Department of Information Technology

GE3171-Problem Solving and Python Programming

Laboratory

Lab Manual

Velammal College of Engineering and Technology

Viragnoor, Madurai-625009

Prepared by Approved by

Mrs. P. Saraswathi., AP-III/IT

HoD/ IT

[Dr. R. Perumalraja]

1
 Table of contents

Ex. Page
Name of the Exercise
No Number
Identification and solving of simple real life or scientific or technical problems,
and developing flow charts for the same. (Electricity Billing, Retail shop billing,
1 3
Sin series, weight of a motorbike, Weight of a steel bar, compute Electrical
Current in Three Phase AC Circuit, etc.)
Python programming using simple statements and expressions (exchange the

2 values of two variables, circulate the values of n variables, distance between two 8
points).
Scientific problems using Conditionals and Iterative loops. (Number series,
3 12
Number Patterns, pyramid pattern)
Implementing real-time/technical applications using Lists, Tuples. (Items present

4 in a library/Components of a car/ Materials required for construction of a building 16

–operations of list & tuples)
Implementing real-time/technical applications using Sets, Dictionaries.

5 (Language, components of an automobile, Elements of a civil structure, etc.- 24

operations of Sets & Dictionaries)
Implementing programs using Functions. (Factorial, largest number in a list, area
6 31
of shape)
Implementing programs using Strings. (reverse, palindrome, character count,
7 36
replacing characters)
Implementing programs using written modules and Python Standard Libraries
8 40
(pandas, numpy. Matplotlib, scipy)
Implementing real-time/technical applications using File handling. (copy from
9 46
one file to another, word count, longest word)
Implementing real-time/technical applications using Exception handling. (divide
10 52
by zero error, voter‟s age validity, student mark range validation)

11 Exploring Pygame tool. 55

12 Developing a game activity using Pygame like bouncing ball, car race etc 58
13 References 60

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 Ex. No 1. Identification and solving of simple real life or scientific or technical problems,
and developing flow charts for the same.

Aim
The aim of this exercise is to identify and solve simple real life or scientific or technical
problems, and developing flow charts for the same.
Problems Given:
1. Electricity Billing
2. Retail Shop Billing
3. Sin Series
4. Weight of a Motorbike
5. Weight of a steel bar
6. Compute Electrical Current in Three Phase AC Circuit.
Concepts Involved
Algorithm
 Algorithm is a step by step description for solving a problem.
 It is a well defined computational procedure consisting of a set of instructions that takes
some value or set of values as input and produces some value or set of values as output.
 There is a time and space complexity associated with each algorithm. The time
complexity specifies the amount of time required to perform a specific task. Space
complexity specifies the size of memory required by the algorithm.
Example: An algorithm to add two numbers entered by user:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables a,b and c
Step 3: Read values of a and b
Step 4: Add a and b and assigns the result to c
c=a+b
Step 5: Display c
Step 6: Stop

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Flow Chart
 A flowchart is a graphical or symbolic representation of a process. Each step in the
process is represented by a different symbol and contains a short description of the
process step.
Example: Draw a flowchart to find product of two numbers A and B

Algorithm
1. Electricity Billing
Step 0: Start

Step 1: Declare variables unit and usage

Step 2: Read the input variable “unit”

Step 3: Process the following

When the unit is less than or equal to 100 units, calculate usage=uni*5

When the unit is between 100 to 200 units, calculate usage=(100*5)+((unit-100)*7)

When the unit is between 200 to 300 units, calculate usage=(100*5)+(100*7)+((unit-

200)*10)

When the unit is above 300 units, calculate usage=(100*5)+(100*7)+(100*!0)+((unit-

300)*15)

For further, no additional charge will be calculated.

Step 4: Display the amount “usage” to the user.

Step 5: Stop

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2. Retail Shop Billing

Step 0: Start

Step 1: Declare the variables like item1, item2, item3, a1, a2, a3, and amount.

Step 2: Assign the values for a1, a2 and a3; a1=15, a2=120, a3=85.

Step 3: Read the values of item1, item2, and item3.

Step 4: Process the following

amount=(item1*a1) + (item2*a2) + (item3*a3)

Step 5: Display the value of “amount”.

Step 6: Stop.

