Section 1

1.Shah walilulah wasd brin in emperor time, knwonw as kutub ud din, shah walilulah studied in a
madrassa from sheick tahir Ibrahim. EOttoman empire was in deciline and therefore he wanted to teach
them quran and Sunnah,. He translated the quran to perisan. The plce was divided by shias and sunnis,
he wrote book like hjjjat allah al baligha an izzat al akhfa. The marathsas were radiign the Mughal
emperroro so he wtold so he told ahmed shal abudala to raid the marathas. Acheivments were that he
was one of first muslim first thinkers, his wrritingin in Persian made Islamic teaching avaialbel. He also
showed that muslim revivial could take place if there was a acceptance fo sectarian divide by showing
importance of jihad making the people unite.

2.Syed ahmed barelvi he studied under shadh waliluah he was bron as a military guy other than a
muslim guy. He worked for restoring unity he saw the muslims oppressed by biriths so he had to make a
force as indias were zameendar, So he went for hajj when he came bajk he founded the juihad
movement spread the word about jihad made army of 80000 people Punjab was uled under the siikh
muslims couldn’t do adhan an islam was very scturinised so he launched jihad agiant no nmuslim ruler.
Syed ahmed toured pujab to enlist ment to fight the Sikhs. He went through hundred miles and went
thorugh rajasthan sidn balochistan and afghanitsan. He established haeaduwarters in Peshawar, his
vistories made him a succsful muslim leader. He was preparing t figh the attock when he encountered
35000 sikhs, yar Muhammad go tkilled but sultan muhamad khan aslo waged war against syed ahmed.
He moved to balakot to hope fro liberation of Kashmir and was betrayed by the Sikhs on the way to the
mountain it. Was a heavy battle They fought hard sikh were heavily in number whilst 600 mujahideen
died including syed ahmed and shah ismaeel the commander. He also defeated ranjit singh and they
said he should’ve become a muslim imam but denied the title.

3.Hajj shariatullah was bron in east Bengal his father wasa farmer. He velieved that miserable condition
of the muslims in india led to dar al harb . The faraizi movement supported the idea of jihad. Hajj
sharitullah started the faraid movment . HE RESOTRED THE PRIDE from hindu zameendars and britihs.
TO follow the religious obligations . The succest fo hajj shariutallah movent was great concern against
hindus. His son kept his work up he didvideed bengall into circles imposed taxes and then got arrested.*

4. Aurangzebs reform, arungzeb didn’t like the non muslim s he intoriudced jizya and destroyed hindu
temples. The reasosn why Mughal emeprer declined was invading forces such as perisan Marathas and
afghans. The Persian leader nadir shah took too much booty The marathas were cocntiant soruce fo
difficutly. They deafeated the Mughal army as they kept taking ladn from them. The marathas became
the most strongest armyin india by einteenth century. The afghans afghan general called aahhemd shah
durran attacked Kabul. He gained control of Punjab/ The weakness fo Mughal empire can be seen by the
Mughals were unable to stop marathas or aghans. However bigget threat to marathas was from british.

The end of empire Mughal.

Administration: The huge empire was very difficuklt to administer because it was tooe xpsensive took
too much capital. It would take many months to send information around the empire as if there was a
breakout it woul ttake months for the other side to know.
Military cost: The Mughal Empire was huge and within the empire and array was different people ad
different religions. They was always pressure of the empire from different element. The cost of putting
down rebellions fighting wars against invaders was huge.

Succession: There was a despite between the brothers. When shah jihad fell sick the barometers fought
and it took a lot of capital resulting in ruining the treasury. Afterwards the father got fine.

Declining military expensive: The dynasties are in power for log periods. The capital kept declining until
they couldn’t fight no more When it becae mobvius tehat the mughalm empire was declinging the
shivajir ebellions and other ebels started to fught back.

Pleasure seeking: many of the Mughals became notable to love and degenerated. They betrayed Islamic
teaching and focused on pleasure brought by wealth. Nobles often had the best clothes and jeweler.
One friend Akbar used to order 100 of dishes in one go. Toom much extravagance.

Weka con

EIC was established by Elizabeth and granted trade to India, governor general was lord weekly. They
went India there was so much silk gold opium. Thyme started to trade with them.

Robert Clive: He defeated British in battle of plisse. The battle of Plassey fresh told sire al doula to attack
base of EIC in Calcutta. He captured the city but was unable to keep control. Then Robert Clive captured
the city back by deadening the sire al doula. Thus one of Indies richest province fell to births. Mir afar
was forced to give the company gifts of land and money which helped to make some epic officials very
rich. Mir jars son Mir was am joined forces with Nawaz of Oudh and the Mughal emperor. They were
unseuccfeul after their defeat in the battle of boxer as British influence increased. The epic now took
control over the revenue collection in Bengal and Bihar and also extended it influence to Oudh.

Bengals were exploited, the induna company established to gain profit. The company made huge profit
from trade of Bengal’s .Thyme would make huge profits by expoltjjng as many people died in famines.

The British government intervenes: The governor general of India warren Hastings signed a treat ending
the first Maratha war between the British and Marathas. The Verner general wisely invaded my rose and
killed tip the sultan of Mysore. In the same year nabs ouds were defeated. The British entered Delhi and
forced the Mughal emperor shah Alma to accept the he was ruling under British protection.IN 1818 the
Marathas were debated by British forced and finally forced to accept British control.

Tiptoe Mir was great Bengali freedom leader and fighter after coming from hajj he outed to fight the
British who led to oppression on Indies. He proclaimed himself king and raised and army of 15000 he
built bamboo forts a. The British send t cavalry and cannons many follower died and tutu Mir fought
fireclay.

