Module 3: The 19th Century Philippine Economy, Society, and in the late eighteen century as a product of multiple factors.

the Chinese Mestizos The module  will then map the effects of economic
developments on Spanish policies on education, social life,
3.1 The Nineteenth Century Philippine Economy, Society, and
and the people of the Philippines. The role of an important
the Chinese Mestizos-3
population, the Chinese mestizos, in Philippine life and
Vocabulary economy will also be noted. These Chinese mestizos  will  be
locked in the context of the changing social stratification in the 
cash crop - crops cultivated for export Philippines. 
decree- an order issued by a legal authority; a policy Presentation
pronouncement
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF PHILIPPINE ECONOMY
Galleon trade- from 1565-1815, this was the form of trade AND SOCIETY
between the Philippines and Mexico. The galleons would sail
to Mexico loaded with goods and return to the Philippines Late eighteenth century, the monarchy in Spain experienced a
carrying the payment in silver. dynatic shift from the Habsburg to the Bpurbons

insulares - pure-blooded Spanish born in the Philippines Spain recalibrated colonial policies that would have an effect
on the Philippines.
mestizo- a person with mixed ancestry- one parent is Chinese
or Spanish and the other is a native; an ipmortant sector of the With the goal of invigarating the profatibility if the colonies like
population in nineteenth century Philippines the Philippines , Bourbon policies and reforms were carried
out.
merchant houses- firms established in MAnila and other cities
by foreign traders First governor -general to the Philippines under the Bourbon
mandate was Jose de Basco y Varga
pacto de retroventa- an agreement that allowed a landowner to
sell his/her land with the guarantee that he/she could by the Galleon Trade as main economic institution existing in the
land back at the same price Philippines is already losing enterprises during the time of Jose
de Basco y Vargas.
Parian-Chinese enclave established in 1581 outside the walls
of Intramuros. The Chinese were forced to live in the Prian Basco established the Royal Philippine company in 1785 to
finance agricultural projects and manage the new trade as well
peninsulares- pure-blooded Spanish born in Spain as other Asian market.
principalia- wealthy pure-blooded natives said to have Some of the major investments came from British and
descended from the kadatoan class American traders.
sangley- a term that proliferated in the Spanish Philippines to The first half of  the nineteenth century , majority of the exports
refer tom people of pure Chinese descent; came from the of the Philippines came from cash crops like tobacco, sugar,
Hokkien word " seng-li" meaning business cotton, indigo, abaca, and coffee.
social stratification- a way by which people in a society are  The provinces shifted to cultivating cash crops, land
categorized based on socio-economic as well as political ownership and management began to be a concern .
standards
Farmers felt the pressure of the economy while
  the hacenderos grabbed the opportunity. For example, when a
Introduction small landowner needed capital and money, he would engage
in a pacto de retroventa, an agreement of sale  guaranteeing
     To fully appreciate the details of Rizal's life related in the that he could buy the land back at the same price at which it
previous module, one needs  to locate him within the wider  was sold.
context of the Philippines in the nineteenth century.  This
module will discuss the changing landscape of  and Philippine  They would forfeit the land and would be forced to become
economy in the nineteenth century and describe how these tenant farmers , or kasama
developments had an impact on the society in which  Rizal As the growing economy required better management of
grew up, matured , and eventually was martyred. It will begin lands, inquilinos emerged, renting land to sublet it to smaller
by looking at the tremendous economic development starting farmers.
Pre-colonial times , the natives of the Philippines had had trade The Chinese mestizos assumed an important role in the
relations with the chinese. economy all throughout the Spanish colonial period.
Height of the Galleon Trade- it was also Chinese products that IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY
comprised most the goods being  traded.
The new economy  demanded a more literate population to
The influx of Chinese settlements in the Philippines made the addess the rising need for a more professionalized workforce
Spaniards suspicious of the Chinese. to man the trading activities in Manila and other centers.
Stringent state policies towards the sangley ranging from This demand compelled the issuance of the colonial
higher taxes, the restriction of movement with the government order in 1836 that required all towns to set up
establishment of the Chinese enclave ( the Parian), to actual primary schools to teach the population hoe to read and write.
policies of expulsion.
The passage of an education decree in 1863 that mandated
Chinese , however, proved to be "necessary outsiders" in free primary education.
Philippine colonial economy and society.
The nineteenth century also gave birth to many schools that
 Spaniards were wary of the Chinese, they realized the addressed the growing demand established during this time.
importance that the latter played in sustaining the economy. 
Manila became a trading center, it became a viable destination
 The goods loaded on the galleons to the development of retail for people seeking better opportunities or those wanting to
trade, the Chinese enlivened the economy. escape the worsening conditions in the farmlands.
 The Chinese became integrated into colonial society , giving  Increased rate of internal migration raised several concerns. 1,
rise to intermarriages with indios that gave birth to Chinese people flocked the centers of trade like Manila . Overcrowding
mestizos. implied issues in living quarters, sanitation and public health,
and increase in criminality. 2. the continuous movement of
 The Chinese mestizos assumed an important role in the
people made tax collection extra difficult., in order to mitigate
economy all throughout the Spanish colonial period.
these concerns, one measure implemented was the 1849
THE CHINES AND CHINESE MESTIZOS decree of Governor-General Narciso Claveria that urged the
people in the colony to adopt surnames.
Pre-colonial times , the natives of the Philippines had had trade
relations with the chinese.  Catalogo de apellidos drawn up, the colonial government
assigned surnames to people and forbade changing names at
Height of the Galleon Trade- it was also Chinese products that will. 
comprised most the goods being traded.
Policies like the registration and possessions of a cedula
The influx of Chinese settlements in the Philippines made the personal bearing one's name and residence, the colonial 
Spaniards suspicious of the Chinese. government sought to have a better surveillance mechanism.
Stringent state policies towards the sangley ranging from  Guardia civil established.
higher taxes, the restriction of movement with the
establishment of the Chinese enclave ( the Parian), to actual RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
policies of expulsion.
PENINSULAR - Pure blooded Spaniard born in the Iberian
Chinese , however, proved to be "necessary outsiders" in Peninsula (i.e., Spain)
Philippine colonial economy and society
INSULAR- Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Philippines
Spaniards were wary of the Chinese, they realized the
MESTIZO- Born of mixed parentage, a mestizo can be: 1.
importance that the latter played in sustaining the economy.
Spanish mestizo- one parent is Spanish, the other is a
The goods loaded on the galleons to the development of retail native ;or  2. Chinese mestiz0- one parent is Chinese, the
trade, the Chinese enlivened the economy. other is a native

