with the FM Ratio Detector and work back
to the FM Antenna. Each stage will be tested before proceeding to the next stage.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

12
 Figure 16. Block Diagram of FM Radio Stages
FM RatioSource: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
Detector

In the AM DETECTOR section, we observed that the audio was detected from
changes in the amplitude of the incoming signal. In FM detection, the audio is detected from
changes in frequency of the incoming signal. The RATIO DETECTOR has built-in limiting
action which limits the signal so that any noise riding on the FM carrier will be minimized.
The RATIO DETECTOR is redrawn below for ease of explanation.

hen an incoming signal is present at T4 and T5, a current flow through D2, R26, R28,
R27 and D3. At no modulation, the current through the diodes D2 and D3 are equal because
T5 is center-tapped. Thus, no current is drawn through C23 resulting in zero audio output
voltage. When the incoming signal is modulated, the current through one diode will be
greater than the other. This causes a current to flow in C23 which will produce an audio
voltage across C23. If the modulation is of opposite direction than before, more current will
flow in the other diode, which will again cause current to flow in C23 in the opposite direction
resulting in an audio voltage being produced across C23. The large current drawn from the
audio which causes the battery voltage to vary. The ratio detector is decoupled further by
the resistor R23 and capacitor C21.

Figure 17. Schematic Diagram of FM Ratio Detector Section

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Section 7
Second FM IF Amplifier

The purpose of the 2nd IF amplifier is to increase the amplitude of the intermediate
frequency (IF) while also providing Selectivity. Selectivity is the ability to “pick out” one
station while rejecting all others. T3 acts as a bandpass filter that only passes signals around
10.7MHz. The resistor R19 is used to widen the 3dB bandwidth of the 2nd FM IF amplifier.
The gain at 10.7MHz is fixed by the AC impedance of the primary side of T3 and the current

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

13
in Q5. The current is fixed by R16, R17 and R18. Capacitors C18 and C17 bypass the AC
signal to ground. C20 is a bypass capacitor from V+ to ground.

Figure 18

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Section 8
First FM IF Amplifier

The operation of the first IF amplifier is the same as the second IF amplifier except
that the gain is different. The gain is set by the AC impedance of the primary side of T2 and
the current in Q4. The current in Q4 is set by the resistors R12, R13 and R15. Capacitors
C14 and C15 bypass the AC signal to ground. C13 and C16 are bypass capacitors from V+
to ground to prevent feedback on the V+ line. R19 is used to widen the bandwidth of the
transformer T2.

Section 9
FM RF Amplifier, Mixer, Oscillator, and AFC Stage

In a superheterodyne receiver, the radio waves are emitted and then mixed with the
local oscillator to produce the intermediate frequency (IF). The first stage is the RF amplifier
which selects a radio station and amplifies it. The second stage is the local oscillator which
oscillates at a frequency 10.7MHz above the desired radio station frequency. The third stage
is the mixer stage where the amplified radio waves are heterodyned with the local oscillator.
During the mixing process, a difference frequency of 10.7MHz is produced. This difference
frequency is used as the IF in FM radios. The collector of transistor Q3 contains an IF
transformer (T1) which is tuned only to the difference frequency. This transformer rejects all
frequencies except those near 10.7MHz. T1 also couples the 10.7MHz signal to the first FM
IF amplifier. The RF amplifier and the oscillator are the only two resonant circuits that
change when the radio is tuned for different stations. Since a radio station may exist
10.7MHz above the oscillator frequency, it is important that the RF stage rejects this station
and selects only the station 10.7MHz below the oscillator frequency. The frequency of the
undesired station 10.7MHz above the oscillator is called the image frequency. Since this FM
receiver has an RF amplifier, the image frequency is reduced significantly. The resistor R9
and capacitor C12 decouple the voltage of the tuner from the voltage of the IF stages.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

14
 Assembly Instructions

We will begin by installing resistor R43. Identify the resistor by its color and install. Be
careful to properly mount and solder all components. Diodes, transistors and electrolytic
capacitors are polarized, be sure to follow the instructions carefully so that they are not
mounted backwards. Check the box when you have completed each installation.

Reminder: Wear safety goggles during all assembly stages in this module.

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Figures A-G. Schematic Diagram of FM Ratio Detector Section

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

15
 Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Static Measurements
Power Test

For all measurements, connect your equipment GND to circuit GND TP15. Set your
VOM (Volt-Ohm-Millimeter) to read 2 amps DC. Connect the meter to the circuit as shown in
Figure 6. Make sure that the volume control is in the OFF position (turned fully counter-
clockwise). While watching your VOM, turn the volume to the ON position (rotate clockwise
until a “click” is heard). The VOM should indicate a very low current. Adjust your meter for a
more accurate reading if necessary. If the current is greater than 20 milliamps, immediately
turn the power off. The current should be less than 10 milliamps. This is the current drawn
by the battery when no input signal is present (the “idle current”). Turn OFF the power. If
your circuit fails this test, check that all of the parts have been installed correctly, and check
for shorts or poor solder connections.

Figure 19. Pictorial Diagram of Power Testing

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

16
Output Bias Test

Put the battery into the holder.

Adjust your VOM to read20.9 Pictorial

Figure volts and connect
Diagram it as Bias
of Output shownTestin Figure 20. Make sure
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
that the battery, or a 9-volt power supply (if available), is properly connected and turn the
power ON. The voltage at TP1 should be between 3 to 6 volts. If you get this reading, go on
to the next test. If your circuit fails this test, turn the power OFF and check that the
integrated circuit is correctly inserted in the correct location. The notch of the IC must be in
the same direction as marked on the PC board. Check that all resistor values are the correct
value and not interchanged. All static tests must pass before proceeding to the Dynamic
Tests or the next section.

Dynamic Measurements
Gain

Connect the VOM and audio generator to the circuit as shown in Figure 21. Normally
the AC gain is measured at a frequency of 1kHz. Your VOM however, may not be able to
accurately read AC voltages at this frequency. Therefore, it is recommended that this test be
performed at 400Hz. Set the audio generator at 400Hz and minimum voltage output. With
the power ON, set your VOM to read an AC voltage of 1 volt at test point TP1. Increase the
volume control about half way. Slowly increase the amplitude of the audio generator until
your VOM reads 1 volt AC. Leave the audio generator at this setting and move the positive
lead of your VOM to the Jumper J3. Record the AC input voltage to the amplifier here:

Vin = _________ volts.

You may have to change scales on your VOM for the most accurate reading. Turn
the power OFF. The AC voltage gain of your audio amplifier is equal to the AC output
voltage divided by the AC input voltage, or 1/Vin.

Calculate the gain. The gain should be 100–180.

Gain = _________

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

17
 Figure 21. Pictorial Diagram of Dynamic Measuring of the Gain
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

AC Bandwidth

Connect the oscilloscope and audio generator to your circuit as shown in Figure 22.
Set the audio generator for a frequency of 1kHz and minimum voltage output. Set the
oscilloscope to read 0.5 volts per division. Turn on the power and slowly increase the
volume control to a comfortable level. Increase the amplitude of the audio generator until the
oscilloscope displays 2 volts peak to peak, (Vpp), at TP1. It may be necessary to adjust the
volume control. Move the oscilloscope probe to jumper J3 and record the input voltage here:
Vin = _______ Vpp

(at this point, you may want to verify the AC gain). Move the oscilloscope probe back to TP1
and slowly increase the frequency from the audio generator until the waveform on the
oscilloscope drops to 0.7 of its original reading 1.4Vpp or 2.8 divisions. The frequency of the
generator when the output drops to 0.7 of its original value is called the high frequency 3
decibel (dB) corner. Record this frequency here:
(f high 3dB) = __________ kHz.