3. Sin Series

The formula for the 'sin x' is represented as

sin x= x-x3/3!+x5/5!-x7/7!+x9/9!- .................. (where x is in radians)

Step 0: Start.

Step 1: Declare the variables which are required to process.

Step 2: Read the input like the value of x in radians and n where n is a number up to which we
want to print the sum of series.

Step 3: For first term,

sum=x;

p=1 (variable p is used for denominator)

num=x (variable num is used for numerator)

power=1

Step 4: For next term,

num=num* (-x2);

power=power+2;

p=p*(power-1)*power

next=num/p;

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Step 5: then sum=sum+next.

Step 6: Repeat the step 4 and step 5, looping 'n-1' times to get the sum of first 'n' terms of the
series.

Step 7: Display the value of sum.

Step 8: Stop.

4. Weight of a Motorbike

 Motorcycle maximum load is the total weight the bike can carry including the rider,
passenger and any cargo.
 Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) of your motorcycle is the weight of the motorcycle itself
plus all engine fluids and full fuel, plus the maximum allowable weight of the rider and
passenger.
 Motorcycle curb weight, or wet weight, is the weight of the motorcycle itself plus all
engine oils and full fuel.

Step 0: Start

Step 1: Declare variables weightmotor, pr, eoff and weight.

Step 2: Read the values of weightmotot, pr, and eoff.

Step 3: Process the following

weight=weightmotor+pr+eoff.

Step 4: Display “Motorbike Weight Result is weight”.

Step 5: Stop.

5. Weight of a steel bar

Weight of steel bar = (d2 /162)*length (Where d value in mm and length value in m)

Step 0: Start.

Step 1: Declare the variables d, length and weight.

Step 2: Read the value of d and length.

Step 3: Process the following

weight=(d2 /162)*length

Step 4: Display the value of weight.

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Step 5: Stop.

6. Compute Electrical Current in Three Phase AC Circuit

Perform a three phase power calculation using the following formula:

P=√3 X pf X I X V

Where pf - power factor, I - current, V - voltage and P – power

Step 0: Start

Step 1: Declare variables pf, I, V and P.

Step 2: Read the values of pf, I and V.

Step 3: Process the following:

P=√3 X pf X I X V

Step 4: Display “The result is P”.

Step 5: Stop

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 Ex. No 2. Python programming using simple statements and expressions

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for the given program using simple
statements and expressions and execute the same in Python IDLE (through Script or
Development Mode).

Problems Given

1. Exchange the values of two variables

2. Circulate the values of n variables
3. Distance between two points

Concepts Involved

Variable: A variable is an identifier that refers to a value or variable is a memory location where
a programmer can store a value. Example: roll_no, amount, name etc.
Expression: It is a combination of values, variables and operators.
Statement: A statement is a unit of code that the Python interpreter can execute.
Reading Input:
 Input often comes from the keyboard. It means the data entered by an end-user of
the program.
 It has two key functions to deal with end user input called raw_input ( ) and
input().
 raw_input:
o The raw_input([prompt]) function reads one line from standard input and
returns it as a string.
o This prompts the users to enter any string and it would display same
entered string on the screen.
o raw_input function is not supported by higher versions of Python for
Windows.
o Syntax:
var_name=raw_input(“<prompt input statement>”)
Example:
book_name=raw_input(“Enter your book name: “)
 input:
o The input([prompt]) function is equivalent to raw_input, except that it
assumes the input as a valid Python expression and returns the evaluated
result. It has an optional parameter, which is the prompt string.
Syntax:
var_name=input(“<prompt expression or statement>”)
Example:
Name=input(“Enter your name”)

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Import Module:
 Module is a built in file containing python definitions and statements with the .py
extension, which implement a set of function.
 Modules are imported from other modules using the import command.
 When a module gets imported, it searches for the module and if found, python creates a
module object. If the named module cannot be found, ModuleNotFoundError will be
raised.
 Syntax:
import modulename
Example:
import math
>>>math.ceil(30.56)
Output:
31
>>>math.floor(30.56)
Output:
30

SCRIPT:

2.1 Exchange the values of two variables

OUTPUT

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2.2. Circulate the values of n variables

OUTPUT

2.3 Distance between two points

10
OUTPUT

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 Ex. No 3. Scientific Problems using Conditionals and Iterative Loops

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for the given program using conditionals
statements & iterative loops and execute the same in Python IDLE (through Script or
Development Mode).

