RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

MODULE 4
PARAMETRIC TESTS

Title: One Population Hypothesis Testing - z test

One Population Hypothesis Testing - t-test
Test Concerning Proportion - z - test

TOPICS OUTLINE:
1. Test the mean difference between sample mean and known value of
the population mean when:
a) σ (sigma) is known - n ≥ 30 or n < 30 (rare case)
b) σ (sigma) is unknown - and is replaced by s but n ≥ 30 only.
2. Test the mean difference between the sample mean and the known value of the
population mean when n < 30 only.
3. Test the mean difference between the sample proportion and the known value of
population proportion when n ≥ 30 only.

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
At the end of the module the student will be able to :
1. Apply the steps in testing hypothesis as to whether or not the sample mean is different
from population mean when sample size is :

a) σ (sigma) is known and when sample size is n ≥ 30 or n < 30 (rare case)

b) σ(sigma) is unknown and σ is replaced by S and sample size is n ≥ 30 only

2. Apply the steps in testing hypothesis as to whether or not the sample mean is different
from the population mean when sample size is n < 30 and sample standard
deviation S is known only.

3 Apply the steps in testing hypothesis to know the difference between sample proportion
and the population proportion when n ≥ 30.

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

TOPIC PRESENTATION :

ONE SAMPLE z test

The one sample z-test is a statistical procedure to know the mean difference between
the sample mean and the known value of the population mean and make a
statistical decision as to whether or not the sample mean is different from population
mean when sample size is:

a) σ (sigma) is known and when sample size is n ≥ 30 or n < 30 (rare case)

b) σ (sigma) is unknown and σ is replaced by S and sample size is n ≥ 30 only

FORMULA for the z Test

If small Greek letter (sigma) (𝝈) is known, n ≥ 30
It is also possible that n < 30 (rare case)

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
Where : z = z – test
𝑥̅ = sample mean
𝛍 = hypothesized population mean
𝝈 = population standard deviation
n = sample size

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

FORMULA for the z Test

If small Greek letter (sigma) (𝝈) is unknown, always n ≥ 30
It is also possible that n < 30 (rare case)

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝑠
√𝑛
Where : z = z – test
𝑥̅ = sample mean
𝛍 = hypothesized population mean
s = sample standard deviation
n = sample size

TABLE 1 CRITICAL VALUES OF Z AT VARYING SIGNIFICANCE LEVELS

Significance Level
Test Type
0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01
One-tailed Test ±1.28 ±1.645 ±1.96 ±2.33
Two-tailed Test ±1.645 ±1.96 ±2.33 ±2.58

Conduct a test of hypothesis testing by following the steps in hypothesis testing.

Problem : Powdered milk is packed in 1 kg. A sample of 36 bags produces a mean of 0.96 kg.
and standard deviation of 0.12 kg. Is there enough evidence to conclude that the bags do not
contain 1 kg. at ∝ =0.05?

Given : 𝛍= 1 kg., 𝑥̅ = 0.96 kg., s = 0.12 , n = 36

Parameter (𝛍 ) population mean, 𝑥̅ = sample mean
True mean (belief) of the manufacturer

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Step 1 𝐻0 ∶ 𝛍 = 1 Kg. (contains or packed in 1kg.)

𝐻1 : 𝛍 ≠ 1 kg. (Researcher’s claim ≠ do not contain 1Kg.)

Step 2 α = 0.05 given

Step 3 Test Statistic – One Sample Z-Test

𝑥̅ −𝜇 0.96 −1.00
FORMULA z = 𝑠 = 0.12 = −2.00
√𝑛 √36

Step 4 zcv – Computed value of Z

zcv = − 2

Step 5 Using the critical value of Z Table

Significance Level α = 0.05 given

Test Type
0.05 Use two-tailed test since the
One-tailed Test ±1.645 Symbol used in 𝐻1 is ≠ meaning
Two-tailed Test ±1.96
it can be > greater than or
< less than
ZCRV or TV = ±1.96
ZCRV or TV = Critical Value or Tabular Value of Z Test Statistic where Z = −2.00

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Step 6 Separating your RR from AR

REJECTION REJECTION
ACCEPTANCE
REGION of REGION
REGION of Ho
Ho

ZTV OR CRV – 1.96 ZTV OR CRV 1.96

Zcv = −2.00

Step 7 : Location of ZCRV or TV = Critical Value or Tabular Value

of Z Test Statistic where Z = −2.00
(please see normal curve above)

Step 8: Decision Since Zcv = −2.00 Falls in RR (Rejection Region)

Reject Ho
Step 9: Conclusion –

Form 1 There is enough evidence to warrant the

rejection that 𝛍= 1 Kg. so 𝛍 ≠ 1 kg

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

ONE SAMPLE t-test

One sample t-test population mean is a statistical procedure to know the

difference between the sample mean and the known value of the population mean
and make a statistical decision as to whether or not the sample mean is different
from the population mean when sample size is n < 30 and sample standard deviation
is s is known only.

FORMULA for the t Test

One Sample t test n < 30

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛
Where : t = t– test
𝑥̅ = sample mean
𝛍 = population mean
s = sample standard deviation
n = no. of samples

Problem : Powdered milk is packed in 1 kg. A sample of 25 bags produces a mean of 0.96 kg.
and standard deviation of 0.10 kg. Is there enough evidence to conclude that the bags do not
contain 1 kg. at ∝ =0.05?

Given : 𝛍= 1 kg., 𝑥̅ = 0.96 kg., s = 0.10 , n = 25

Parameter (𝛍 ) population mean, 𝑥̅ = sample mean
True mean (belief) of the manufacturer

Step 1 𝐻0 ∶ 𝛍 = 1 Kg. (contains or packed in 1kg.)