Slowly decrease the frequency of the generator until the output drops to 0.7 of its
original reading, 1.4Vpp or 2.8 divisions. This frequency is called the low frequency 3dB
corner. Record your answer.
(f low 3dB) = __________ kHz.

Calculate the AC bandwidth:

(f high 3dB – f low 3dB) = __________ kHz.
AC Bandwidth = __________
Your calculated answer should be greater than 30kHz.

Distortion

Connect the generator and oscilloscope as shown in Figure 22. Set the generator at
a frequency of 1kHz, turn the power ON. Adjust the generator output and turn the volume
until the peaks of the sinewave at TP1 are clipped for maximum signal as shown in Figure
23. One side of the sinewave may clip before the other depending on the DC centering at
TP1. If oscillations are seen, connect a clip lead from the GND of your generator to the GND
of the circuit. Measure the maximum voltage peak to peak when clipping first occurs and
record that value here:
Vclp = _______ Vpp.

Turn the power OFF.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

18
 Figure 22. Pictorial Diagram of Connecting the oscilloscope and audio generator to your circuit
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Maximum Power Output

The maximum power output before distortion due to “clipping” can be calculated
using the voltage Vclp obtained in the Distortion Step as follows:

Vpeak (Vp) = Vclp/2

Vroot mean squared (Vrms) = Vp x 0.7

Max power out = (Vrms)2/8 ohms = (Vclp x 0.35)2/8

Maximum power output should be greater than 200 milliwatts.

Figure 23. Sinewave at TP1 are clipped for maximum signal

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Efficiency

By measuring the DC power taken from the battery at the maximum power output
level, the efficiency to the audio amplifier can be calculated. Power from the battery is equal
to the current taken from the battery times the voltage of the battery during maximum power
output. Efficiency can then be calculated as follows: Eff = Max audio power/Battery power. It
is best to use a power supply (if available) to prevent supply voltage from changing during
these measurements. Connect the generator, oscilloscope, power supply (or battery) and
current meter as shown in Figure 24.

Set your current meter to read 1 amp DC. Turn the power ON and rotate the volume
control to maximum. Slowly increase the amplitude of the audio generator until the output is
clipped as shown in Figure 10.
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
19
 Record Vclp here:

Vclp = _________ Vpp.

This should be equal to Vclp in the Distortion Step.

Record the DC current drawn from the 9 volt supply here:

Current (I) max = ________ A.

Measure the supply voltage and record the V supply here:

V supply = ________ volts.

Turn the power OFF.

Calculate the maximum power output as done in the Maximum Power Output Step.

Figure 24. Connection between Generator, Oscilloscope, Power Supply and Current Meter
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Vp = Vclp/2 Vp = ______
Vrms = Vp x 0.7 Vrms = ______
Max power out = (Vrms)2/8 Max power out = ______

Since the battery power equals the battery voltage times the current taken from the
battery; calculate the battery power:

Battery power = Imax x V supply Battery power = ______

Since the efficiency (N) is equal to the Max power out divided by the Battery power,
we can now calculate the efficiency of the audio amplifier.

N = Max power out/Battery power N = _______

N in % = N x 100 N = _______%

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

20
 Your calculated answer should be around 0.5 or 50%.

Section 1B
Assembly Instructions

Be careful to properly mount and solder all components. Diodes, transistors and
electrolytic capacitors are polarized, be sure to follow the instructions carefully so that they
are not mounted backwards. Check the box when you have completed each installation.

Reminder: Wear safety goggles during all assembly stages in this manual.

Figure 25. Components Label for Transistor Audio Amplifier

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Remove IC from socket and install transistor audio amplifier PC board on the same
socket.

Static Measurements
Power Test

Set your VOM (Volt-Ohm-Millimeter) to read 2 amps DC. Connect the meter to the
circuit as shown in Figure 26. Make sure that the volume control is in the OFF position
(turned fully counter-clockwise). While watching you VOM, turn the volume to the ON
position (rotate clockwise until a “click” is heard). The VOM should indicate a very low
current. Adjust your meter for a more accurate reading if necessary. If the current is greater
than 20 milliamps, immediately turn the power OFF. The current should be less than 10
milliamps. This is the current drawn by the battery when no input signal is present (the “idle
current”). Turn OFF the power. If your circuit fails this test, check that all of the parts have
been installed correctly, and check for shorts or poor solder connections.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

21
 Figure 26

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Output Bias Test

Put the battery into the holder. Adjust your VOM to read 9 volts and connect it as
shown in Figure 27.

Figure 27

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
22

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
 Make sure that the battery, or a 9-volt power supply (if available), is properly
connected and turn the power ON. The voltage at TP19 should be between 3 to 6 volts. If
you get this reading, go on to the next test. If your circuit fails this test, turn the power OFF
and check that all of the transistors are correctly inserted in the correct locations. The E on
the transistor indicates the emitter lead and should always be in the hole with the E next to
it. Check that all resistor values are the correct value and not interchanged.

Transistor Bias Test

Move the positive lead of your VOM to the base of Q11. Make sure that the power is
ON. The voltage should be between 0.5 and 0.8V higher than the voltage at TP19. All silicon
transistors biased for conduction will have approximately 0.7V from the base to the emitter.
Now move the positive lead of your VOM to the base of Q12.

The voltage at this point should be between 0.5 and 0.8V lower than the voltage at
TP19. This is because Q12 is a PNP type transistor. Turn the power OFF. If your circuit fails
this test, check the Q11 and Q12 are properly inserted in the circuit board. All static tests
must pass before proceeding to the Dynamic Tests or the next section.

Dynamic Measurements
DC Gain

The DC gain of the audio amplifier is set by the current in transistor Q10. Looking at
the circuit and assuming the output bias is 1/2 of V+ or 4.5 volts, the base of Q11 will be
0.7V higher or 5.2 volts. This is because there is a negligible voltage drop across R50. This
means there is a 3.8 voltage drop across R46. The current through R46 can now be
calculated as 3.8/R46 or 3.8/3.3k which equals 1.15 milliamps. Since D5 and R49 are used
for biasing transistors Q11 and Q12, the current through Q10 can be assumed to be 1.15
milliamps. The DC gain of Q10 can be calculated as the collector resistor, R46, divided by
the emitter resistor plus the Effective Emitter Resistance. The effective emitter resistance is
actually the dynamic resistance of silicon and can be calculated by the approximate
equation:

Rj = 26 / I(in milliamps)
therefore, Rj = 26 / 1.15 = 22.6 ohms. Now the DC gain can be calculated as:
R46 / (R48 + Rj) or 3300 / (47 + 22.6) which equals 47.4.

Figure 28

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
23
 It is advisable to use a digital meter because of the small voltage changes in the
following test. Connect your VOM to the circuit as shown in Figure 28. Set your VOM to read
1 volt DC and turn the power ON. Record the base of Q10 here:

Vb1 = _____ volts.

Now set your VOM to read 9 volts and connect the positive lead to test point TP19.
Record the output bias voltage here:

Vo = ____ volts.

Turn the power OFF. With a 1M ohm resistor (brown, black, green-gold), R34,
connect the power supply to the circuit as shown in Figure 29.

Turn the radio ON and turn the power supply ON.

Increase the supply voltage until the voltage at TP19 is equal to Vo. Now increase the
voltage of the supply until the voltage at TP19 decreases by 1 volt. Move the positive lead of
your VOM to the base of Q10 and record the voltage here:

Vb2 = ______.

It may be necessary to change scales of your VOM for a more accurate reading.
Turn the power OFF and disconnect the power supply. Since the DC gain equals the DC
change at the output divided by the DC change at the input, the DC gain of the audio can be
calculated as: 1 / (Vb2 - Vb1). Your answer should be near the calculated DC gain of 47.4.