Problems Given

1. Number Series
2. Number Patterns
3. Pyramid Patterns

Concepts Involved
Decision Making Statements:
 Decision making constructs begins with a Boolean expression, an expression that returns
either True or False.
 In Python programming, zero or null vales are assumed as false.
 Decision making structures are necessary to perform an action or a calculation only when
a certain condition is met.
 In Python we have the following types of decision making statements. They are:
o if statement
o if..else statements
o elif statements
o Nested if..elif..else statements
o Inline if
 Conditional if statement
Syntax:
if Boolean expression:
Statement 1
Statement 2
…
Statement n
 Alternative if…else statement
Syntax:
if test expression:
statements
else:
statements
 Chained Condtional if..elif…else statements
Syntax:
if test_expression:
statements
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 elif test_expression:
statements
…..
else:
statements
 Nested if…elif…else statements
Syntax:
if test_expression:
if test_expressioon_a:
statements
elif test_expression_b:
statements
else:
statements
elif test_expression:
statements
else:
statements
 Inline if statements
Syntax:
do Task A if condition is true else do Task B

Iteration (or) Loops

 Generally statements are executed sequentially. The first statement is executed first and
the second statement is executed next and so on.
 There will be situations when we need to execute the block of code, a several number of
times.
 Python provides various control structures that allows for repeated execution.
 “A loop is a programming control structure that facilitates the repetitive execution of a
statement or group of statements”.
 Python provides two types of looping constructs.
 They are,
o For loop
o While loop
 For loop: It executes a sequence of statements that allows a code to be repeated a certain
number of times using the “range” and “xrange” function.
 While loop: It repeats a statement or group of statements as long as a certain Boolean
condition is met. It tests the condition before executing the loop body.
Syntax: for loop
for <variable> in <sequence>:
<statement 1>
…….
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 <statement n>
where, variable-stores all value of each item.
sequence-may be a string, collection or a range() which implies the loop‟s
number.
Syntax: while loop
while Boolean expression:
statement 1
….
statement n

SCRIPT:
3.1 Number Series

OUTPUT

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3.2 Number Patterns

OUTPUT

3.3 Pyramid Patterns

OUTPUT

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 Ex. No 4. Implementing real-time/technical applications using Lists and Tuples

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for implementing real time or technical
applications using Lists and Tuples and execute the same in Python IDLE (through Interactive
Mode).

Problems Given

1. Items present in a library

2. Components of a car
3. Materials required for construction of a building
To perform the operations of list and tuples for the above mentioned problems

Concepts Involved
Lists:
 It is the simplest data structure in Python and is used to store a list of values.
 It is an ordered sequence of values of any data type.
 Values in the list are called as elements/items.
 These are mutable and indexed/ordered.
 To create a list, define a variable to contain an ordered series of items separated
by a comma. A square bracket is used to enclose the items.
 Syntax:
my_list=[ ] #to create an empty list
To create a list of items:
my_list=[item1, item2, item3, item4]
For example:
num_list=[0, 5, 10, 15, 20]
string_ist=[“cat”, “dog”, “lion”]
Tuples:
 It is another sequence data type similar to list.
 A tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas and enclosed within
parenthesis.
 Unlike list, the tuple values cannot be updated.
 They are treated as read-only lists.
 For example:
tuple1=(„abcd‟, 324, 3.2, „python‟, 3.14)
tuple2=(234, „abcd‟)
Operations of Lists and Tuples:
List:
 Adding elements to the end of the list
 Inserting items to a list

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  Changing elements of a list
 Removing or deleting items from a list
 Sorting items on a list
 Reverse items on a list
 Count ( ) method on a list
Tuple:
 Changing, reassigning and deleting tuple
 Tuple membership test
 Tuple methods: count (x) and index (x)
SCRIPT
List with its operations:
4.1 Items present in a library

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18
4.2 Components of a car

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4.3 Materials required for construction of a building

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Tuple with its operations:
4.1 Items present in a library

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4.2 Components of a car

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4.3 Materials required for construction of a building

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 Ex. No 5. Implementing real-time/technical applications using Sets and Dictionaries

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for implementing real time or technical
applications using Sets and Dictionaries and execute the same in Python IDLE (through
Interactive Mode).