The Chinese became integrated into colonial society , giving PRINCIPALIA- Wealthy pure-blooded native supposedly
rise to intermarriages with indios that gave birth to Chinese descended from the kadatoan class 
mestizos.
INDIO- Pure-blooded native of the Philippines
CHINO INFIEL- Non-Catholic pure blooded Chinese embroiled in a litigation case concerning the Hacienda de
Calamba . He heard that the Spanish authorities were
 
summoning his mother , Dona Teodora  and two younger
  sisters  Josefa, and Trinidad, for further  investigation . In a
show of support , he wrote to his family, " I am following your
Summary cavalry step by step. Do not be afraid , I am doing all I can ....
  This module aimed to situate Rizal's within the larger context Patience , a little patience. Courage!"
of the nineteenth century, It focused on the economic  and     Scholars and students of history agree that the conflict
social developments in the century that shaped the world in between his family and the Dominicans over the hacienda
which Rizal lived. The Philippines, being part of the wider greatly affected Rizal.  
Spanish empire, underwent changes when the Spanish Crown
also had a dynastic shift in the nineteenth  century. With this Presentation
came the Bourbon reforms that brought new policies of
Jose Rizal was in Hongkong when he received distressing
economic reorientation for the colonies. With the development
news about his family who were, at that time, embroiled in a
of the cash crop economy and the opening of Manila and other
litigation case concerning the Hacienda de Calamba. Scholars
cities to world trade , the economy boomed in the nineteenth
and students of history agree that the conflict between his
century. 
family and the Dominicans over the hacienda greatly affected
      This  development in the economy also had a profound Rizal.
impact on the social and political landscapes. The new
 
economy resulted in changes in policies about education and
heightened the surveillance and regulatory mechanism  of the BRIEF HISTORY OF FRIARS ESTATES IN THE
state . Furthermore , the nineteenth century saw the PHILIPPINES
ascendance of the mestizo and principalia classes that would
The origin of the friars estates can be traced back to land
assert their relevance in society. 
grants awarded to the early Spanish conquistadores who
3.2 Agrarian Disputes -3 arrived in the Philippines during the late sixteenth and early
seventeenth centuries.
Vocabulary
120 Spaniards were given grants that were often composed of
Conquistador - a Spanish conqueror
a large tract of land known as sitio de ganado
caballero -a small tract of land included in a land grant mayor (measuring 1,742 hectares) and smaller tracts of land
known as caballerias ( measuring 42.5 hectares).
canon - a measure equal to 75 liters
The Spaniards hacenderos failed to develop their lands for
hacienda - large estates that were used for raising livestock three reasons:
and agricultural production
The Spanish population in the Philippines was transient. It was
inquilino – a tenat who rented land from the friars and a common practice for Spanish administrator to return to Spain
subleased the land to sharecroppers after having served in the country.
principales - ruling elite class The market for livestock products, which haciendas offered,
sharecropper ( kasama) - an individual who rented the land remained relatively small until the latter parts of the Spanish
from an inquilino and worked the land colonial period.

