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DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM-II

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Name : Mohini Rajaram Chorat

Roll No : 205102
Class : SYCS
College Name : Karmaveer
Bhaurao Patil College, Vashi

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INDEX
Sr Date Title
Pg Sign
No
No
1 Creating and working with Insert/Update/Delete
Trigger using Before/After clause.

2 Writing PL/SQL Blocks with basic programming

constructs by including following :
A) Sequential Statements
B)Unconstrained Loop

3 Sequences : A) Creating simple sequence with

clauses like START WITH, INCREMENT BY,
MAXVALUE, MINVALUE, CYCLE |
NOCYCLE, CACHE | NOCACHE, ORDER |
NOORDER .
B) Creating and using sequences for table.

4 Writing PL/SQL Blocks with basic programming

constructs by including following
A) 1] If… then … Else
2] IF…ELSIF…ELSF…END IF.
B) Case statement.

5 Writing PL/SQL Blocks with basic programming

constructs for following iterative structure :
A) While-loop Statements
B) For-loop Statements

6 Writing PL/SQL Blocks with basic programming

constructs by including a GOTO to jump of a loop
and NULL as a statement inside IF ?

7 Writing procedure in PL/SQL Block.

A) Create an empty procedure, replace a procedure
and call procedure
B) Create a stored procedure and call it
C) Define procedure to insert data

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D) A forward declaration of procedure

8 Writing Functions in PL/SQL Block.

A) Call function in dbms_output.put_line
B) Count Employee from a function and return
value back
C) Call function and store the return value to a
variable

9 Writing a recursive Functions in PL/SQL

Block

PRACTICAL NO : 1
Aim : Creating and working with
Insert/Update/Delete Trigger using Before/After
clause.
Answer :
Trigger :
1 .Trigger can be define on the table , view , schema or database with which the
event is associated.
2 .A trigger in pl/sql block structure which is fixed when a DML statement like
insert , delete , update is executed on a database table .
3 . A trigger is triggered automatically when an associated DML statement is
execute.
4 . Trigger are stored program , which are automatically
executed or fired when some event occurred.

Syntax:

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CREATE [OR REPLACE ] TRIGGER trigger_name

{BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }

{INSERT [OR] | UPDATE [OR] | DELETE}

[OF col_name]
ON table_name

[REFERENCING OLD AS o NEW AS n]

[FOR EACH ROW]

WHEN (condition)  

BEGIN
   // sql statements  
END;
Program :
A) Create table
Input:
create table stu12(id varchar(20),name varchar(20),salary varchar(20))

Output:

Input :
insert into stu12 values(1,'yasha',200000)

Output :

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Input :
insert into stu12 values(2,'sona',2000)

Output :

Input :
insert into stu12 values(3,'ranu',2000)

Output :

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Input :
insert into stu12 values(4,'pane',200)

Output :

B)Create trigger
Input :
create or replace trigger display313 before delete or insert or update on stu12
for each row
when (NEW.id >0)
declare
diff number;
begin
diff :=:NEW.salary - :OLD.salary;
dbms_output.put_line('old salary: ' ||:OLD.salary);

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dbms_output.put_line('new salary: ' ||:NEW.salary);

dbms_output.put_line('Salary difference : ' ||diff);
end;

Output :

Input :
select * from stu12

Output :

Insertion of value : -
Input :
insert into stu12 (id,name,salary) values(5,'yasha2',30000);

Output :

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C) Update trigger :

Input :
UPDATE stu12 
SET salary = salary + 500 
WHERE id = 2 ;
Output :

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PRACTICAL NO : 2
Aim : Writing PL/SQL Blocks with basic
programming constructs by including following:
A} Sequential Statements B} unconstrained loop
Answer:
A} Sequential Statements
1}GoTO statement 2}NULL statement
1}GoTO statement
Use :
1 . Used to transfer the controls to the specific label .

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2 . The label must be unique within its scope and labeled statement or block
which may be anywhere in the program.

Syntax:
GOTO label_name;
 label_name is the name of a label identifying the target statement.
This GOTO label is defined in the program as follows:
<<label_name>>

Program:
declare
n number;
begin
for n in 1..8 loop
dbms_output.put_line(n);
if n=4 then
goto label;
end if;
end loop;
<<label>>
dbms_output.put_line('Science');
end;

Output :

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2 }NULL statement
Def : The NULL statement is an executable statement that does nothing.