Problems Given

1. Languages
2. Components of an automobile
3. Elements of a civil structure
To perform the operations of sets and dictionaries for the above mentioned problems

Concepts Involved
Sets:
 A set is an unordered collection of unique elements.
 Basic uses include dealing with set theory (which support mathematical
operations like union, intersection, difference, and symmetric difference) or
eliminating duplicate entries.

Dictionaries:
 Python dictionary is a container of the unordered set of objects like lists.
 The objects are surrounded by curly braces { }.
 The items in a dictionary are a comma-separated list of key:value pairs where
keys and values are Python data type.
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  Each object or value accessed by key and keys are unique in the dictionary.
 As keys are used for indexing, they must be the immutable type (string, number,
or tuple).
 You can create an empty dictionary using empty curly braces.

Operations of Sets and Dictionaries:

Sets:
 Set Union
 Set Intersection
 Set Difference
 Set X-OR
Dictionaries:
 Adding elements on a dictionary
 Modifying entries to a dictionary
 Removing or deleting elements from adictionary
 Python Dictionary Methods like update( ), item( ), values( ), key( ), setdefault(
),copy( ), fromkeys( ),
 Dictionary membership test
 Using built in functions with dictionary like len( ), sorted( ), dict( ), dictionary
comprehension.

25
SCRIPT
Set with its operations:
5.1 Language

5.2 Components of an automobile

26
5.3 Elements of a civil structure

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Dictionary with its operations:
5.1 Language

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5.2 Components of an automobile

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5.3 Elements of a civil structure

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 Ex. No 6. Implementing programs using Functions

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for implementing the given programs
(scripts) using functions and execute the same in Python IDLE (through Script or Development
Mode).

Problems Given

1. Factorial
2. Largest number in a list
3. Area of shape

Concepts Involved
Function:
 Function is a group of related statements that perform a specific task.
 Functions help break our program into smaller and modular chunks. As our
program grows larger and larger, functions make it more organized and
manageable.
 Furthermore, it avoids repetition and makes code reusable.

Syntax of function:

def function_name(parameters):
"""docstring"""
statement(s)

Above shown is a function definition which consists of following components.

1. Keyword def marks the start of function header.

2. A function name to uniquely identify it. Function naming follows the same rules
of writing identifiers in Python.
3. Parameters (arguments) through which we pass values to a function. They are
optional.
4. A colon (:) to mark the end of function header.
5. Optional documentation string (docstring) to describe what the function does.
6. One or more valid python statements that make up the function body. Statements
must have same indentation level (usually 4 spaces).
7. An optional return statement to return a value from the function.

Example of a function:

def greet(name):

"""This function greets to

31
 the person passed in as

parameter"""

print("Hello, " + name + ". Good morning!")

Function Call
Once we have defined a function, we can call it from another function, program or
even the Python prompt. To call a function we simply type the function name with
appropriate parameters.
>>> greet('Paul')
Hello, Paul. Good morning!
Docstring
 The first string after the function header is called the docstring and is short for
documentation string. It is used to explain in brief, what a function does.
 Although optional, documentation is a good programming practice. Unless you
can remember what you had for dinner last week, always document your code.
 In the above example, we have a docstring immediately below the function
header. We generally use triple quotes so that docstring can extend up to multiple
lines. This string is available to us as __doc__ attribute of the function.

For example:

>>> print(greet.__doc__)
This function greets to
the person passed into the
name parameter

The return statement

 The return statement is used to exit a function and go back to the place from
where it was called.

Syntax of return
return [expression_list]
This statement can contain expression which gets evaluated and the value is
returned. If there is no expression in the statement or the return statement itself is not
present inside a function, then the function will return the None object.

For example:

>>> print(greet("May"))
Hello, May. Good morning!
None

Here, None is the returned value.

32
 How Function works in Python?

Types of Functions
Basically, we can divide functions into the following two types:
1. Built-in functions - Functions that are built into Python.
2. User-defined functions - Functions defined by the users themselves.