sitio de ganado mayor - a large tract of land included in a land The Galleon Trade that was based in Manila offered bigger
grant economic rewards and attracted more Spaniards.

  Spanish hacenderos lacked the interest and inclination to

develop their lands, the religious orders soon took over the
  task.
Introduction Land was acquired by the religious orders through various
means.
     In 1891, Jose Rizal was in Hong Kong when he received
distressing news about his family who are, at that time,
The lands were donated by Spaniards seeking spiritual estates allowed them to be exempted from the responsibilities
benefits. of forced labor demanded by the Spanish government .
There were cases, too, in which estates that had been heavily The inquilino paid his rent to the religious hacenderos and
mortgaged to the ecclesiastics were eventually purchased by deducted his own share, the remaining amount of income
the religious orders themselves. would then be divided among all the sharecroppers.
A number of Filipino principales also contributed to the Change in the social structure and land tenure practices would
formation of the friar estates through donations and sales. eventually render the haciendas as sites of contestation among
the Spanish religious hacenderos ,the inquilinos ,and the
Despite these methods , there persisted a commonly held
sharecroppers.
belief among the Filipinos that the religious orders had no titles
to their lands and that they had acquired these lands through  
usurpation or other dubious means.
HACIENDA DE CALAMBA CONFLICT
Religious estates in the Tagalog region continued to grow that
1759- Hacienda de Calamba owned by several Spanish
by the nineteenth century, they constituted approximately 40
laymen
percent of the provinces of Bulacan ,Tondo (presently Rizal),
Cavite ,and Laguna. 1759, a destitute Spanish layman, Don Manuel Jauregui,
donated the lands to the Jesuits on the condition that he would
Agrarian relations in the haciendas developed in the time.
be allowed to live in
The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,the social structure
  the Jesuit monastery for the rest of his life.
found in the haciendas was primarily composed of lay brother
administrators were under the direct authority of the heads of 1803 - the government sold the property to a Spanish layman,
their religious orders, they were relatively free to make their Don Clemente de Azansa, for 44,507 pesos.
own decisions on administrative affairs.
When Don Clemente died 1883 the Hacienda de Azansa which
Tenants on the other hand, were expected to work the land measured 16,424 hectares was purchased by the Dominicans
and pay an annual rent, which was usually a fixed amount of for 52,000 pesos
harvest and in later centuries, money.
Many families from neighboring towns had migrated to the
Mid-eighteenth century, an expanding economy based on hacienda in search of economic opportunities
exporting agricultural crops ushered in change and gradually
put into place and inquilino system. Among the families that arrived at the hacienda were Rizal’s
ancestors, who eventually became one of the principal
An individual rented land for a fixed annual amount, known inquilinos in the hacienda.
as canon.
Rizal’s family rented one of the largest leased lands,
The inquilino or lessee was also expected to render personal measuring approximately 380 hectares.
services to his landlords.
Sugar was a main commodity planted in the hacienda as there
The inquilino failed to satisfy these requirements, he could face was a demand for the crop in the world market.
expulsion from the land.
1883- Paciano Rizal wrote that the friars were collecting rents
The inquilino,in turn would sub-lease the land to a kasama or without issuing the usual receipts.
sharecropper who could then take on the task of cultivating the
soil. Two years later, the tenants failed to pay their tenants because
the rent had supposedly increased while sugar prices had
A three - tiered system emerged with the landlords at the top, remained low. To punish the tenants for not paying the rent,
the inquilinos at the middle,and the sharecroppers at the the Dominicans declared the lands vacant and invited
bottom. residents of other towns to take over the tenancies.
The religious hacenderos freed themselves from the social Only few outsiders responded to the Dominican’s invitation, the
responsibilities borne from a direct interactions with the friars weakened their positions.
kasama.
Most tenants, except for four or five, were spared from eviction.
The sharecroppers, on the other hand, benefitted from the
arrangement because their labor obligations to the religious
Charges against the friars continued with Rizal’s brother-in- piscopal visitation-  an official pastoral visit conducted by the
law, Mariano Herboso, specially complaining about the yearly bishop on a diocese to examine the conditions of a
increase in rentals, faulty irrigation systems, and failure to congregation; often done once every three years
issue receipts.
garrote- an apparatus used for capital punishment in which an
Coupled with these problems was the fact that at this time, the iron collar is tightened around a condemned person’s neck
price of sugar continued to decline in the world market.
polo- system of forced labor that required Filipino males from
Paciano at one point, considering giving back his lands to the 16 to 60 years old to render service for a period of 40 days
friars and clearing land elsewhere
regular clergy- priests who belong to religious orders
Problem continued to escalate when in 1887, the colonial
secular clergy- priests who do not belong to religious orders
government demanded from the tenants of the hacienda a
and are engaged in pastoral work
report on the income and production of the state because they
suspected that the Dominicans were evading payment of their tribute- system of taxation imposed by the Spanish colonial
taxes. government on the Filipinos in order to generate resources for
the maintenance of the colony.
The tenants complied and submitted a report, but they also
attached a petition authored by Jose Rizal.  
The petition presented a list of grievances against the  
hacienda owners including a complaint on the increasing
amount of rent.  

