Approaches to the Study of Globalization by Manfred Steger

Rejectionist Sceptics Modifiers

 Nationalism – Craig Calhoun (1993), for example, Hirst, Thompson, and Bromley  Stated that the world economy in the late 1990s
argues that nationalism and its corollary terms  Economic: Internationalization appeared to be even less integrated in a matter
have proved notoriously hard concepts to define  Political: States Dominance of important respects than it was compared to
3 Broad because nationalism arte extremely varied  Cultural: Fragmentation the outbreak of world war I (Gilpin,2000).
Categories phenomena, and any definition will legitimate  Trade and foreign direct investment in the  Post-war international economy simply restored
about the some claims and delegitimate other. world economy have been increasingly globalization to appx thesamein1913
Critics of  Vacuous – Susan Strange (1996) considers dominated by the 'Triad economic blocks’ (Gilpin,2000)
globalization as a vacuous term, suggesting that it (Europe, Eastern Asia, and North America)  Warns the people against accepting the
Globalization
has been used in academic discourse to refer to  Today’s International processes are arguments of ‘hyper-globalizers’.(Gilpin,2000)
anything from the internet to a hamburger. regionalized rather than globalized.
 Too big – Linda Weiss (1998) objects to the term  Global economy as an economic model
as a bug idea resting on skim foundations. developed by the economic elite to benefit the
economic elite.

Economic Process

 Expanding Economic Activity  Two most important aspects of economic globalization

 the primary aspect of globalization  Changing Nature of Production Process
 the engine behind its rapid development  Liberalization and Internationalization of Financial
 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Transactions
 contributed greatly to the establishment of what some
observers have called the "golden age of controlled capitalism"  Outsource –often cited as one of the hallmarks of economic
 Neo-liberalism globalization
 free market trade, deregulation of financial markets,
individualization, and the shift away from state welfare
provision
 Free trade
 a policy to eliminate discrimination against import sand exports

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 Political Process
3rd group of scholars 4th group of scholars
 Suggests that globalization is  Approaches political globalization
1st group of scholar 2nd group of scholars fueled by a mixture of political and primarily from the perspective of
 Considers that political  Disputes that large-scale technological factors. global governance.
globalization as a process economic changes simply happen  According to Gray, it is the ultimate  Some researchers believe that
intrinsically connected to the to societies in the manner of objective of the neo-liberal Anglo political globalization might facilitate
expansion of markets. natural phenomena. American initiative to engineer a the emergence of democratic
 World Wide web are seen as the  Highlight the central role of politics global free market.
transnational social forces emerging
primary forces responsible for  Argues for the continued  The Spanish sociologist separates
from a thriving sphere of global civil
the creation of a single global relevance of conventional political the powerful forces fueling
market. units, operating either nation globalization in to three society.
 Economics is portrayed as states or global cities. independent process.  Anthony McGrew portray
possessing an inner logic apart  The information technology globalization as diminishing the
from superior to politics. revolution sovereignty of national
 The economic crisis of both  In Held’s view, he predicts the
capitalism and statism, and emergence of a multilayered form of
their subsequent restructuring democratic governance based on
Nationalism – Craig Calhoun
 The blooming of cultural social cosmopolitan ideals, international
(1993), for example, argues
movements. legal arrangements, and a web of
Globalizationthat nationalism and its expanding linkages between various
as process corollary terms have proved  Castells points to the rise of a new government and non-governmental
notoriously hard concepts to informational capitalism based institutions.
define because nationalism information technology as the  Some critics argue that the
arte extremely varied indispensable tool for the effective emergence of private authority has
phenomena, and any implementation of processes of
increasingly become a fact or in the
definition will legitimate socioeconomic restructuring.
post-Cold War World.
some claims and
Cultural
delegitimate Process
other.

Vacuous – Susan Strange

Technologies,
(1996) considers Americanization McDonaldization McWorld Islam vs. The Globalization and
globalizationculture and
as a vacuous Some scholars argue American sociologist American political West Hybridization /
globalization
term, suggesting that it has that the cultural George Ritzer theorist Benjamin R. Resistance to Creolization
Sociologist , John globalization is (1993)coined the term Barber (1996) also McWorld comes Hybridization/
been used in academic
Tomlinson(1999) underwritten by “McDonaldization” which coined the term in the form of creolization refers
discourse to refer to
says that Anglo American refers to the emerging ‘McWorld’ to describe “jihad”-the to the process of
anythingglobalization
from the internetis value system, cultural mixing
dominance of the a soulless consumer parochial
to a hamburger.
affected by “Americanization”, reflected in music,
principle of fast-food capitalism that is impulse to reject
culture and vice which refers to the restaurant in the world. rapidly transforming and repel film, fashion,
Too big –versa,
Linda Weiss (1998)
cultural diffusion of American He also said, this system the world’s diverse Western language, and
objects to the term as a bug
practices are values, consumer serve to deny the population in to a homogenization other symbolic
affected
udea resting on skim by goods ,and lifestyle. expression of creativity blandly uniform forces wherever expressions.
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globalization
foundations. and cultural difference. market. they are found.
 Culture and globalization: how it Market based policy instruments to address the
affect the environment environmental problems.

There must be a balance between Over consumption.

the human wants and the ecological Carbon taxes, trading, and biodiversity banks have
needs. The most extreme emerged in policy discussions at national and
manifestation of anthropocentric global levels. Implicit to the use of these, however,
paradigm are reflected in the values is that the market can self-regulate and solve all
and beliefs of consumerism problems, that capitalist based consumerism is a
(material). sustainable way to live, even an appropriate way
to address ecological problems created by cap.

Globalization as a process Globalization as a Condition Globalization as an Ideology (Steger)

Jan Nedeerven Pietersee (JNP) –It depends  Jan Aart Scholte (JAS) A concept referring to people’s growing
on how we define globalization  Ideas of globalization reveal little new when it is taken to consciousness of belonging to a global
 consider the time, trade/economics, mean internationalization, liberalization, universalization community. *Steger’s6claims:
academic discipline. Globalization is or Westernization. Globalization is a contemporary
Globalization not a condition but a process. This phenomenon because how global connections take 1. Globalization is about the liberalization
as Process, process is every form of connectivity place is different time and space becomes irrelevant and global integration of markets
around the globe. Therefore, you can (=supraterritoriality). 2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
Condition and
connect globalization all the way back  Transplanetary connectivity 3. Nobody is in charge of globalization
Ideology 4. Globalization benefits everyone (…
to 3000BC. The more recently you  just connections anywhere in the world; not new it has
think globalization started, the more always been there inthelongrun)
likely you have a westernized view.  referred to as GLOBALITY (a condition for globalization) 5. Globalization furthers the spread of
(presentism, Eurocentric view). Supraterritoriality connectivity democracy in the world
 connections around the globe transcending time and 6. Globalization requires a global war of
space (=supraterritoriality). terror

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 Absence of generally Fundamentally understood Viewed under the academic Contradictory when taken
accepted definition: as a bridge/share of culture, or normative lens under fragmented dynamics
Contrived (poststruct economy and diplomacy.  The analytical elements (Rosenau, 2003) inside a
Principles of uralist) or Relative (grand in academia: time, melting pot of unlimited
Globalization narratives). space and structure. social processes.
 Periodic public
interpretations remain to
be unknown (everyday
life).

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