Use :
1 . The NULL statement can act as a placeholder whenever an
executable statement is required.

Syntax:
NULL;

Program :
declare
n number;
begin
for n in 1..8 loop
dbms_output.put_line(n);
if n=4 then

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null;
end if;
end loop;
end;

Output :

B} Unconstrained Loop
1}Exit Statement
Use :
When the EXIT statement is encountered inside a loop,
the loop is immediately terminated and
the program control resumes at the next statement following the loop.

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Syntax:-
EXIT ;

Program :
declare
n number :=1;
begin
loop
n:=n+1;
if( n mod 2 =0) then
dbms_output.put_line(n);
if (n>=10) then
exit;
end if;
end if;
end loop;
end;

Output :

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PRACTICAL NO : 3

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Aim: Sequences: A) Creating simple Sequences with

clauses like START WITH, INCREMENT BY,
MAXVALUE, MINVALUE, CYCLE | NOCYCLE,
CACHE | NOCACHE, ORDER | NOORECER.
B) Creating and using Sequences for tables.
Answer: INCREMENT BY 
Specify the interval between sequence numbers.

The absolute of this value must be less than the difference

of MAXVALUE and MINVALUE.

START WITH - Specify the first sequence number to be generated.

MAXVALUE - Specify the maximum value the sequence can generate.
MINVALUE - Specify the minimum value of the sequence.
CACHE - Specify how many values of the sequence the database
reallocates and keeps in memory for faster access.

Creating and using Sequences for tables.

Input:

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Create table stu12(stu_idvarchar(5),stu_name varchar(15),stu_marks

varchar(5));

Output:

Input :
Create sequence seq
minvalue 1
maxvalue 10
start with 2
increment by 2
cache 10;

Output:

Input :
insert into stu12 values(seq.nextval,'Yashasvi',70);

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Output:

Input
insert into stu12 values(seq.nextval,'omika',80);

Output :

Input :
insert into stu12 values(seq.nextval,'keyuri',90);

Output :

Input :
select * from stu12;

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Output:

PRACTICAL NO : 4

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Aim : Writing PL/SQL Blocks with basic

programming constructs by including following:
A} 1] If...then...Else.
2] IF...ELSIF...ELSE... END IF.
B} Case statement.
Answer :
A} 1] If...then...Else.
Use :
IF-THEN-ELSE statement used when user wants to perform some
operation when expression is true and performing some other operation if the
expression is false.

Syntax:
IF expression THEN
Statement;
ELSE
Statement;
END IF;

Program :
declare
a number :=20;
b number :=10;
begin
dbms_output.put_line( 'value of a : '||a);
dbms_output.put_line( 'value of b : '||b);
if a>b then
dbms_output.put_line( 'a is greater than b');
else

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dbms_output.put_line('b is greater than a');

end if;end;

Output :

A} 2] IF...ELSIF...ELSE... END IF.

Use :
If else statement only two operation are there i.e. if condition satisfies then
some code else other code.

Syntax:

IF expression THEN
Statement;
ELSEIF expression THEN
Statement;
ELSE
Statement;
END IF;

Program :
declare

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a number :=20;
b number :=40;
c number :=30;
begin
dbms_output.put_line( 'value of a : '||a);
dbms_output.put_line( 'value of b : '||b);
dbms_output.put_line( 'value of c : '||c);
if ((a>b)and(a>c)) then
dbms_output.put_line( 'a is greater than b and c');
elsif ((b>a)and(b>c)) then
dbms_output.put_line( 'b is greater than a and c');
else
dbms_output.put_line( 'c is greater than a and b');
end if;
end;

Output :

B} Case statement

Case expression can be any valid expression .

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Use :
We compare the value of the expression with constant expression .The
statements are executed when it matches.

Syntax:
CASE expression

WHEN constant_expression THEN statement

[WHEN constant_expression THEN statement]
……………………….
[ELSE statements]

END CASE

Program :
declare
n number :=:month_number;
begin
case n
when 1 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : jan');
when 2 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : feb');
when 3 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : march');
when 4 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : april');
when 5 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : may');
when 6 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : june');
when 7 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : july');
when 8 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : aug');
when 9 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : sep' );
when 10 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : oct');

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when 11 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : nov');

when 12 then dbms_output.put_line('your selection is for : dec');
else dbms_output.put_line('plz select valid number');
end case;
end;

Output :

PRACTICAL NO : 5

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Aim : Writing PL/SQL Blocks with basic

programming constructs for following Iterative
Structure:
A} While-loop Statements.
B}For-loop Statements.
Answer :
A} While-loop Statements.
Use :
Checks the condition at the beginning of each iteration . If the condition
is true , MYSQL will executes between WHILE and END WHILE until the
condition is statisfying.