The second skis war was fought and six were drafted and the Mpire came to defeat again and Punjab
amen to live and it was knowns as the British Empire. Ramji Singh died so the sick’s were scared of
attacks so they started to attack. Gulag Singh decided to betray them gulag Singh purchased Kashmir,
the Sikh suffered a wheel new defeat. The governor general Dalhousie extended births control even
further by implying doctrine of lapse. For example in 1856 the Nawaz of Oudh died and although he
several legal heirs the British said the Nawaz treated his people badly and took Oudh under control.
The strength of the British: they had the best mchanirery technology and cavalry had huge forces that
had eh best commanders were able to possess area very quick with strategy.

The causes of war of independence, the doctrine elapse caused many Indians to become greedy
grabbers. English replaced Persian so it upset them. The English minster talked that the library was way
better than the whole native Indian and arabas. Many British thoughtful than this but in general mix of
social equant sad nth rbisiths societies, the is arrogance attitude couple dal the introduction of a new
way with life with it railway roads and telegraphs which was unacceptable to many Indians. Christian
missionaries came to India to convert the local population to Christianity. The economic changed such as
textiles were trade. They would keep the tax money for themselves ads infantry for espy were kept very
low/ they kept imposing high axes.

There were new guns that had animal cartridges such as cows and pigs but they didn’t want to touch the
guns. A spay also tried to defy an officer which ended him up in getting executed. The war spread quickly
and the British lost control of manhua Kanpur and Jhansi.

Yes ashamed khan

He founded the Aligarh movement which improves social and economic positions of Muslims

Improves relation between Muslims and British

Increase the [political awareness of the Muslim community in order to make them aware of the threat
to their position

Syed wrote a pamphlet that showed the causes of endian revolt which showedteh lack of representation
of Indies in the government of the country, the forcible conversion of Muslims to Christianity, the poor
management of Indian army. Many people thought it was too deep and well explained. The reflation
had a positive imagine from the British on Muslims. Sir Syed opened schools in Moradabad made a book
thebe al alkali once column in English and one column in Urdu. He founded the scientific society in ghazi
pore. HE TRANSLATED SICINTIFIC STUF FROM ENGLISH PERSIAN AND ARABIC TO URU. To show his
determination he opened a school in muaradabbad and ghaizpore. He also traveled to titian to he
dreamed to make a university for the Muslim subcontinent. He made Mohammedi Anglo oriental
college. Congress wanted competitive examinations for Muslims however Muslims weren’t getting good
education so they said they need good education to proceed. Language, sir Syed wanted the next
language to be learnt to be Urdu as it was a special hear tin the Muslim community. He never attended
congress meeting cut eh thought it was the interest of the Hindus. He worked really hard to Muslim
revival. He worked restlessly to reset relations with British. He also was the father of the nation theory.
Islam had man different languages, such as Turkish don Arabic. The language that has greatest impact
was Persian. During he Mughal period it was the official language in the corn of Delhi/ Shaw alleluia
translated the Quran from Arabic into Persian so that it would be more accessible. The langue became
very wide spread that even Hindus started to use it.

Languages: The Urdu language was spoken by many Pakistanis. IT SI SADI THAT IT FIRSTOGINATED
FROM PERSIA NTIRKSIH AND PUNJABI. Due to the efforts of poets and writes Urdu spread wisely. Urdu
was main language of the Muslims. It AL showed the Urdu was no supported by non-muslim. Urdu as
national language Urdu plays and novels were played. Sindh is where written in the malware tribes.
Singh ha many poets such as shah Abdul late pity.
Balochi is the language spoken in Baluchistan the largest of Pakistan provinces through other languages
Punjabi is mostly like Arabic had much influence angst sandhi’s and Pushto the why Quran was rendered
by Muhammad al fair . The first period was done in the Amir Khan pelican. Hi famous book chair up bean
was first book in Pashto literature. The second period begin swath the Mughal invasions of India Pashto
poetry started to play big role for showing Pashto freedom. The third points shows the establishment of
British rule where high quality writing was produced.

THE PARITITION OF BENGAL

Bengal as the largest province of India. The breaths claimed Bengal was too large to govern and there
were ten times the people in Bengal when compared to baritone. Two years before the proposal was
putting effect, the British partitioned Bengal as Curzon had suggested.

Muslims views was that they were happy because they could move freely as they were majority and thy
could rule easily. Thad would enable million f Muslims to escape Hindu rule.

The Hindu views was that they were very angry as they thought they were belittled and weak, Thyme
found out the swadeshi movement they started to boycott bites stuff and started to burn all the clothes
of British and showed there despair.

MORLEY MINTO REFORMS: it was that Morley wanted to improve relations with Muslims, then Hindu
extremist parties would drag Muslims into accepting Hinduism. When the new liberal government was
elected in Brita. Muslim fear grew, the liberals had stated that they would increase local participation.
Sangha khan met Morley Minto and said that Muslims should have their own represantitatives and that
in the council the Muslims should have more percentage so seats than the percentage of the population.

SIMPLA DEPUTATION

The importance of simple deputation was that the relations between British and Muslims were restored
succefully. It also showed that the Muslim community had decided to ensure that it established a secure
place in the constitution by its own methods.

The foundation of all Muslim league aims were that the Muslims wanted to establish a Muslim
dominant east Bengal the Muslim community still felt that it lacked influence. Some Hindus clamed that
the British were behind the establishe, TN go Muslim league to act as a counter in congress. Formation
of Muslim league was when Muslim leaders met at the twentieth session of Muhammad an educational
conference at Dhaka. It was then called all India Muslim league. The objectives of this were to protect
and advance the political rights and interests of Muslims in India. To represent Muslims need and
aspiration to the government of India. TO PROMOTE FEELINGS OF LOYALTY TO THE BRITIHS
GOVERNMENT.