SCRIPT
6.1 Factorial

33
OUTPUT

6.2 Largest number in a list

34
OUTPUT

6.3 Area of shape

 Shapes like rectangle, square, triangle, circle, parallelogram, and etc.,
 Area formulas:
o rectangle=length*breadth
o square=sidelength*sidelength
o triangle=0.5*breadth*height
o circle=3.14*radius*radius
o parallelogram=base*height

OUTPUT

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 Ex. No 7. Implementing programs using Strings

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for implementing the given programs
(scripts) using strings and execute the same in Python IDLE (through Script or Development
Mode).

Problems Given

1. Reverse
2. Palindrome
3. Character count
4. Replacing characters

Concepts Involved
String:
 Strings are identified as a contiguous set of Unicode characters which may consist
of letters, numbers, special symbols or a combination of these represented within
the quotation marks.
 It is an immutable data type, which means it can no longer be able to modify the
string once it is created.
 Python language permits the use of single („), double (“) and triple („‟‟ or “””)
quote‟s to represent a string literal, making sure that the same type of quote
begins and ends that string.
 Syntax:
o variable_name=”initial_string”
 Example:
o student=”XXXYYYZZZ”

36
SCRIPT
7.1 Reverse

OUTPUT

37
7.2 Palindrome

OUTPUT

7.3 Character count

38
OUTPUT

7.4 Replacing characters

OUTPUT

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 Ex. No 8. Implementing programs using written modules and Python Standard Libraries

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for implementing the given programs
(scripts) using written modules & Python Standard Libraries and execute the same in Python
IDLE (through Script or Development Mode).

Problems Given

1. pandas
2. numpy
3. matplotlib
4. scipy

Concepts Involved
Module:
A module allows you to logically organize your Python code and can define
functions, classes and variables. A module can also include a runnable code.
Math Module
1. Python math module is used to perform mathematical operations in python.
2. The math module is a standard module in Python and is always available.
3. We can use all functionality of math module by importing it

Python Standard Libraries:

A package is basically a directory with Python files and a file with the name
__init__.py.
Example: Pandas, Numpy, Sklearn , Pygame all are python packages and libraries to
perform specific task.

40
SCRIPT
8.1 pandas
Using pandas library, programmer can convert the given list into a series. In core python,
this problem will be solved by writing the long code, let‟s see how pandas do this.

OUTPUT

8.2 numpy
1. Introduces objects for multidimensional arrays and matrices, as well as functions that
allow to easily perform advanced mathematical and statistical operations on those
objects.
2. provides vectorization of mathematical operations on arrays and matrices which
significantly improves the performance.
3. many other python libraries are built on NumPy
Arrays
A numpy array is a grid of values, all of the same type, and is indexed by a tuple
of nonnegative integers. The number of dimensions is the rank of the array; the shape of
an array is a tuple of integers giving the size of the array along each dimension.

41
OUTPUT

8.3 matplotlib

 Matplotlib.pyplot is a plotting library used for 2D graphics in python programming

language. It can be used in python scripts, shell, web application servers and other
graphical user interface tool-kits.
 You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error charts, scatter plots,
etc., with just a few lines of code.

42
OUTPUT

8.4 scipy

 SciPy is Python Library used to solve scientific and mathematical problems. Built on
NumPy.
 Allow Manipulation and Visualization of data.

43
44
OUTPUT

45
 Ex. No 9. Implementing real-time/technical applications using File handling

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for implementing the given programs
(scripts) using file handling and execute the same in Python IDLE (through Script or
Development Mode).

Problems Given

1. Copy from one file to another

2. Word count
3. Longest word

Concepts Involved
File:
 File is a named location on the system storage which records data for later access.
It enables persistent storage in a non-volatile memory i.e., Hard Disk.
 Generally we divide files in two categories, text file and binary file. Text files are
simple text whereas; the binary files contain binary data which is only readable by
computer.
File Operations:
 In Python, there is no need for importing external library to read and write files.
 Python provides a built-in function for opening, writing and reading files. Hence,
in Python there are four basic file-related operations.
 They are:
o Opening a file
o Reading from a file
o Writing to a file Process data
o Closing a file

Syntax:
 Opening a file:
fileObject = open(file_name[, access_mode] [, buffering])
Where,
 file_name  It is a string value which contains the name of the file to access.
 access_mode  It determines the mode (read, write, append, etc.,) in which
the file has to be opened. It is an optional parameter the read ® mode is the
default file access mode.
 buffering  When the buffering value is set to 0, no buffering occurs. If it is
set to 1, line buffering is performed when accessing a file.