Syntax:
WHILE expression DO
Statement
END loop;

Program :
declare
n number :=1;
begin
while n<10 loop
dbms_output.put_line(n);
n:=n+1;
end loop;
end;
Output :

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B} For-loop Statements.

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Use :
Used to execute particular code repeatedly . This loop helps to minimize
the code. The initialization , condition and increment or decrement is done in a
single statement.

Syntax:
FOR counter in condition
Statement;
END loop ;

Program :
Declare
a number(20);
begin
for a in 1..10 loop
dbms_output.put_line('the Value of A is :'||a);
end loop;
end;

Output :

PRACTICAL NO : 6
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Aim : Writing PL/SQL Blocks with basic

programming constructs by including a GoTO to
jump out of a loop and NULL as a statement inside
IF ?
Answer :
A}GoTO to jump out of a loop
Use :
1 . Used to transfer the controls to the specific label .
2 . The label must be unique within its scope and labeled statement or block
which may be anywhere in the program.

Syntax:
GOTO label_name;
 label_name is the name of a label identifying the target statement.
This GOTO label is defined in the program as follows:
<<label_name>>

Program :
declare
n number;
begin
for n in 1..8 loop
dbms_output.put_line(n);
if n=4 then
goto label;
end if;end loop;
<<label>>

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dbms_output.put_line('Science');
end;
Output :

B}NULL as a statement inside IF

Def :
The NULL statement is an executable statement that does nothing.

Use :
1 . The NULL statement can act as a placeholder whenever an
executable statement is required.

Syntax:
NULL;

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Program :
declare
n number;
begin
for n in 1..8 loop
dbms_output.put_line(n);
if n=4 then
null;
end if;
end loop;
end;

Output :

PRACTICAL NO : 7
Aim : Writing Procedures in PL/SQL Block

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A) Create an empty procedure, replace a procedure

and call procedure
B) Create a stored procedure and call it
C) Define procedure to insert data
D) A forward declaration of procedure
Answer :
Input :
create procedure practical as
begin
dbms_output.put_line('Welcome Practicals');
end;

Output :

Input :
begin
practical;
end;

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Output :

Input :
drop procedure practical;

Output:

Program :
DECLARE

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  a number;
  b number;
  c number;
PROCEDURE findMin(x IN number, y IN number, z OUT number) IS
BEGIN
  IF x < y THEN
     z:= x;
  ELSE
     z:= y;
  END IF;
END;   
BEGIN
  a:= 44;
  b:= 450;
  findMin(a, b, c);
  dbms_output.put_line(' Minimum of (44, 450) : ' || c);
END;

Output :

PRACTICAL NO : 8

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Aim : Writing Functions in PL/SQL Block.

A) Call function in dbms_output.put_line
B) Count Employee from a function and return
value back
C) Call function and store the return value to a
variable
Answer :
Input :
create table student(stu_id number(10),stu_name varchar(10),stu_age
number(10));

Output :

Input :
insert into student (stu_id ,stu_name ,stu_age )values(12,'geeta',123);

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Output :

Input :
insert into student (stu_id ,stu_name,stu_age )values(13,'ranu',16);

Output :

Input :
insert into student (stu_id ,stu_name ,stu_age )values(14,'rupa',18);

Output :

Input :
select * from student;

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Output :

Input :
create function totalstudent
return number is
total number:=0;
begin
select count(*) into total from student;
return total;
end;

Output:

Input :
declare
c number;

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begin
c:= totalstudent ();
dbms_output.put_line('total number of student : '||c);
end;

Output :

PRACTICAL NO : 9
Aim : Writing a recursive Functions in PL/SQL
Block

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Answer :
Recursive function:
 When a subprogram calls itself, it is referred to
as a recursive call and the process is known
as recursion.

Program :
declare
num number;
factorial number;

function fact(x number)

return number
is
f number;
begin
if x=0 then
f := 1;
else
f := x * fact(x-1);
end if;
return f;
end;

begin

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num:= 6;
factorial := fact(num);
dbms_output.put_line(' factorial '|| num || ' is ' || factorial);
end;

Output :

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