Figure 29

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

AC Gain

The AC gain can be calculated in the same manner as the DC gain except for two
differences. For AC, capacitor C47 bypasses the emitter resistor R48 leaving only the
effective emitter resistance, and there is a resistance seen at the output of Q13 and Q14.
The AC gain of Q10 can be calculated as R46 / Rj or 3300 / 22.6 which equals 146. When
the input signal is positive, there will be a current flowing in Q11, which we will call I(Q11).
This current will then be multiplied by the Beta (β) of transistor Q13 or β x I(Q11). The total
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
24
current at the output is equal to I(Q11) x (1 + β). The resistance of R50 is also seen at the
output. The resistance is effectively divided by β, R50 / β. Assuming β of the output
transistors are equal to 100 than the resistance seen at the output is equal to 1 ohm, 100 /
100. This means that there is a voltage divider between the output and the 8-ohm speaker.
The signal is now divided down so that the output is equal to the AC (gain of Q10) x (8 /
(1+8)), or 146 x (8 / 9) which equals 130. This is also true when the input signal is negative.
The only difference is that Q12 and Q14 are now conducting. Connect the VOM and audio
generator to the circuit as shown in Figure 30. Normally the AC gain is measured at a
frequency of 1kHz. Your VOM, however may not be able to accurately read AC voltages at
this frequency. Therefore, it is recommended that this test be performed at 400Hz. Set the
audio generator at 400Hz and minimum voltage output. With the power ON, set your VOM to
read an AC voltage of 1 volt at test point TP19. Increase the volume control about half way.
Slowly increase the amplitude of the audio generator until your VOM reads 1 volt AC. Leave
the audio generator at this setting and move the positive lead of your VOM to TP16. Record
the AC input voltage to the amplifier here:

Vin = __________ volts.

You may have to change scales on your VOM for the most accurate reading. Turn
the power OFF. The AC voltage gain of your audio amplifier is equal to the AC output
voltage divided by the AC input voltage, or 1/Vin.

The gain should approximately equal the calculated gain.

Figure 30

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

AC Bandwidth

Connect the oscilloscope and audio generator to your circuit as shown in Figure 31.
Set the audio generator for a frequency of 1kHz and minimum voltage output. Set the
oscilloscope to read 0.5 volts per division. Turn on the power and slowly increase the
volume control to a comfortable level. Increase the amplitude of the audio generator until the
oscilloscope displays 2 volts peak to peak, (Vpp), at TP19. It may be necessary to adjust the
volume control. Move the oscilloscope probe to the base of Q10 (TP16) and record the input
voltage here: Vin = _______ Vpp

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

25
(at this point, you may want to verify the AC gain). Move the oscilloscope probe back to
TP19 and slowly increase the frequency from the audio generator until the waveform on the
oscilloscope drops to 0.7 of its original reading (1.4Vpp or 2.8 divisions). The frequency of
the generator, when the output drops to 0.7 of its original value, is called the high frequency
3 decibel (dB) corner. Record this frequency here:

(f high 3dB) = __________ kHz.

Slowly decrease the frequency of the generator until the output drops to 0.7 of its
original reading, 1.4Vpp or 2.8 divisions. This frequency is called the low frequency 3dB
corner - the low frequency 3dB corner or (f high 3dB) - (f low 3dB). Your calculated answer
should be greater than 30kHz.

Figure 31

Distortion
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Connect the generator and oscilloscope as shown in Figure 31. Set the generator at
a frequency of 1kHz, turn the power ON and turn the volume to maximum. Adjust the
generator output until the peaks of the sinewave at TP19 are clipped as shown in Figure 32-
A. One side of the sinewave may clip before the other depending on the DC centering at
TP19. If oscillations are seen, connect a clip lead from the GND of your generator to the
GND of the circuit.

Figure 32

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Measure the maximum voltage peak to peak when clipping first occurs and record
that value here:

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

26
 Vclp = _______ Vpp.

Using a wire short out diode D5 and resistor R49 as shown in Figure 33. The
waveform should resemble Figure 32-B. The “flat spots” near the center of each sinewave
demonstrate what is called crossover distortion. Most of this distortion should disappear
when you remove the shorting lead. Turn the power OFF.

Figure 33

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Maximum Power Output

The maximum power output before distortion due to “clipping” can be calculated
using the voltage Vclp obtained in step 4 as follows:

Vpeak (Vp) = Vclp/2

Vroot mean squared (Vrms) = Vp x 0.7

Max power out = (Vrms)2/8 ohms = (Vclp x 0.35)2/8

Maximum power output should be greater than 350 milliwatts.

Efficiency

By measuring the DC power taken from the battery at the maximum power output
level, the efficiency to the audio amplifier can be calculated. Power from the battery is equal
to the current taken from the battery times the voltage of the battery during maximum power
output. Efficiency can then be calculated as follows: Eff = Max audio power/Battery power. It
is best to use a power supply (if available) to prevent supply voltage from changing during
these measurements. Connect the generator, oscilloscope and current meter as shown in
Figure 34. Set your current meter to read 1 amp DC. Turn the power ON and rotate the
volume control to maximum. Slowly increase the amplitude of the audio generator until the
output is clipped as shown in Figure 19A. Record Vclp here:

Vclp = _________ Vpp.

This should be equal to Vclp in step 4. Record the DC current drawn from the 9-volt
supply here:

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

27
 Current (I) max = ________ Amps.

Measure the supply voltage and record the V supply here:

V supply = ________ volts.

Turn the power OFF. Calculate the maximum power output as done in the Maximum
Power Output Step.

Figure 34
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Vp = Vclp/2 Vp = ______

Vrms = Vp x 0.7 Vrms = ______

Max power out = (Vrms)2/8 Max power out = ______

Since the battery power equals the battery voltage times the current taken from the
battery; calculate the batterypower:

Battery power = Imax x V supply Battery power = ______

Since the efficiency (N) is equal to the Max power out divided by the Battery power,
we can now calculate the efficiency of the audio amplifier.

N = Max power out/Battery power N = _______

N in % = N x 100 N = _______%

Your calculated answer should be around 0.5 or 50%.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

28
Section 2
Assembly Instructions

Figure 35
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Static Measurements
AGC Zero Signal Bias

With the power turned OFF, connect your VOM to TP5 as shown in Figure 36. Make
sure that the AM/FM switch is in the AM position. Check that the VOM is adjusted to read 9
volts DC and turn the power ON. The voltmeter should read approximately 1.5 volts DC. If
your reading varies by more than 0.5 volts from this value, turn the power OFF and check
the polarity of D4. Also check R36 and R35 and check that transformer T6 is properly
installed.

Figure 36

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

T8 Test

With the power turned OFF, connect the positive lead of the VOM to TP3 and the
negative lead to ground pin TP15. Make sure that the VOM is set to read 9 volts DC and
turn the power ON. The voltage on the VOM should be the same as your battery voltage or
power supply voltage. If not, turn the power OFF and check that T8 is properly installed.
Turn the power OFF.
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
29
Dynamic Measurements
AM Detector and AGC Test

Connect your VOM and RF generator as shown in Figure 37.

Set
the
VOM to

Figure 37

accuratelySource:
read http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
2 volts DC and set the output of the RF generator for 455kHz, no
modulation, and minimum voltage output. Turn the power ON and slowly increase the
amplitude of the generator until the voltage at TP5 just starts to drop.

This point is called the AGC threshold with no IF gain. Make a note of the amplitude
setting on the RF generator here: ____________.

If your RF generator does not have amplitude modulation and you do not have
an oscilloscope, skip to Section 3.

System Check

Connect your equipment as shown in Figure 38.

Set
the RF

Figure 38

generator at 455kHz,
Source: 1kHz at 80% modulation and minimum voltage output. Turn the power
http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
ON and set the volume control at maximum. Slowly adjust the amplitude of the RF generator
output until you hear the 1kHz tone on the speaker. If this test fails, turn the power OFF and
check R42 and D4. Turn the power OFF.