46
  If the buffering value is an integer greater than 1, action is performed with the
indicated buffer size. If it is negative, the buffer size is the system default
behavior.
Different modes for opening a file:
 While opening a file, we can specify whether to read (r), write (w) or append
(a) data to the file and also to specify whether to open in text or binary mode.
 The default way of opening is in read (text mode). In text mode, we get strings
while reading from the file. In binary mode, it returns bytes and are used with
non-text files like .jpeg or .exe file.
 The different modes for opening a file are as follow:
o r  default mode for opening a file in read only format.
o rb  It opens the file for read only purpose in binary format.
o r+  It opens a file for both reading and writing purpose in text
format.
o rb+ It opens a file for both reading and writing purpose in binary
format.
o w  It opens a file for write only purpose in text format.
o wb  It opens a file for write only purpose in binary format.
o w+  It opens a file for both reading and writing purpose in text
format.
o wb+ It opens a file for both reading and writing purpose in binary
format.
o a  It opens a file for appending the data to the file.
o ab  It opens a file for appending the data in binary format.
o a+  It opens a file for both appending and reading data to and from
the file.
o ab+  It opens a file for both appending and reading data in binary
format.
Example:
# Open file in read mode, the default mode:
>>> file = open(“sample.txt”)
>>>file = open(“sample.txt”,‟w‟) # Write Mode
# Read and write files in binary mode
>>>file = open(“sam.bmp”,‟rb+‟)
 Writing to a file:
fileObject.write(str);
Here, str is the content to be written in opened file
Example:
file=open(“sample.txt”, “w”)
file.write(“Information Technology\n”)
file.write(“Velammal College of Engg and Tech \n\n”)
file.write(“Madurai\n”)
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 Reading Data from a file:
fileObject.read([size])
Here, size is the optional numeric argument and returns a quantity of data
equal to size.
Example:
>>>file = open(“sample.txt”, „r‟, encoding=‟utf-8‟)
>>>file.read(5) # Read the first 5 data
„Infor‟
>>>file.read(6) # Read the next 6 data
„mation‟
fileObject.readline([size])
Here, size is the optional numeric argument and returns a quantity of data
equal to size.
Example:
>>>file.readline( )
„Information Technology‟
>>>file.readline( )
„Velammal College of Engg and Tech\n\n‟
>>>file.readline( )
„Madurai\n‟
>>>file.readline( )
„„
fileObject.readlines([size])
Here, size is the optional numeric argument and returns a quantity of data
equal to size.
Example:
>>>file.readlines( )
[„Information Technology\n‟,‟Velmmal College of Engg and
Tech\n\n‟,‟Madurai\‟]
 Closing a file:
fileObject.close( )
Example:
p=open(“sample.txt”,”wb”) # Open a file for writing in binary format
print(“Name of file: “, p.name)
p.close( )
print(“File closed”)
Output:
Name of file: sample.txt
File closed

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SCRIPT
9.1 Copy from one file to another
INPUT FILE

OUTPUT

9.2 Word count

INPUT FILE

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OUTPUT

9.3 Longest word

INPUT FILE

50
OUTPUT

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 Ex. No 10. Implementing real-time/technical applications using Exception handling

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for implementing the given programs
(scripts) using exception handling and execute the same in Python IDLE (through Script or
Development Mode).

Problems Given

1. Divide by zero error

2. Voter‟s age validity
3. Student mark range validation

Concepts Involved
Exception:
 An exception is an irregular state that is originated by a runtime error in the
program.
 Python presents two extremely essential features to handle any unpredictable error
in the Python programs and to insert debugging abilities in them.
 Exception Handling (Standard Exceptions)
 Assertions
 An exception is an object that stands for an error. If the exception object is not
fixed and handled appropriately, the interpreter will show an error message.
 Error sourced by not following the appropriate syntax of the language is known as
syntax error or parsing error.
 Example:
>>>if a<b
Output:
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

 The errors that occur during the runtime are called exceptions.
 Runtime errors can take place, for example, a file does not present while the
program attempt to open it (FileNotFoundError), function receiving a parameter
that has a right data type but having inappropriate value (ValueError), a module
does not available when the program strive to open it (ImportError) etc.,
 When these kinds of runtime error take place, Python produces an exception
object. If the errors are not handled appropriately, it prints a trace back to that
error with several particulars regarding why that error happened.