The Morley Minto reform were that 60 members were added to imperial council then 60 seats were
added to central executive council and then provincial council were increased to 50 seats and 30 seats
in smaller provinces. Muslims represantivies were granted to be voted by Muslims only. Indians had very
little role in government. The Bengal partition was then reversed because stuff became very violent and
the British had started to crumble support of the country. India before the First World War. The Muslims
saw the reverse of the partition as a betrayal of British promises. They also soon realized that Morley
Minto reforms did not provide Indians with any genuine voice in eh government. Despite the attempts
to works.

LUCKNOW PACT

Muslims had the right to separate electorates in electing representatives to the imperial and provincial
legislative councils the would apply to puma and Bengal. Although they had represented only one
quarter of the pollution. No act affecting a community should be passed unless three quarters of hat
community agreed. The pact also demanded that a number of elected seats on the councils should be
increased. Motion were passed by large minorities / minorities in the province should be protected. All
provinces have autonomy.

The Amritsar outrage

The strikes and demonstration were done. Genial dyer went in Amritsar and shot 1600 rounds and 12oo
wounded. General Dyer stated that e had fired in the crowd in the park to make sure the people of
Punjab so obey the births rule. Other measures soon followed. Men were flogged in the public and their
knees and aphids tied. A crowd meeting illegally at Gujranwala.

The noncooperation movement

Gandhi’s and Indians were losing faith as they gave up on English don they went to prison as that was
what he liked to do. Arya samara was a powerful agent for the spread of education and social reform.
Pundit Mohan Malvina.

Delhi proposals

These were proposals made by Jinnah

Muslims should be given one third of the seats in the central legislature, Sindh should be given
provincial status. All brash reform in India should extended in Baluchistan and the North West frontier
province, the number of feats to be given to Muslims in the Punjab and Bengal should be proportional to
the Muslim population living there. Jinnah sated that if the proposals were accepted the Muslims would
call of their demands for a separate electroplate.

The KHILAFAT MOVEMENT,

The First World War and turkey awes where the Turks had got on the side of the Germans against
Britain. Muhammad ail jaguar and his brother maul and sheik ail to try prevent the opposition within
India. However the strength of Muslim feeling can be seen in a speech made by mauve faze up has. At
the end of the war peace treaties were drawn up showing how the defeated nations were to be treated.

The all India khilafat conference was held by two brothers maulana shuqat ali and mualana johar. The
conference passed a resolution agreeing to sen a delagtionbriaint to support to amek sure that the
british were aware of the strength of the muslim support.mahatman ghandhi was also present at the
conference.e by the end of war he had become an unofficial leader of congress and his prescence
showed bravery.

The treaty of severs was that turkey would be split up and that the Ottoman Empire would be
diminished leaving turkey by itself. Both hundis ad Muslims greeted the non-cooperative programmer
The points were such as strikes were hit by Hindus again British good refusing to stand for election.

The development of khilafat movement was that to protect and foster Islam there was a place in India
which was alled dar ul harb that muslims could tworship, someone sadi they wshoudl go to Afghanistan
and they were prmised fertile lands but were lied about 2000 were welcome the rest 16000 went back
whilst many died and many poor were poor.

The kihalfat movement difficulty was that both ali brother got imprisoned. At tiprur some 10000
moplahs were setting the police stations on fire. The briiths had to sedn troop in to end the uprising.

The impact of khailafat movement was that the Indians were shown that they were not ready to accept
brish rule. The khilafat movement made the muslism to realise that they had political power they
relaised they could oganise themselves a elction.

Mnay unfortunate muslis had given up their jobs in public service and many students had forsaken their
studies as part fo the non cooperation. The failure of the khilafat movent and join efforts hindus and
muslism wedged the community into two different sections. Communal rioting followed as usual.

The simon commission

The conservative government decided to bring the commission forward. The opposition ot the
conservative government faced regular protest and demanded that its unpresentaivice memebrs turned
to England. ]

Nheru report was made by indias: it was fo rimmediat dominion statues fo ridnai,india to be a
federation with a two chamber parliament, nit serperate elctroates. Nehru report was that jhindo to be
made official langaue fro hidnis

Nehru report: one third of the elcete reprentatives of btoh hosue of the central legislature shodu lbe
muslims, the Punjab and Bengal in tehevent fo adult suffrage nto being sestabliheed there should eb
reservation fo seats. Residuary power should not be left

Jinnah fourteen ppoints: No bill should be passed if 3 out of 4 people opposed it

There should eb reforms in newfp in balochistan

Muslims lagaue gculture and traditions should be p[rotected

All acabintes should have at least oen third musli, representation

Round table conferences were that sominc commission will produce a two volume report

Th ebirish afreed that reprentative government should eb introduced at level/

THE second round table conference was that laboru pary had lost pwoere in britian

Ghandi took a hrad line in the talk and refued to recognize the agreement

The government of india act 1935

India was to be a federation uncludign both the provinesof britihs india and princely states

The governer general was head of the federation amd could exert
1937 lections jinnah lost and muslim league laost as Nehru tried his best ot win and did, jionnah won
only 109 seats, while congress won 350 seats

The otucoen fo the election they lost:

The league now knew that its support lay more in areas where the muslims were a minority

The lague also realise dthat it had an aimage porbel as its leaders were picnes and ad artistocrats

The outbreak fo war 1939

Britian announced that it was at war with nzai Germany. On the saem day viceroy linithgoa that india
was at war with Germany. Congress could not accept this and called on its members to resign from
government. Before doing so however it passed a revolution setting out its entire disapproval of Nazism
and fascism. The muslim league also had demands to be met before it would agree to support the bitish
jinnah demanded. This was the day of deliverance.