AM Detector Bandwidth Test

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
30
 Connect your test equipment as shown in Figure 38. Set the generator at 455kHz
with 80% modulation at a modulation frequency of 1kHz. Set the oscilloscope to read 0.1
volts per division. Turn the power ON and set the volume at the minimum. Increase the
amplitude of the generator until the signal on the oscilloscope is 4 divisions peak to peak.
Check the signal to make sure that it is free of distortion. Leave the frequency of the
generator at 455kHz, but increase the modulation frequency until the output drops to
0.28Vpp. Record the modulation frequency on the generator here: __________

This frequency should be greater than 5kHz. Turn the power OFF.

Section 3
Assembly Instructions

Figure 39

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Figure 40

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

31
Static Measurements
Q9 Bias

Connect your VOM as shown in Figure 41. Set the VOM to read 9 volts DC and turn
the power ON. The voltage at the emitter of Q9 should be approximately 1 volt. If your
reading is different by more than 0.5 volts, turn the power OFF and check components R39,
R40, R41 and Q9.

Figure 41

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Dynamic Measurements
AC Gain
Connect your test equipment as shown in Figure 42.

Figure 42

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Set the generator at 455kHz, no modulation and minimum voltage output. Set the
oscilloscope at 1 volt per division. The scope probe must have an input capacitance of 12pF
or less or it will detune T8. Turn the power ON and slowly increase the amplitude of the
generator until 4 volts peak to peak are seen on the scope. With an alignment tool or
screwdriver, tune T8 for a peak on the scope while readjusting the generator’s amplitude to
maintain 4Vpp at the oscilloscope. After T8 is aligned, move the scope probe to the base of
Q9 and record the peak-to-peak amplitude of the signal here:

Vb=________ Vpp.
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
32
 Turn the power OFF. The AC gain of the second IF amplifier at 455kHz is equal to
4/Vb and should be greater than 100. If your value is less than 50 check components R39,
R40, R41, C36 and C37. Also make sure that Q9 is properly installed. Turn the
power OFF.

Bandwidth

Reconnect your test equipment as shown in Figure 42. Turn the power ON and
adjust the generator for 4 volts peak to peak at TP3. Realign T8, if necessary, for maximum
output while adjusting the output of the generator to maintain 4Vpp at TP3. Slowly decrease
the frequency of the RF generator until the signal at TP3 drops to 0.707 of its original value
or 2.8Vpp. Record the frequency of the RF generator here:

Fl = _______kHz.

Now increase the frequency of the generator past the peak to a point where the
signal drops to 0.707 of its peak value. Record that frequency here:

Fh = __________kHz.

By subtracting the frequency of the lower 3dB corner from the frequency of the
higher 3dB corner you get the bandwidth of the second IF amplifier.

Calculate the bandwidth by (FI–Fh)

Bandwidth = __________kHz.

Your results should be similar to the values shown in Figure 40. Turn the power OFF.

Section 4
Assembly Instructions

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

33
Static Measurements
Q8 Base Bias

Connect your VOM to the circuit as shown in Figure 36. Set your VOM to read 2 volts
DC and turn the power ON. The voltage at TP5 should be approximately 1.5 volts. If your
circuit fails this test, check Q8 and R37. Turn the power OFF.

Q8 Current
Connect the positive lead of your VOM to the emitter of Q8 and connect the negative
lead to ground point TP15. Turn the power ON. The voltage should be approximately 0.8
volts. Since the current in Q8 is equal to the current in R37, I(Q2) = 0.8/R37 or
approximately 0.8 milliamps. Turn the power OFF.

Dynamic Measurements
AC Gain

Figure 43

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Connect your test equipment as shown in Figure 43. The scope probe must have an
input capacitance of 12pF or less, otherwise it will detune transformer T7. Using a clip lead,
short TP3 to R38 as shown. This short prevents the AGC from lowering the gain of the first
IF amplifier. Set the generator to 455kHz, no modulation, and minimum voltage output. Set
the scope to read 1 volt per division and turn the power ON. Increase the amplitude of the
generator until approximately 4Vpp is seen on the scope. Retune the IF transformer T7 to
maximize the 455kHz at TP4. After tuning T7, adjust the generator amplitude in order to
keep 4Vpp at TP4. Now move the scope probe to the base of Q8 and record the peak-to-
peak level of the 455kHz signal here:

Vb=___________Vpp.

The AC gain of the first IF amplifier is equal to 4/Vb. The AC gain should be greater
than 100. DO NOT TURN THE POWER OFF, GO TO THE NEXT TEST.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

34
AGC Action

Move the scope probe back to TP4 and adjust the generator for 4Vpp if necessary.
Remove the clip lead shorting TP3 to R38. The AGC should reduce the signal level at TP4
to approximately 0.8 volts. Turn the power OFF.

Section 5
Assembly Instructions

Figure 44

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

35
 Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
Static Measurements
Q7 Bias

Connect your VOM to the circuit as shown in Figure 45.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
36
 Figure 45

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
Connect a clip lead from TP6 to the collector of Q7. This short prevents Q7 from
oscillating. Set the VOM to read 2 volts DC and turn the power ON. The DC voltage at TP7
should be about 1.6 volts. If the voltage in your circuit differs by more than 0.5 volts, leave
the power ON and check the battery voltage. If the battery voltage is greater than 8.5 volts,
check components R31, R32, R33 and Q7. Turn the power OFF.

Dynamic Measurements
AM Oscillator Circuit

Connect your test equipment to the circuit as shown in Figure 46.

Figure 46

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Set the scope to read 1 volt per division and turn the power ON. The scope should
display a low voltage sinewave. The frequency of the sinewave should change when the
tuning gang is turned. If your circuit fails this test, check components Q7, gang capacitor,
C28, C29, C30, C31, L4 and L5. Turn the power OFF.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

37
 AM Final Alignments

There are two different AM alignment procedures. The first alignment procedure is
for those who do not have test equipment and the second is for those who do have test
equipment. Included in your kit is a special device called a “magic wand” which is used for
aligning resonant circuits. It usually has a piece of brass on one end and a piece of iron on
the other. When the brass end of the “magic wand” is placed near the AM antenna, the
antenna coil will react as if inductance has been removed. Likewise, when the iron end of
the “magic wand” is placed near the AM antenna, the antenna coil will react as if inductance
has been added. Therefore, when either brass or iron is placed near the antenna coil, it will
change the inductance of the antenna coil. This change in the inductance will cause the
resonant frequency of the circuit to change, thus changing the frequency at which the
antenna was selective. When aligning the antenna and oscillator circuits, coils L4 and L5 are
adjusted at the lower end of the band, while the oscillator and antenna trimmer capacitors
are adjusted at the higher end of the band. This is done so that the antenna and the
oscillator will track correctly.

Figure 47. Magic Wand Assembly

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

AM Alignment Without Test Equipment

It is best to use an earphone for this procedure. Make sure that the switch is in the
AM position. With an alignment tool or screwdriver, turn coils L5, T6, T7 and T8 fully counter
clockwise until they stop. DO NOT FORCE THE COILS ANY FURTHER. Turn each coil in
about 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 turns. Set the AM antenna coil about 1/8” from the end of its ferrite rod.
Refer to Figure M.

IF Alignment

Turn the power ON and adjust the volume to a comfortable level. Turn the dial until a
weak station is heard. If no stations are present, slide the antenna back and forth on its
ferrite core, and retune the dial if necessary. Adjust T6 until the station is at its loudest.
Reduce the volume if necessary. Adjust T7 until the station is at its loudest and reduce the
volume if necessary. Adjust T8 until the station is at its loudest and reduce the volume if
necessary. Retune the radio for another weak station and repeat this procedure until there is
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
38
no more improvement noticed on the weakest possible station. This process peaks the IF
amplifiers to their maximum gain.