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SCRIPT
10.1 Divide by zero error

OUTPUT

10.2 Voter’s age validity

OUTPUT

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10.3 Student mark range validation

OUTPUT

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 Ex. No 11. Exploring Pygame tool

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for implementing the given programs
(scripts) using exception handling and execute the same in Python IDLE (through Script or
Development Mode).

Concepts Involved
Pygame:
 Pygame is a set of Python modules designed to make games. It uses SDL (Simple
DirectMedia Layer) which is a cross-platform library that abstracts the multimedia
components of a computer as audio and video and allows an easier development of
programs that uses this resources.
 PyGame in a python library to develop games.
 Before starting with pygame we have to install pygame and we must have some programming
knowledge (Python Preferred).
 pip install is simplest way
 As we know, to play any game we first need a window. So we will first create a window
in the PyGame.

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 Functionality of Code:
o First we imported Pygame library
o Initializing all modules of pygame (pygame.init())
o pygame.display.set_caption , used to display name of the window.
o After that we have created a window. (pygame.display.set_mode(), is a function
in pygame to create window)
o The loop that is placed to stop our windows on the screen.(If we do not loop, our
window will be created but will not stop)
o Inside the event, we handle all the actions that occur above the window.
o Like here we have given the message that if we quit the window (event.type ==
pygame.QUIT) means we close the window, then done become true means our
window is closed.
o pygame.display.flip(),It allows only a portion of the screen to updated, instead of
the entire area.

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 The following code - loading image using pygame:

 Functionality of Code:
o What's new for us here,that is pygame.image.load() function, which is used here
to load the image.
o And next is window.blit(),This function says take the image and draw it onto the
window and position it at (x,y).
o As you can see from the output, our image is larger than our window size, this
means that we do not need to take the image size smaller than the window size
(window width and window height)
o (x,y) this is our coordinates where we draw the images on the window.
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 Ex. No 12. Developing a game activity using Pygame like bouncing ball, car race and etc.,

Aim

The aim of this exercise is to write python script for implementing and developing the
game activity (scripts) using Pygame and execute the same in Python IDLE (through Script or
Development Mode).

Problems Given

1. Bouncing a ball
2. Car race

Concepts Involved
Pygame:
Python PyGame library is used to create video games. This library includes
several modules for playing sound, drawing graphics, handling mouse inputs, etc. It is
also used to create client-side applications that can be wrapped in standalone
executables.

SCRIPT
12.1 Bouncing a ball

import sys, pygame

pygame.init()

size = width, height = 700, 300

speed = [1, 1]
background = 255, 255, 255

screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size)
pygame.display.set_caption("Bouncing ball")

ball = pygame.image.load("ball.jpg")
ballrect = ball.get_rect()

while 1:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT: sys.exit()

ballrect = ballrect.move(speed)
if ballrect.left < 0 or ballrect.right > width:
speed[0] = -speed[0]
if ballrect.top < 0 or ballrect.bottom > height:
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 speed[1] = -speed[1]

screen.fill(background)
screen.blit(ball, ballrect)
pygame.display.flip()

ball.jpg

OUTPUT

12.2 Car race

Refer the following link:

https://github.com/khan4019/car-race-python-game/blob/master/game.py

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REFERENCES:

 https://www.python.org/ - About Python

 https://realpython.com/tutorials/tools/ - Tools

 https://www.upgrad.com/blog/python-developer-

tools/#:~:text=Selenium%20is%20undoubtedly%20one%20of,%2C%20Perl

%2C%20Ruby%2C%20and%20. – 10 Python Tools

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/index.htm - About Python

 https://www.w3schools.com/python/ - About Python

 https://www.mygreatlearning.com/blog/python-tutorial-for-beginners-a-

complete-guide/ - Python

 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/learn-

python-tutorial/ - Python

 https://www.pygame.org/wiki/tutorials - PyGame

 https://pythonprogramming.net/pygame-python-3-part-1-intro/ - PyGame

 https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-pygame-

and-create-a-template-for-developing-games-in-python-3 - PyGame

 https://replit.com/new/pygame - Online Complier

 https://trinket.io/features/pygame - Online Compiler

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