Pkaistan reosultion ws known as laahore resolution, at the annual session of the muslim league held in
lahor 22 march 1940, the premier of Bengal maulvi fazal ul haq put forward a resolution demanding that
regions in which the muslims are numerically a majority as in the north western and eastern zone of
india.

THE CRIPPS MISSION

After the war an indian union would eb set up with dominion statues

After the war a constituent assembly should frame a new consitituion

Election for the constituent assemply would be held ammediatly after the war

The quit india resolution: ghandhi wanted british to leave the country so he spoe in a meeting in
allahbad, he sadi that if british stayed in india the Japanese invasion could be likely to occur.

Ghandi wanted the league to give the immediate support to congress

Gandhi also wanted the central governemt to have suh otnrol such as defence and foreign policy

Ghandhi considered himself to speak for india that he rlly was jus the spoksesman of congress

Ghandhi gave the impression that he didn’t support the two nation theory

The cabinet mission plan was made by three people lord pethick sir Trafford and AV alexander, the
delegation soon found out that there was little common ground between the league and congress.
Central agency of india and Pakistan.4000 people died from the demonsttartion in calcuta

Each state was to have dominion status and have an executive responsible. Muslim majority provinces
would vote either to stay.

The Radcliffe award

The league was disappointed to hear that Calcutta was given to india, both ferozpur and gurdaspur were
given to india. Ferozpu rhad a smulim majority and more Pakistanis to suggest that Radcliffe had
originally awarded it in evidence.
Buidlign a nation

The quad immediately set abot udealign with problems paksitan faced after partition.He could do little
about the fact that the country was divided into two

Quaid also announced th state bank of Pakistan which was very imporatan, then quaid also reache a
compromise with india in the canal water dispute. Establishing national security The Pakistani army
needed more officers an the gaps were filled Althoguh Pakistanis are was well equipped the quad was
afraid to use it and the army saw the frist aaction in Kashmir despite being outnumbered the army stood
up pretty well.

Allama Iqbal studied at cmabridge took inspiration from the holy quran, the he was knighted by the
british fro his high level poetry. He was compltetly opposed to british rule in india and his poerty
reflected his beleifs

Rahmat ali was stattneding the Islamic college fro studies. He was in lodnon when the round table
conference were being held to persuade the muslim leaders that they should demand nothgni but less
than a separate homeland for muslims. Rahmat ali and three others students at Cambridge university
published a phamplet now or never. Ali fromed the paksitaion national movement. Themessage int eh
pahpmlet was to provide the muslism a homeland.

Geographical problems:

1.East Pakistan: comprised most of Bengal and the district of sylphet which voted on a referendum to
join Pakistan.

2. west Pakistan: balochistan Punjab Sindh dwat chitral hunza giglit north west frontier

Political problems

India inherited government buildings

India had officials members fo indian national congress paksitan lacked both the amdnistraitve and the
voernment machinery

Perhaps the major problem which Pakistan faced was not known by its people. Sor some years quaid
azam also gaced tubercolorosis.

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

Pakistan was made up of states that were mostly underdeveloped. Although Karachi was a modern por
that had business activity.Pakstan had only one place to grow jute.

Docial problems.

The pakhtuns in the north

The baloches in the west

The sindhis in the south

The Punjabis in the north east

These people had different culture lifetsyles and languages

Hyderabad: It has the largest perecentage of population, mreo than 160million, it had non muslim
majority but the nizam favoured muslims and tehnrefored favored joinin palistan.Indian troops entered
hdyerabad and dismantled the whole placeThis is because it didn’t want Hyderabad to do so to Pakistan
and wanted nizam to join india.

Junagadh: was a small state on the coast 300 miles south of Karachi. Indina government troops wanted
to sorroudn this province A blockade was imposed and soon junadadh was short fo food. The indiant
trrops then invaded the area and too kcontrol of the place. The Pakistan complained to un but the issue
remain sunresolved./

The hasmir issue: The idnian had jammu kahmir and we have azaad ,most 4 million were muslim in
1947, the mahraji hari singh wanted to invade tehm to take over the area as over 200000 paksitanis fled.
After pressure from lurd mountbatten the elections ere held to determine the wishes fo the people. The
reerndum has yet not been held and the.

THE DIVISION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS.

Paksitan agreed to pay 750000000 to the state bank, the first 200mil were paid hwover the kahmir war
started and broke out. If paksitan sopped the rest would eb payed. Ghndhi was determined the division
o assets should be fair as possible.he used the threat of a hunger and succefully made the indian
government pay

Miliaitry of paksitan:The jinnah was ofecd to make 500 british ofccers temp oriarily, india had all
ordinace factories, india eventually agreed to pauy 60mil rupes to build a ordinace factory which was
doen for paksitan.

The canal wter dispute: Ruvers were controlled at a series of headworks, most fo which they lay part of
pnjab that was now in india. India and paksitan were soon in dispute over the canals. The the water
from bar doab canal idnialimed it as the wheadworks were in its country and it had its own authority to
do what it wanted to do. Paksitan rgued that it had a right to have water from Punjab to west ppunjab.