Oscillator Alignment

Tune the radio until a known AM station around 600kHz is heard. It may be
necessary to listen to the station until their broadcast frequency is announced. If no stations
are present at the low side of the AM band, adjust L5 until a station is heard. Once a station
is found and its broadcast frequency is known, rotate the dial until the white pointer is
aligned to that station’s frequency marking on the dial. Adjust L5 until the station is heard.
Tune the radio until a known station around 1400kHz is heard. It may be necessary to listen
to the station until their broadcast frequency is announced. If no stations are present, adjust
the AM oscillator trimmer on the gang until a station is heard (refer to Figure N). Once a
station is found and its broadcast frequency is known, rotate the dial until the white pointer is
aligned to that station’s frequency marking on the dial. Adjust the AM oscillator trimmer on
the gang until the station is heard. Repeat these 2 steps until the oscillator alignment is
optimized. This process sets the oscillator range at 955kHz to 2055kHz.

Antenna Alignment

Tune the radio for a station around 600kHz. With the “magic wand” place the brass
end near the antenna coil as shown in Figure 48. If the signal heard at the output increases,
it means that the antenna coil needs less inductance. To remove inductance, carefully slide
the antenna coil along its ferrite core in the direction shown in Figure 32. Place the iron end
of the “magic wand” near the antenna coil. If the signal heard at the output increases, this
means that the antenna coil needs more inductance. To add more inductance, carefully slide
the antenna coil along its ferrite core in the direction shown in Figure 48. Repeat these steps
until the signal heard decreases for both ends of the “magic wand”. Tune the radio for a
station around 1400kHz. With the “magic wand”, place the brass end near the antenna coil.
If the signal heard at the output increases, it means that the antenna coil needs more
capacitance. Adjust the antenna trimmer on the back of the gang until the signal is at its
loudest. Refer to Figure N for the location of the antenna trimmer. Place the iron end of the
“magic wand” near the antenna coil. If the signal heard at the output increases, it means that
the antenna coil needs less capacitance. Adjust the antenna trimmer on the back of the
gang until the signal is at its loudest. Repeat these steps until the signal heard decreases for
both ends of the “magic wand”. Since the adjustment of both the antenna trimmer and
antenna coil will affect the antenna alignment, it is advisable to repeat the entire procedure
until the antenna alignment is optimized. This process sets the tracking of the AM radio
section.

Once the antenna is properly aligned, CAREFULLY APPLY CANDLE WAX or glue to
the antenna coil and the ferrite rod to prevent it from moving (see Figure 49). Cut the shim
flush with the antenna.

This concludes the alignment of the AM radio section. If no stations are heard, verify
that AM signals are present in your location by listening to another AM radio placed near the
Superhet 108. If the AM section is still not receiving, go back and check each stage for
incorrect values and for poor soldering. Proceed to the FM assembly section.
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
39
 Figure 48

Figure 49

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

AM Alignment with Test Equipment

IF Alignment

Connect your RF generator and oscilloscope as shown in Figure 50. Make sure that
the switch is in the AM position. Place a short from the collector of Q7 to TP6. This short
“kill” the AM oscillator.

Figure 50

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Set the RF generator at 455kHz, modulation of 400Hz 80% and minimum voltage
out. Set the oscilloscope to read 0.1 volts per division and turn the power ON. Increase the
amplitude of the generator until the oscilloscope shows a 400Hz sinewave 5 divisions or 0.5
volts pp. With an alignment tool or screwdriver adjust T6 for a peak. Reduce the generator
amplitude so that 5 divisions are maintained. Adjust T7 for a peak and reduce that amplitude
again if necessary. Repeat these steps to optimize the IF alignment. This process aligns the
IF amplifiers to 455kHz. After the IF alignment is complete, lower the frequency of the
generator until the voltage drops 0.707 of its peaked value or 0.35Vpp. Record the
frequency of the lower 3dB corner here:

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

40
 Fl = _________kHz.

Increase the frequency of the generator past the peak until the voltage seen on the
scope drops 0.707 of its peaked value or 0.35Vpp. Record the frequency of the high 3dB
corner here:

Fh = __________kHz.

The bandwidth of the IF is equal to BW = Fh - Fl. The IF’s bandwidth should be

around 6kHz. Turn the power OFF and remove the short from the collector of Q7 to TP6.

Calculate the bandwidth: __________kHz.

Oscillator Alignment

Set the RF generator at 540kHz, 400Hz 80% AM modulation and a low level of
output. Turn the power ON and set the volume control to a comfortable level. Turn the tuning
knob counter-clockwise until the white pointer is aligned at the 540kHz marking on the dial.
With an alignment tool or screwdriver adjust L5 until a 400Hz tone is heard. Adjust L5 for a
peak on the oscilloscope. Adjust the amplitude of the RF generator to maintain a level of 0.5
volts peak to peak or less. After peaking L5, set the generator frequency to 1600kHz. Turn
the tuning knob clockwise until the white pointer is aligned to the 1600kHz marking on the
dial. With an alignment tool or screwdriver, adjust the AM oscillator trimmer on the back of
the tuning gang until a 400Hz tone is heard. Adjust the trimmer for a peak on the
oscilloscope. Refer to Figure N for the location of the AM oscillator trimmer. Repeat these
steps to optimize the oscillator alignment. This process sets the oscillator range at 955kHz to
2055kHz.

Antenna Alignment

With the power turned OFF, connect your test equipment as shown in Figure 51.

Figure 51

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
41
 Set the generator at 600kHz, 400Hz 80% modulation, moderate signal strength. Set
the oscilloscope to read 0.1 volt per division. Turn the tuning knob fully counter-clockwise
and turn the power ON. Slowly turn the tuning knob clockwise until a 400Hz sinewave is
seen on the scope. Adjust the volume control to a comfortable level. If a station exists at
600kHz, then lower the frequency of the generator and repeat the previous steps. With the
“magic wand”, place the brass end near the antenna coil as shown in Figure 48. If the signal
on the scope increases, it means that the antenna coil needs less inductance. To add more
inductance, carefully slide the antenna coil along its ferrite core in the direction shown in
Figure 48. Repeat these steps until the signal seen decreases for both ends of the “magic
wand”. Increase the frequency of the generator to 1400kHz and turn the tuning knob
clockwise until a 400Hz sinewave is seen on the scope. If a station exists at 1400kHz,
increase the frequency of the generator and repeat the previous steps. Place the brass end
of the “magic wand” near the antenna coil. If the signal increases, it means that the antenna
coil needs less capacitance. Adjust the antenna trimmer for a peak. Refer to Figure N for the
location of the AM antenna trimmer. Since the adjustment of both the antenna alignment is
optimized. This process sets the AM tracking of the Superhet 108. Once the antenna is
properly aligned, carefully apply candle wax or glue the antenna coil to the ferrite rod to
prevent it from moving as shown in Figure 33. Cut the shim flush with the antenna. Proceed
to the FM assembly section. This concludes the alignment of the AM radio section. If no
stations are heard, verify that AM signals are present in your location by listening to another
AM radio placed near the Superhet 108. If the AM section is still not receiving, go back and
check each stage for incorrect values and for poor soldering. Proceed to the FM assembly
section.

Section 6
Assembly Instructions

Figure 52

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

42
 Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Static Measurements
FM Voltage

Figure 53

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Connect your VOM as shown in Figure 53. Switch the AM/FM switch to the FM
position. Set your VOM to read 9 volts DC. Turn the power ON. The voltage at this point
should be between 7 and 9 volts. Turn the power OFF. If you do not get this reading, check
R25, C24 and the battery voltage.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

43
Transistor Current Test

Figure 54

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Connect your VOM to the circuit as shown in Figure 54. Turn the power ON. The
voltage at the emitter of Q6 should be about 0.7 volts. Record the voltage here:

V(Q6) = ________.