𝐻1 : 𝛍 ≠ 1 kg. (Researcher’s claim ≠ do not contain 1Kg.)

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Step 2 α = 0.05 given

Step 3 Test Statistic – One Sample t-test

𝑥̅ −𝜇 0.96 −1.00 −0.04 −0.04

FORMULA t = 𝑠 = 0.10 = 0.10 = = −2.00
0.02
√𝑛 √25 5

Step 4 tcv – Computed value of t

tcv = − 2

Step 5 Using the critical value of Student t distribution or tabular value of t

df (degree of freedom) 0.025
24 ± 2.064

Requirements: Type of test 2 Tailed test because HA contains

≠ sign
𝛼 0.05
Use =
2 2

𝛼
= 0.025
2

df = n− 1
df = 25− 1 = 24

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Step 6 Separating your RR from AR

.05/2 = 0.025 ACCEPTANCE .05/2 = 0.025

REGION

tCRV = − 2.064 tCRV = 2.064

tCV = − 2.00

7. Location of tCV = − 2.00 Fall in Acceptance Region

8. Decision: Fail to Reject or Accept Ho

9. Conclusion : No sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of Ho = 1 Kg.

So 𝛍 = 1 kg.

Z TEST FOR A PROPORTION

The one sample z - test population proportion is a statistical procedure to know

the difference between sample proportion and the population proportion
when n ≥ 30.

The test statistic used was noted to have a distribution that could be readily approximated
by a normal curve. The Z statistic can also be used for situations involving binary classifications
and counts for the binary classes, as is known in the following example :

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Problem: In a large city, 250 housewives were randomly selected and asked whether they prefer
Purchasing fish from supermarkets or from wet public markets. If 114 of them prefer
supermarkets, is there evidence at the 5% level of significance to suggest that the proportion of
housewives throughout the city who prefer supermarkets exceeds 40%?

FORMULA for z-test for proportion

𝑝̂ − 𝑃
𝑧=
√𝑃(1 − 𝑃)
𝑛
Where −
𝑥
𝑝̂ =
𝑛

 z = Test statistic
 n = Sample size
 P= population proportion
 𝑝̂ = sample proportion
 𝑥 = number of those who are in favor

Solution : z-test for Proportion

Given : n = 250 α = 0.05

1. Ho: P = 0.4
H1: P > 0.4

2. α =0.05

𝑥
3. Test Statistic - z test for proportions 𝑝̂ =
𝑛

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

114 114
𝑝̂−𝑃 −0.4 −0.4 0.056 0.056
250 250
𝑧= = = = =
𝑃(1−𝑃) 0.4(1−0.4) 0.4(1−0.4) .24 .0309
√ √ √ √
𝑛 250 250 250

ZCV = 1.81
4. Computed value ZCV = 1.81
5. Critical Value ZCRV = 1.96
Type of test one tailed test > Ha

Critical Values of z
Type of Test ∝ = 0.05
One tailed 1.645

6. Separate RR from AR

∝ = 0.05
AR

RR

ZCRV = 1.645
Zcv = 1.81

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

7. Locate zcv = 1.81

RR
AR ∝ = 0.05

ZCV =
ZCRV = 1.645 1.81

8. Decision Reject H0
9. Conclusion:
The sample provides sufficient evidence to warrant rejection that P= .4

Problem : Carry out a test of hypothesis to draw conclusion in relation to the

given problem.
Previous evidences show that majority of the students are happy and
contented with university’s policies. This year 100 students were drawn from a
random sample. Majority of the student population are happy and contented, 65
students said so. What conclusions could be made at 10% (∝) level of
significance?

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Solution to the above Problem:

65
Given : 𝑝̂ = = 0.65 (sample proportion)
100

P = 0.50 (Population Proportion)

α = 0.10
n = 100

Step 1 : Ho: P ≤ .50

H1 : P > 0.50

Step 2 : α = 0.10 (>) – one tailed test n≥ 30 n = 100

Use z test proportion
Step 3 : Test Statistic – z test for proportions
FORMULA
𝑝̂ − 𝑃 0.65 − 0.50 0.15
𝑧𝐶𝑉 = = = = 3.00
√0.0025
√𝑃(1 − 𝑃) √0.50(1 − .50)
𝑛 100

Step 4 : Calculated value of 𝑧𝐶𝑉 = 3. 00

Step 5: Critical Value or Tabular value of ZPCRV = 1.28

Z-test

Type of Test α = 0.10

One Tailed 1.28

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

RR
One Tailed
Test right
AR

ZPCV = 3.00
ZPCRV = 1.28

7. Locate ZPCV Falls in the RR

8. Decision : Reject Ho
9. Conclusion : P > .50 - - - - Majority of the students are happy and contented
with the University’s policies.

TABLES :
TABLE 1 CRITICAL VALUES OF Z AT VARYING SIGNIFICANCE LEVELS
Significance Level
Test Type
0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01
One-tailed Test ±1.28 ±1.645 ±1.96 ±2.33
Two-tailed Test ±1.645 ±1.96 ±2.33 ±2.58

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

TABLE 2. CRITICAL VALUE OF THE t DISTRIBUTION

df .10 .05 .025 .01 .005

1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032

6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707

7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.995 3.499
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169

11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106

12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947

16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921

17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845

21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831

22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787

26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779

27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.310 1.645 1,960 2.326 2.576

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis AE9) Y. P. EVANGELISTA