8.refugees and the accommodation crisis: In the years before partition there was widepsrad violence,
many of them found tehselves living in different coutnreis, it was one of the worst scnes as many were
killed too, some moved willinlgy with ther possesions, siksh had an organized programme for the
massaee of muslim refugees.it is also true that attorcities were carried out by muslism as a tide of
communal hatred swept acroos the subcontintet in late 1947.

Nearly as 20million were made homeless, paksitan faced eneromous problems with the numer of
refuegees who fled for them safety. It ws extrememly difficult fro the people o be mover.

The objectives of reolution,

There would be a governer general

There would be two houses of paliramnt

At provincial level there would be provincial ogvereners provincial assemblies and provincial ministers
Eat Pakistan has a much larger population that west Pakistan and resented the idea of equal.

The provinice politicians objected to the power being given to the head of state and to the federal
government.

The prado act:

The act showed that Pakistan had yet to become the free democratic country that the quaid had
envisioned. It was submitted act for the debarring from public office for a suitable period of persons
judiscially found guilty. By this act ocmplaisn would eb am,de to the governer general or provincial
governers who could order an enquiry by judges Anyone found quilty under PRODA was debarred from
the office.

Refugees: The quaid called the refugee problem in 1946 and had set the central refugee council to deal
with it. Liaqaut ali khan met with the indian prime minister, jawhar Nehru and signed the liqaqat Nehru
apct. It was agreed that each government was responsible for the safety fo minority groups within its
borders. Free passage of refugees across the border was resitirceted and a visa system fro refugees was
introduced.

Hyderabad and Kashmir: Pakistan was still coming in terms to death of the quad as india invded
Hyderabad. On 5 januray the united nations orgaanistaion organized a ceasfire between india and
Pakistan in Kashmir. Howeever, there was no agreement over the future of Kashmir so tensionslpoked
lilely in time to come.

Army leaders: Sir douglas gracey the rbitsh commander in chief of the Pakistan army was replace by
general ayub khan a psakitani. Since partition many army officers had complained about the presence of
the british in snior positions. Many compared that brish ofcciers were the senir ones.

GHULAM MOAHMED: was the first ogverne genral of paksitan, he helped overcome the food shrotages,
so the sua granted million of poudns fo wheat to Pakistan. SOME ULEMAS CAMPAINGED AGAISNT THE
AHMEDIS. They demanded that all ahmedis e dimissed from office, incluing zafriduign, it was only after
matial law was imposed and arrests were made that rioting started.

Cosntitutianal matters, the of the state must be muslim

There should be a hosu eof units with 60 members from east Pakistan and 60 from west Pakistan, The
hosue of people should have 400 members with 200 elected rom each wing.

General yahya khan

Basic dedmocracy hadnot been a success

There would be a properly elected government

There was a day called state language day where many people were killed, it seemed that east and
wet paskitan were two parts fo the same country divided by 10000 mile and by culture, ayub khan
started that there were those In west Pakistan who considered their culture to be superior to that
foeast Pakistan.

Econonomic disparity;

Pakistan was a very poor country

The 1970 cyclone was when the tropical cyclone ever recorded hit east Pakistan and up to 500000
people lost their lives. The government in west Pakistan was slow to react and political leaders in east
paksitan acceud the governemtn of gorss neglected indfferenc.e There was no relief coordination.

Problematic results: Awama ileague one of th main parties for the national assemply in paksitan ppp led
by zulfikar bhuttto which was based in west paikistan and the wami league led by sheick mujib ur
rehman which was based in east Pakistan. The awami league was able to win support by proposing a
programme. The elctios resulte in victory fro the awami league 162 of the 300 seats om the election
were allocatd.The second problem was that awamli league had wont eh election on a program elimiting
the power of central government over the provinces.The call for the provinces to have control of their
foregin exchange earned fro trade would greatly influence.

Zulfikar ali bhutto

Controlling the army

1. Removign the most improatnt rmy leaders

Simla agreement

1. Reduce his independence on the army by making further fighting with india
2. Improve his government international reputation by being seen as willing to negotiatie to
maintane peace
3. Increase hisj popularity in Pakistan

Establishign new constitution

In 1973 theree was a consittiution where theereowudl be two hourses of assembly

The leader fo the party with a majority in assembly would be come prime misniter

The president became largely a figure head whose orders had to be signed

Pakistan was an Islamic republic and btoh the prime minister and president had t be muslims

Pakistan was a deferral state each prvinc had it own assembly

Bhuttos reforms All sugar rice cotton vegetable oul and rice industires were taken
unergovernement control
1. Control industrial output and channel investement into industrilisation
2. Rasie the workeyrs living and and working standars
3. Allow the woekres to set up unions
4. Even out the inequalities that had collected most of the indtrial wealth into a few hadns.

The difficulties of the naitonalistaion faced many difficulties

Agrficutule reforms were that he introduced new reforms on ladn ownerships, he made hqa
shifa where people ahd secure tendencies.

Srcure of tenure ]

Bhutto wanted to give tenants security of tenure of the ladn they farmed.

Education;

To eradicate ignorance

To provide education fro al including woman

To ensure that the school curriculum meeto paksitan social reforms

To develop pkaistan tradition and rasie self confidencde.

New laws.

Brands fro medical applainaces and others were removed making business rlly hrard to
manage and sale went down.

The death of Bhutto

Bhttos case was handled by zia, he was later released from jail at the end og july it plain that
he intended to rasset his polictial authority . in September a lot with three other saccused of
murdering a policital opponent by sending them to FSF to kill him . The trial which took nearly
2 years ended u pin Bhutto bening found guilty and sentenced to death. As predisent zia had
to power to communt the sentence to life imrisonmetn Bhutto whoever was to dignified to
plead to zia for his life. Many others a heom and aborad did so but zia was unomoved, Bhutto
was hanged on 4 aprl 1979, zia used this affair to try to show epoepk that he wasn’t a weak
leader.