Turn the power OFF. If your answer is greater than 2 volts, check R20, R21, R22,
R24, Q6 and the battery. Since the current through resistor R22 is equal to the current
through transistor Q6, calculate the current through Q6 as follows:

Current (I) = V(Q6) / R22

Your calculated answer should be between 0.0005 amps (0.5 milliamps) and 0.0011 amps
(1.1 milliamps).

Current (I) = __________.

Dynamic Measurements
AC Gain

The AC gain of the ratio detector is set by the AC impedance of the primary side of
T4 and the current through Q6. The current is set by R20, R21 and R22. Capacitors C22
and C19 bypass the AC signal to ground. Connect your RF generator and oscilloscope to
the circuit as shown in Figure 39. Your scope probe must have an input capacitance of 12pF
or less, otherwise the probe will detune T4 causing an incorrect measurement of the AC
gain. Set the generator for 10.7 MHz no modulation and minimum voltage output. Set the
scope to read 50mV/division. Turn the power ON and slowly increase the amplitude of the
generator until 3 divisions or 150mVpp are seen on the scope. With an alignment tool or
screwdriver, adjust T4 for a peak. Reduce the generator input to maintain 150mVpp on the
scope. Move the scope probe to the base of Q6 and record the voltage here:

Vb = __________ mVpp.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

44
 Turn the power OFF. The AC gain can be calculated as follows:

AC Gain = 150mV / Vb

Your calculated answer should be approximately 20. Record your calculation:

AC Gain = __________

Figure 55

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Ratio Detector Alignment

Method #1
Alignment with No Test Equipment

With an alignment tool or a screwdriver, turn both coils T4 and T5 fully counter
clockwise until they stop. DO NOT FORCE THE COILS ANY FURTHER. Now turn both coils
in about 1¼ to 1½ turns.

Figure 56
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Method #2
Alignment of Ratio Detector Using a RF Generator and Oscilloscope

Connect the RF generator and oscilloscope to the circuit as shown in Figure 56. Set
the generator for 10.7MHz modulated at 1kHz, 22.5kHz deviation with minimum voltage out.
Turn ON the radio and turn the volume control to the minimum. Slowly increase the
amplitude of the generator until a 1kHz sinewave is seen on the scope. With an alignment
tool or screwdriver, peak the pink coil T4 for maximum amplitude. Now peak the blue coil T5
for minimum optimized. Turn the power OFF.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

45
Method #3
Alignment of Ratio Detector Using a Sweep Generator and Oscilloscope

Connect the sweep generator and oscilloscope to the circuit as shown in Figure 56.
Set the sweep generator for 10.7MHz and minimum voltage out. Turn the power ON and set
the volume control to a minimum. Increase the amplitude of the sweep generator until an “S”
curve is seen (refer to Figure 57). Using an alignment tool or screwdriver, adjust the blue coil
T5 until the “S” curve is centered, until each half of the “S” is equal. Repeat these steps until
the alignment is optimized. Turn the power OFF.

Figure 57

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Section 7
Assembly Instructions

Figure 58

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Static Tests
Q5 Bias

Connect your VOM to the circuit as shown in Figure 59. Turn the power ON. The
voltage at the base of Q5 should be approximately 1.4 volts. Turn the power OFF. If you do
not get this reading, check R17, R16, R18, Q5 and T2.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

46
Figure 59
 Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Figure 60

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Dynamic Measurements
AC Gain

Connect the RF generator and oscilloscope to the circuit as shown in Figure 60. The
scope probe must have an input capacitance of 12pF or less otherwise the probe will detune
T3 resulting in a false reading of the AC gain. Set the generator at 10.7MHz no modulation
and minimum voltage output. Set the scope to read 50mV per division and turn the power
ON. Slowly increase the generator until 150mVpp or 3 divisions are seen on the scope. With
an alignment tool or screwdriver adjust T3 for a peak. Reduce the generator until 150mVpp
or 3 divisions are seen on the scope. With an alignment tool or screwdriver adjust T3 for a
peak. Reduce the generator input to maintain 3 divisions on the scope. Move the probe to
the base of Q5 and record the input voltage here:

Vb = __________ mVpp.

Turn the power OFF. The AC gain can be calculated as follows:

AC Gain = 150mV / Vb

Your calculated answer should be about 20. Record your calculation:

AC Gain = __________

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

47
Bandwidth

With the power turned OFF, connect your test equipment as shown in Figure 60. Set
your generator at 10.7MHz no modulation and minimum voltage output. Set the scope to
read 50mV per division. Turn the power ON and slowly adjust the generator amplitude until
150mVpp is seen on the scope. Realign T3, if necessary, for maximum output while
adjusting the generator to maintain 150mVpp. Slowly decrease the frequency of the
generator until the voltage drops 0.707 of its original value, 2.1 divisions or 106mVpp.
Record the frequency of the lower 3dB drop-off point here:
Fl = _________MHz.

Increase the frequency until the voltage drops to 0.707 of its original value, 2.1
divisions or 106mVpp. Record the frequency of the high frequency 3dB drop-off point here:

Fh = ___________MHz.

The bandwidth of the 2nd IF can be calculated as follows:

Bandwidth = Fh - Fl

Your results should be between 300 - 500kHz. Record your calculation:

Bandwidth = __________

Section 8
Assembly Instructions

Figure 61
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Static Tests

Connect your VOM as shown in Figure 62. Turn the power ON. The voltage at the
base of Q4 should approximately be 1.4 volts. If you do not get this reading, check R12,
R13, R15, Q4 and T1.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

48
 Figure 62

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Figure 63

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Dynamic Measurements
AC Gain

Connect the RF generator and oscilloscope and oscilloscope to the circuit as shown
in Figure 63. The scope probe must have an input capacitance of 12pF or less otherwise the
probe will detune T2 causing an incorrect measurement of AC gain. Set the generator at
10.7MHz no modulation and minimum voltage output. Set the scope to read 20mV per
division and turn the power ON. Slowly increase the amplitude of the generator until 3
divisions or 60mVpp are seen on the scope. With an alignment tool or screwdriver, adjust T2
for a peak. Reduce the generator input to maintain 3 divisions on the scope. Move the scope
probe to the base of Q4 and record the input voltage here:

Vb = __________mVpp.

Turn the power OFF. The AC gain can be calculated as follows:

AC Gain = 60mV / Vb

Your calculated answer should be about 10. Record your calculation:

AC Gain = __________

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

49
Bandwidth

Connect your test equipment as shown in Figure 63. Set your generator at 10.7MHz
no modulation and minimum voltage output. Set the scope to read 20mV per division. Turn
the power ON and slowly increase the amplitude of the generator until 60mVpp is seen on
the scope. Increase the frequency of the generator until the voltage drops 0.707 of its
original value, 2.1 divisions or 42mVpp. Record the frequency of the high 3dB drop-off point
here:

Fh = ___________MHz.

Decrease the frequency of the generator until the voltage drops to 0.707 of its
original value, 2.1 divisions or 42mVpp. Record the frequency of the low 3dB drop-off point
here:

Fl = ___________MHz.

The bandwidth of the first IF can be calculated as follows:

Bandwidth = Fh - Fl

Your calculated answer should be between 300 - 500kHz. Record your calculation:

Bandwidth = __________kHz.

Mixer Assembly Instructions

Static Measurements
Q3 Bias

With the power turned OFF, connect your VOM to the circuit as shown in Figure 65.
Set your VOM to read 9 volts DC and turn the power ON. The DC voltage at the base of Q3
should be approximately 1.8 volts. If your answer varies by more than 2 volts, turn the power
OFF and check components R7, R8, R11 and Q3.

Dynamic Measurements
AC Gain

Figure 64
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
50
 Figure 65

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
The AC gain of the mixer is set by the impedance of the primary side of T1 and by
the current flowing in Q3. The current in Q3 is set by the resistors R7, R8 and R11. Connect
your test equipment to the circuit as shown in Figure 65. Your scope probe must have an
input capacitance of 12pF or less, otherwise the probe will detune T1 resulting in an
incorrect measurement. Set your scope to read 10mV per division. Set your RF generator at
10.7MHz no modulation minimum voltage output. Turn the power ON and slowly increase
the amplitude of the generator until 4 divisions or 40mVpp are seen on the scope. With an
alignment tool or a screwdriver, adjust T1 for peak. Reduce the generator amplitude to
maintain 4 divisions on the scope. Move the scope probe to the base of Q3 and record the
input voltage here:

Vb = __________mVpp.

Turn the power OFF. The gain can be calculated as follows:

AC Gain = 40mV / Vb.

Your calculated answer should be about 3. Record your calculation:

AC Gain = __________

Because the signal from the oscillator is injected at the emitter of Q3, the emitter
resistor is not bypassed to ground. This is why the gain of the mixer is low compared to the
other IF stages.

Figure 66

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

51
 Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
Bandwidth Test

Connect your test equipment to the circuit as shown in Figure 66. Set your generator
at 10.7MHz no modulation and minimum voltage output. Set the scope for 10mV per
division. Turn the power ON and slowly increase the amplitude of the generator until
40mVpp are seen on the scope. Increase the frequency until the voltage drops 0.707 of its
original value, 2.8 divisions or 28mVpp. Record the frequency of the generator until the
voltage drops 0.707 of its original value, 2.8 divisions or 28mVpp. Record the frequency of
the low 3dB drop-off point
here:

Fl = _________MHz.

Turn the power OFF. The bandwidth can be calculated as follows:

Bandwidth = Fh – Fl

Your calculated answer should be between 300 - 500kHz.

Record your calculation: Bandwidth = _________kHz.

FM Oscillator Assembly Instructions

Figure 67
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Static Measurements
Q2 Bias

Connect your VOM to the circuit as shown in Figure 68. Set your VOM to read 9 volts
and turn the power ON. The voltage at the base of Q2 should be about 4 volts. Turn the
power OFF. If you do not get this measurement, check R4, R5 and Q2.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

52
 Figure 68

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

AFC
When a radio is tuned to a station, it would be desirable for the radio to “lock” in on
the station. Due to changes in temperature, voltage and other effects, the local oscillator
may change its frequency of oscillation. If this occurs, the center frequency of 10.7MHz will
not be maintained. Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) is used to maintain the 10.7MHz
center frequency. When the local oscillator drifts, the ratio detector will produce a DC
“correction” voltage. The audio signal rides on this DC correction voltage. This signal is fed
to a filter network which removes the audio so that a pure DC voltage is produced. This
voltage is fed to a special diode called a varactor. A varactor will change its internal
capacitance when a voltage is applied. The ratio detector diodes are positioned in such a
way that when the 10.7MHz center frequency increases, the DC correction voltage will
decrease. Likewise, when the 10.7MHz center frequency decreases, the DC correction
voltage will increase. This voltage change causes the capacitance of the varactor to change.
The varactor is connected at the emitter of Q2, so any capacitance change in the varactor is
seen at the emitter of the oscillator. A change in capacitance at the emitter of Q2 will change
the frequency of oscillation of the local oscillator.

AFC Assembly Instructions

Figure 69

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
Connect the RF generator and VOM to the circuit as shown in Figure 69. Set your
VOM to read 9 volts DC. Set your generator at 10.7MHz no modulation and moderate signal
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
53
strength output. Turn the power ON. Record the voltage of D1 here: V(D1) =
________.

While watching your VOM, slowly decrease the frequency of your generator. As the
frequency decreases, the voltage at D1 should increase. Increase the frequency of the
generator until the voltage is equal to V(D1). While watching your VOM, increase the
frequency of your generator. As the frequency increases, the voltage at D1 should decrease.
This correction voltage is what keeps the oscillator from drifting. If the voltage at D1 still does
not change at D1, check D1, R29, R30, C26 and C27. If these parts are inserted correctly
and the voltage at D1 still doesn’t change, then increase the amplitude of your generator and
repeat the same steps again. Turn the power OFF.

RF Amplifier Assembly Instructions

Figure 70
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

Static Measurements
Q1 Bias
Connect your VOM to the circuit as shown in Figure 71. Set your VOM to read 9 volts
and turn the power ON. The voltage at the base of Q1 should be about 1.6 volts. If you do
not get this reading, check R1, R2, R3 and Q1. Turn the power OFF.

Figure 71

Source:
Antenna http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
FM Assembly

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

54
 Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

FM Final Alignments

There are two procedures for the final alignment steps. The first alignment procedure
is for those who do not have test equipment and the second is for those who do have test
equipment. Your “magic wand” will be used to align the FM oscillator circuit and the FM RF
amplifier. When the brass end of your “magic wand” is placed near the FM oscillator coil L3,
the coil reacts as if inductance has been removed. Likewise, when the iron end of the “magic
wand” is placed near the coil L3, it reacts as if inductance has been added. The same is true
for the RF coils L1 and L2. When the inductance of a resonant circuit is changed, the
resonant frequency is changed also. When aligning the oscillator, changing the resonant
frequency changes the frequency of oscillation. Likewise, when aligning the RF amp,
changing the resonant frequency at which it was selective. When aligning the oscillator and
RF circuits, coils L1 and L3 will be adjusted at the lower end of the band, while the oscillator
and RF trimmer capacitors are adjusted at the higher end of the band. This is done so that
the RF amp tracks the oscillator properly.

Alignment with No Test Equipment

IF Alignment

With an alignment tool or screwdriver turn coils T1, T2 and T3 fully counter-
clockwise. DO NOT FORCE THE COILS ANY FURTHER. Turn each coil in about 1¼ to 1½
turns.

Figure 72

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

With an alignment tool or screwdriver turn coils T1, T2 and T3 fully counter-
clockwise. DO NOT FORCE THE COILS ANY FURTHER. Turn each coil in about 1¼ to 1½
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
55
turns. Use the earphone provided for best results. Switch to the FM position. Connect your
VOM to the circuit as shown in Figure 72. Turn the radio ON and tune the radio to a weak
station. It is best to keep the volume at a low level. Adjust T1 for the minimum voltage on
your VOM. Reduce the volume if necessary. Adjust T2 for minimum voltage on your VOM
and reduce the volume control if necessary. Adjust T3 for minimum voltage on your VOM
and reduce the volume control if necessary. As you adjust the coils you should hear less
distortion and noise. Repeat this procedure until the FM IF gain is optimized. This process
peaked the FM IF amplifier to their maximum gain.

Detector Alignment

Adjust T4 for minimum voltage on your VOM. Adjust T5 for minimum distortion.
Repeat these 2 steps until the ratio detector alignment is optimized.

Oscillator Alignment

Tune the radio to a known station around 90MHz. Once a station is found and its
broadcast frequency is known, rotate the dial until the white pointer is aligned with that
station’s frequency on the dial. Using the “magic wand”, place the brass end near coil L3.
Refer to Figure 73.

If the station is heard, this means that L3 needs less inductance. Carefully pull apart
L3 until the station is heard. Place the iron end near L3. If the station is heard, this means
that L3 needs more inductance. Carefully press together L3 until the station is heard. Pulling
apart or pressing together L3 just a small amount will have a great effect on the coil’s
resonant frequency. Repeat this step until the pointer is aligned to the station’s frequency.
Tune the radio to a station around 106MHz. Once a station is found and its broadcast
frequency is known, rotate the dial until the white pointer is aligned with that station’s
frequency on the dial. Place the brass end of the “magic wand” near L3. If the station is
heard, it means that L3 needs more capacitance. Carefully adjust the FM oscillator trimmer,
on the back of the gang until the station is heard.