Balochistan: Zia had inherited a rebellion in balochistan and settled this up by declaring and
amnesty for all those who were preaperd to give up their arms. He tired ot reestablish good
relation.

Islamistaion: Bhutto wasn’t that Islamic he made open tules, its was made for open pepel,
Bhutto made attempted to introduce soicialist measurs itno plaistan. Ht intoducation of
 Islamic measues would wi nteh support of the religiues elements within pkaaistan political
parties.

When the Russians invaded afghanistats zia was able to potray his govern,et as pro sialmic
fighting the pagan communist.

He utrduced federal sharia cout was seet up o to consider alaws fo islam keeping irlamic principels in
mind,

Huddod ordinacewas promulgated on the country in 1977 accordign to the huddod ordinace was
difference punishmetns that were realted to religion.

Zakat ordinace mposed 2.5 percent wealth on taz savibgs over a certain ,movemet. Womens position
in the government was not good they didn’t allow them to work due to many ullemas. Zia oppression
policies towards women led to some females acedemics forming organsitaion to protest about their
treatment.

Impact on minorities: Zias religouis policies were desgined to untie the natin behind a common belief
int the princilles of islam, Zia policies.

The afghan miracle: Now zia was the leader of a muslim nation on the frontline

Elections I nzia times;

MRD was the group ipposing zia the president could appoint the prime minister and othr senior
government focials wout the ned fro any other cosnulation. Thes changes meatn that hatever the
result of the elction the predient would jold all the woer in the country.

Rferendum:

Eight ammendmant to the consulation

All prevous acts of martial law period became law with no right o f appeal

The preditnet could appoint the priem minister and nation assembly

Marital law had been lifted btu the president remained firmly in control.

Problems fro zia: the afghan miracle had boruht economic support to paksitan but a t a cost. Those
gusn the west supplied were gopne freely in the streets.

There was also a widenting gap between the aims of the provinces the Punjab remained stronger
supporter singh became ungovernable

By 1988 the wolds usuperpwoes are trying to gind ways to seolve their differnecs.

Junejo and muslism leage saw this as a opptunty fro the m to play a grater roe in ploictial events zai idnt
want anyone to have a higher role than him.
Benazir Bhutto:

Gnerl zia dimsised junejo as priem minister.She was daughter of zulfiqar ali Bhutto. She was a
daughter of very enthusicastic man and was very enthsusiastic to like wut. She was the first
owmen prime minister to serve the country.

Political position Nawaz sharif: PPP gained a majority foo v votes in Sindh but not in the other
three probvinces it was the largest partu ion the nation assesmbly but did to but do she to from a
coialition. She mad a alliance with MQM and faced a fierce opposition with islami jamhuri

Although military dictatorship had come to an end. The military an the intelligence still held great
power benzir Bhutto was not able to cchallen this invlufene. Such was the level of opposition that
in October 1989 juss 11 months afte taking office the opposition aprties organized a no confidence
moition in the office. The opposition mustere 107 votes in the 237 seat assembly, just 12 short of
th e119 to force miss Bhutto to step down.

Differences with president ishaq: benzair Bhutto did nto work well with president Ghulam ishqaq
khan and she oemitme s clashed with him. A mahor are of disagreement was over appointments
to position on the militrat and the judiciary. Ishqaq khan considered that such appointemtns were
the right of the president, not the prime minister he refused to agree to several appointements
and dismissal she wanted to maek in the milaitaty and this caused further tension between them.

Policies inflation unemployment and drugtracfickign:

She addres to make Pakistan a democratic country, but guided with Islamic principels, to her this
meatn movin waway fro the pro Islamic policies of zia. Sje was able to maek some measures suh
as edngin ban on trade union and realsign political prisoners. She restored student ions. No ne
lwasd to help woman and the huddo and zina ordinaces were not repealed. The governemtn lost
support as it was unable to deliver on its prmised employment and economic develpometn
programs. The voervern aslo faield to deal with the coutnrys frowign drug abuse problem. The
expandin grade during genera l xia time had increased the number of heoin addices in paksitan
froma few thousand to near a illion in 1988. She sprad elctircity towards the rural areas.

Forign policy: Benazir Bhutto had more success in her foregn polic she took paksitan uinto the
common wealth. She hosted the fourth asout Asian association for regional cooperation SAARC
summit conference in DECEMBER AND MADE INDIA AND PAKSITAN REALTIONS BETTER.Mrs
Bhutto husband asirf ali zardari was accued of taking rakeoffs on govenemtn deals. He was later
arrested fro blackmail and jailed for two eyars. Ghulam ishqaq khan was ignoring government
rhgts, his actions were justified because of corruptiin incompetence and inaction. Benazir Bhutto
then compaliend the government was stolen from her as Nawaz sahrif used eight amendemetn
agasitn her.

Nawaz sharif:He declared the motoway project was to build wa fast transportion nwtwork. The
cos was estimated to be 989000000000. Althoguh paksitan first mototway the M2 was completed
1997.

Loss of us aid: Nawaz sharif policies were undermined by lack fro investment. There was an influx
of foreign capital when he loosedn forgen exchange restrictiosn and opened paksitans stock
market to foreign capital . The USA had provided significant economic support during the soviet
afghan war. But then the war ended that support was reducd. Durign the dispute over pakstiance
nuclear weaposn policy the financial support almost dried up as the USA but pressue on Pakistan
to end the programme.