Place the iron end of the “magic wand” near L3. If the station is heard, it means that
L3 needs less capacitance. Carefully adjust the FM oscillator trimmer located on the back of
the gang until the station is heard. Repeat this step until the pointer is aligned to the station’s
frequency. Adjusting both the oscillator coil L3 and the oscillator trimmer capacitor will affect
the oscillator’s frequency, so it is advisable to repeat this procedure until the FM oscillator
alignment is optimized. This process sets the FM oscillator range at 98.7MHz to 118.7MHz.

Figure 73
Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
56
RF Alignment

Press together L1 and L2. Spread apart coil L1 so that it resembles Figure 74. The
gaps or spaces should be between 1/32” and 1/16” wide. This procedure sets the tracking of
the RF section. Use the special coil spacer provided to gap the coil as shown. Carefully slide
the coil spacer between the coils to get the spacing shown in Figure 74.

This concludes the alignment of the FM radio section. If no stations are heard, verify
that FM signals are present in your location by listening to another FM radio placed near the
Superhet 108. If the FM section is still not receiving go back and check each stage for
incorrect values and for poor soldering.

Figure 74

Source: http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

What’s More

Jumbled Words

Directions: Arrange the jumbled words to come up with the terms discussed in this lesson.

1. DETNIARGET TUICRIC 6. DNABDIWTH

2. ENVTDETEORPERSHU 7. REMXI
3. ROTALLICSO 8. ENNATAN
4. TECROTED 9. CIENIFFECY
5. SISTORANRT 10. ORTONITISD

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

57
 What I Have Learned

The current trend in receivers is to use digital circuitry on the chip to do functions that
were formerly done by analog circuits which require passive components. In a digital
receiver the IF signal is sampled and digitized, and the bandpass filtering and detection
functions are performed by digital signal processing (DSP) on the chip. Another benefit of
DSP is that the properties of the receiver; channel frequency, bandwidth, gain, etc. can be
dynamically changed by software to react to changes in the environment; these systems are
known as software-defined radios or cognitive radio. Many of the functions performed
by analog electronics can be performed by software instead. The benefit is that software is
not affected by temperature, physical variables, electronic noise and manufacturing defects.

What I Can Do

ERROR CORRECTION TEST ITEM:

LEARNING COMPETENCY: (U)

Students are expected to be able to:

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Enumerate and explain the procedure in assembling, tracking, aligning, and testing
the functionality of AM/FM Receiver.

Learning Objectives:
1. Enumerate the procedure in assembling AM/FM receiver.
2. Describe the steps in tracking and aligning AM/FM receivers.
3. Explain the procedure in testing the functionality of an AM/FM receiver.

DIRECTIONS:

The following test has been answered for you. Your job is to check the
answers for errors. If there are errors do the following in the table below the test
sample:

1. Identify the error. Explain why the answer is wrong.

2. Write a correction of the identified error.
3. Then explain why your correction is right.

ANSWERED TEST WITH ERRORS:

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

58
Directions: Read the following statements regarding the sections of AM/FM Receiver
Identify the error in the given answers. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

Sample: The first audio system under on the first section of an AM/FM Receiver is the
Transistor Audio Amplifier.

1. The second audio system under on the 1st section of an AM/FM Receiver is the Detector
Audio Amplifier.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

59
2. The purpose of the Automatic Gain Control in the 2 nd section of an AM/FM Receiver is to
change the amplitude modulated IF signal back to an audio signal.

3. The purpose of the Detector Circuit in the 2nd section of an AM/FM Receiver is to maintain
a constant level at the detector, regardless of the strength of the incoming signal.

4. The purpose of the second IF amplifier in the 3rd section of an AM/FM Receiver to
decrease the amplitude of the intermediate frequency (IF) and at the same time provide
SELECTIVITY.

5. The gain of the first IF amplifier in the 4 th section of an AM/FM Receiver increases after
the AGC threshold is passed to keep the audio output constant at the detector and
prevent overload of the second IF amplifier.

6. The “gain frequency” is used as the intermediate frequency in AM radios in the 5 th section
of an AM/FM Receiver.

7. Section 6 begins the construction of the AM radio.

8. Selectivity in the 7th section of an AM/FM Receiver is the ability to “pick off” one station
while rejecting all others.

9. R19 in the 8th section of an AM/FM Receiver is used to shorten the bandwidth of the
transformer.

10. The frequency of the undesired station 10.7MHz above the oscillator in the 9th section of
an AM/FM Receiver is called as the intermediate frequency.

Identified Error Correction of Error Explanation of Correction

Transistor Audio Integrated Circuit The first audio system under on the first
Amplifier Audio Amplifier section of an AM/FM Receiver is the
Integrated Circuit Audio Amplifier.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Assessment
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
60
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a sheet of paper.

1. What specific component is being biased on for slightly more than 1/2 of the cycle in order
to eliminate crossover distortion and maximize efficiency?
A. Capacitor C. IC
B. Diode D. Transistor

2. Which of the following has the purpose to increase the amplitude of the intermediate
frequency (IF) and at the same time provide selectivity?
A. 1st IF Amplifier C. 3rd IF Amplifier
nd
B. 2 IF Amplifier D. 4th IF Amplifier

3. Which of the following has the purpose to maintain a constant level at the detector,
regardless of the strength of the incoming signal?
A. AM Oscillator Circuit C. Automatic Gain Control Circuit
B. Audio Amplifier Circuit D. FM Ratio Detector Circuit

4. Which of the following has the purpose to change the amplitude modulated IF signal
back to an audio signal?
A. Amplifier C. Mixer
B. Detector D. Oscillator

5. Which of the following feeds back a DC voltage to the first AM IF amplifier in order to
maintain a near constant level of audio at the detector?
A. AM Oscillator Stage C. Automatic Gain Control Stage
B. Audio Amplifier Stage D. FM Ratio Detector Stage

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

61
 Answer Key

WHAT I KNOW JUMBLED WORDS ASSESSMENT

1. B 1. INTEGRDTED CIRCUIT 6. BANDWIDTH 1. D

2. B 2. SUPERHETERODYNE 7. MIXER 2. B
3. C 3. C
4. D 3. OSCILLATOR 8. ANTENNA 4. B
5. D 4. DETECTOR 9. EFFICIENCY 5. C
5. TRANSISTORION 10. DISTORTION

CROSSWORD PUZZLE 1

A N T E N N A W R T Y U I O P L K J H G F D S A Z
V B N F M O I U Y T R E W Q A S D F G H J K L M N
A S D F F G H J K L N B V I O M N O P U Y T R E W
D S M I X E R A E W R T Y U D I O P L K J H G F D
N U O C U I O P R T E W W Q E A S F C V B N Y R T
O P K I L U A I N T E G R A T E D C I R C U I T Z
S U P E R H E T E R O D Y N E L K N B V C X Z Q W
C T U N I O N B Y V R I T D C S A X C B N M I O P
I N M C J U I O N B C S F B T M O P I T R E W Q N
L U N Y I O N M B V C T X R O M E N J K I T E I N
L I O N H E A D V G E O W A R B N N M J K L P O Y
A O I U Y T R E W Q A R S D F G H J K K L N B I O
T E R T Y U I N B V R T R A N S I S T O R E W T Y
O R I O N M B J U O P I N B V C X D G T Y U I O P
R U I N E B J K U L N O B V C F G T Y U I O P B G
Y U I B V T R E C B A N D W I D T H O R D F E Y U
O I N S D F G H J K I O T R E Q A Z X C V B N M K

References
Online Sources:

http://schmartboard.com/content/Elenco/990-0109-01%20AMFM-108CK_low-res.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiver

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: [email protected]

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

62