The BCCI SCANDAL: The reduction in overseas adi and hgihg governemtn sepdnign and
adecrease in remittance from oversears wrokers in the middle eastplaced severe pressur on
paksitans finances. They were further haremd when one fo the major banks operating in paksitan,
THE BANK HAD EEEN FOUDNED BY AGHA HASAN ABEDI IN 1972. They concluded that BCCI had
engaged in widepsrea fraud and manipulation, follwoign te j report the bank closed and had to
pay huge fines investorslost huge sums.

Co Operative societies scandal: Sharif also lsot support because of the cooperatie socieites scandal
cooperatives societies accept depostis from members and can legally make loans only oto
members for purposes that are the benefit to the society.

Relations with president: Nawaz sharif government was in serious difficulties. In 1990 he had been
elected with the support of the president and also other parties in the Islamic jamhuri ittehad.
Pakistan and indai relations

Refugees, despite the large scale population transfers in 1947as muslims from india moved to
paksitan dn hindus to india, there were still substantial religious minorities in each country.
Feelings of hostility between the CTURNTIES ICNREASED. Prime misnter liaquat ali khan signed an
agreement with nerhu india. It was called the minorities pact and the two leaders agreed that
each country would provides protection and religious freedom for the religious minorities. They
also realsied that even if protecte da mintorty group would not have the same oppurutnities and
gaurantess as the majority.

Resources: The issue of the handover of reources has been dealt with earlier. Relations between
Pakistan and india, the relucatacne fo ina to release assets made the paksitani government even
more suspicious fo indan motives and soured realtiosn fo te future. A good example fo the water
concerns which was one of the vital resources fo that indai and paksitan shared, in 1948 inda cut
of the water supplies from all the ehadworsk that it controlled. They planted their own dams on
our river jhalan and cehnab.

Kashmir: Sicne partition the issue of Kashmir has caused friction between india and paksitan.
Fighting between india and Pakistan resulted in kasmir being divided between the two coutnires
till this date the issue is not reolved as it needs a vote system to know who deserves the region.

The fridt to war : the Kashmir issue remained unresolved and the lack of trust between the wto
coutnries affected their relations inother ares. India was particularly concerned abitu the military
aid that theeri usa was providing paksitan. The idnians feared that paksitan would use the aid
against htem. The idnian reactiosn the the chinse war was to be re armament programme
accepting aird fro the west so by 1965 both coutnries fought wars and they oudlnt win any war
over Kashmir.

The 1965 war: Paksita was forced the idnain cto acecpet and independent tribunal to settle broder
dispute over the ran of kluch on thesingh rajashtan broeder. Sicne thi was the what apkaistan had
hoped would also happen in kasmir dispute. It now decided to take stpes to force indiua to agree
setting up of a internation body to decide an wnsherip of kahsmir.

We sent armed gurlellias into india as spies.

Cnsequenlt the paksitan army attacked indain controlled kahsmir hoping to cut off the only road
from Kashmir into inda.

Although wasr was nto officially declared the inaidn laune a mjor offensive in the Sialkot sector, A
full yfledged war boke out ffro three weeks.

The 1971 war: The balance of military power had defintly tilted in favour of indui it had a stonger
economy and larger population than pakistancould pu tin the field india could also rely on support
from the coviet union after signing the trety of peace friednshop and commerce in august 1971.
When civil war broke out in east paksita nan dit declared independence. Paksitans humiliating
defeat led to the replacement of yahya with Bhutto as president of pkaistan. In early 1972 bhutto
met Indira ghandhi the prime misnistter of india to conclude a peace treayt as india was holding
90000 pakistani soldiers.

Relations after 1971

Relatiosn between india and paksitan continued to strained during the 1970 but when zia came to
power in 1977 there was an improvement, he began to receive significant aid from the usa to
oppose the soviet union policy in Afghanistan. Consequenly although kamsir issue remained
imporatn zia main portiy was upporting afghanis.

In easrly 1980 the dinains uprising by the sikh community in the Punjab who were demadnign a
separate homeland. India accued paksitan of proving armes to the siksh. Mrs ghanghi was
assaisnated by Sikhs as well as ghanihis son,.

By1987 relaitosn detoriated to the poritn where thw two countires were close two war, the indian
army nbegan to perfom excercises. Zia then flew to indian wfro a match of cicket to watch and
talked to rajic too cool down relatiosn.

War had been avoided but there were still many problem the sitauon in kahsmir was far frm
resolved dadn tboh side continued to develop nucealand convential waapons.

Pakistan and the USA: DDuringh eindependecne stuggle the americans had ofeten talked of the
need fo unity betbetween muslims and hindus, since themuslims were trying to establish an
dependent muslim homeland, they were disturbed by this, the sua also took several yars before it
sent an ambassador to paksitan,

Liaquata ali khan was frustrated by the coolness fo the americans towards an alliance with
paksitan and in 1949 accepted an offer to visit the sovier tunion if his intention had been to force
the American into closer llain, he was succeful.

The maricans continued to try persuadeindia to join an anti communist pact with them, but the
idninas were relucants to do so. In contrast paksitan was prepared to join suhc as ana llaince in
rerutn for military and economuic aid.

Between 1952 and 1955 paksitan wsigned 3 agreement which frimly established it as aa por west
anti communist country.

1. 1954 papakstian and the usa signed the mutual defence assistance agreement
2. In September 1954 the south east asia treaty organization was set up the mmebers were the
USA the UK FRANCE THE PHILLIPINES Thailand new zealnad and asutralia paksitan also joiedn
but the decision faced opposition from within the paksitan fgovernemtn and so the treaty was
not ratified until 1955 the treaty stated that if any member were attacked, it could appeal to
the other memebers fro support heowever, there was one major problem as far as Pakistan
was cocnered the treaty.
3. In 1955 turkey and iran signed the badhdad pact establsihgin anti communist alliance against
the sovietunion. Later in the year britian Pakistan and iran joined the pact. All the members
except the uk were muslim. The pact was renamed the central asia treaty organization cento
after Iraq left in 1959 becasoe fo a revolution. Th USA supurted cento but never actually
joined.
Pakistan and soviet uniosn:

By 1950 the soviet union was clearly backing india over kahsmir and nto maintain a neutral stance
as it had been doing immedialty after partition. When paksitan joined seatsadn cento the soviets
took this untion as a firm decleration in favou of the usa the soveites told the paksitan
government that it was alllowig itself to be used s a base, In may 1960 reltiosn reached as low
point when a spy plane fro mteh us base in Peshawar was show down over the soviet union. The
paksitan governemtn denied any knowledge fo American spying. As relation with the USA
detoriated in the 1960 so there was an improvement in those between paksitan and the soviet
union. In april 1965 ayub khan paid an official visit to the soviet union and further agreement on
trade and oil expolariton were reached, In januray 1966 the soviet union hosted a peace
conference between idnuian and Pakistan at Tashkent. The paksitan representaives were
impressed with the organisaion of the conference and the soviet success in holding the conference
rasied its prestige in asia. Later on America decided to close the airbase at pewshawar the soviet
union began to supply arms to paksitan. However the realtion with the soviets worsened the
soevirest was no happy abot te hfact they were getign arms from other two places such as chian
and America. Tteh soviet signed a treaty of peace fo friedndship and cooperation with indian.
Bhutto later on visited the osviets to build good relationships.

Pakistan britihs and the common wealth:

Since independence paksitan had a complicated relationship with the british, as it was a britihs
colony until 1947. It was extremely critical of the british decision to appoint eh last viceroy of
india. On the other hadn britihs provided jinnah with military advacnes and civil service as ti was
hard for paksitan to arise as an independent stae. Britian also gave finanacial and technical aid
and advice.

Pakisant chose to remain a member of common wealth wchih is a britihs platform for support.

In 1956 paksitan decalerd itself a republic itself a republic this meant that the british monarch no
lanoger had a say in the country. In 1950 for than 1 million was given from Colombo fro sui gas
and Canada gave 40 million for the railways. However relaitons within the common wealth have
soemtims been strained. Equally there were times when paksian faiel to suppor the britis.

Events,Britian and paksitan togehtherd as members of cento and seato, this did nto stop
apaksitan criciign over ht esuez canal in 1956. Britan remaine dnuetral through the bangaldesh
crisis. During the afghan cirishs britan supported paksitan and Margaret thatcher the britihs prime
minister was the firsh western leader.

Britian gave nto only politiaal upport but also 30million pound to paksitan fro the welfare fo
afghan refugees.

Paksitan also returned to the common wealth in 1989 the afghan relation improved.

Pakistan and bangaldesh: After th 1971 war and the cration of bangaldesh relatiosn between the
two relations. Tehe as the problem of reolactign assest that had been shared there had been with
indai in 1947. There was a problem of people in eah ccoutnry who wsiehd to settle in the other
not on the huge scale in 1947 but large enough to be a problem. Bhutto visited bangalsedh during
the visit the divison of assest were discussed bangaldesh asked fro over a half o fthe ssest of that
paksitan owend. The two coutnries alter on agreed to maek friendly relations.

Sheikh mujib died, although khondar mushtaf the new leader of banglasesh did nto withdraw the
claism ver assests and repartiration he recognsed that they should not act as barris to better
relations, the two coutnires exchanged ambassadors and reached an agreemtn to cooperate on
trade torism and the media.

In1985 and 1988 bangaldesh was hit by such a severe weather that foregin aid was urgently
needed.

Pakistan and afghansitan,

The establishemt fo the borders in idnia nadn paskitan had led to a broder dispute between
afhghansitan and paksitanl.

The afghans argued tghat the pakhtoons liivn in paksitan wasn’t edto join Afghanistan to form
pakhtoonisatn,

Jinaah did not want to give the impression that hteh NWFP was an occupied territory. So he
ordered tha old briths military psot alogn the odl broder with Afghanistan.

Despite this the afghan government ramiend hostileto Pakistan and was the only state to vote
against Pakistan joonign the un,

Pakistan cointuntued to tr improve relations.

Afghanistan also rejected this offcer and signed a trade adm tramst agreemtn with the coviet
union gaining acces to the seas by way of the soviets and making good relatiosn with paksitan
unnecessary.

Afghanistan refused to jin the RCD because Pakistan was a members.

Although the majority of afghans supported paksitan in the war ahains inida the afghan
government chose to stay neutral. Bhutto visited Kabul shortly after taking office. Bhutto
continued to work to improve relatins. Acces to india through Pakistan.

When zia came to power he continued to pursue fridnly relatiosn in October he visied Kabul and
daud rturned the visit in march, whislt in paksitan he made speechless calling fro improved
relations, shortly after this hwoever daud was killed when his governetn was overthrown.

The soviet union sent an 80000 strong army to remove the communist leader and tto replace him.
Barbak karmal was appointed as head of government later on. Over 3 million refugees fled to
paksitan due to the wat paksitan was praised for the humane treatment.

Pakistan and Iran:

Both countires joined the Baghdad pact in 1955 the pact was set up in February by turkey and Iraq
it was designed to stop expansoion in the middle east. Pakistan set up the regioa co operation for
development such as setting up mills and factories.