Some of the tenant began to withhold rents. Introduction

As a form of retaliation, the friars began to evict tenants who   When Rizal published El Filibusterismo in 1891, he dedicated
refused to pay rent in 1891 the book to the three martyred priest, Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora. In his dedication, he wrote:
Those who persisted still in resisting the friars were eventually
expelled                 I have the right to dedicate my work to you as victims
of the evil which I undertake to combat. And while we await
They were exiled to remote areas in the country were Rizal’s expectantly upon Spain someday to restore your good name
parents, brother, and sisters and cease to be answerable for your death, let these pages
serve as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over your unknown
Rizal had worked on reversing the decision of the Philippine
tombs, and let it be understood that everyone who without
courts, his family’s exile would only be lifted upon the issuance
clear proofs attacks your memory stains his hands in your
of a decree from the another governor-general
blood!
The experience affected Rizal deeply and the increasing
Rizal was 10 years old when the three priest were executed,
despair he felt from the event would be reflected in his second
the events of 1872 would play a decisive role in shaping Rizal’s
novel, El Filibusterismo
ideas and decisions.
 
Presentation
Summary 
The 1872 Cavite Mutiny
     This module presented a brief history of the hacienda from
One hundred and forty years ago, on January 20, 1872, about
its beginnings a royal land grant rewarded to Spaniards who
200 Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe Arsenal in
had rendered  to Spaniards who had rendered  exemplary
Cavite, Philippines, staged a mutiny which in a way led to the
service to the Spanish Crown. Later, these lands came into
Philippine Revolution in 1896. The 1872 Cavite Mutiny was
the  possession of the friars by way of purchase or donation.
precipitated by the removal of long-standing personal benefits
Also pointed out this module was the in landlord-tenant to a
to the workers such as tax (tribute) and forced labor
three-tiered one with landlords, inquilinos, and sharecroppers. 
exemptions on order from the Governor General Rafael de
3.3 Emerging Nationalism-3 Izquierdo.
Vocabulary Izquierdo replaced Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre
some months before in 1871 and immediately rescinded
Torre’s liberal measures and imposed his iron-fist rule. He was accepted the death penalty calmly as though it were his
opposed to any hint of reformist or nationalistic movements in penance for being pro-Filipinos.
the Philippines. He was in office for less than two years, but he
The three priests were stripped of their albs, and with chained
will be remembered for his cruelty to the Filipinos and the
hands and feet were brought to their cells after their sentence.
barbaric execution of the three martyr-priests blamed for the
They received numerous visits from folks coming from Cavite,
mutiny: Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Bulacan, and elsewhere. Forty thousand Filipinos came to
Zamora, later collectively called “Gomburza.”
Luneta to witness and quietly condemn the execution, and
The mutineers were led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid; they Gomburza became a rallying catchword for the down-trodden
seized the Fort and killed the Spanish officers. Fearing a Filipinos seeking justice and freedom from Spain.
general uprising, the Spanish government in Manila sent a
In the dedication page of his second book, El Filibusterismo,
regiment under General Felipe Ginoves to recover the Fort.
published in 1891, Dr. Jose Rizal wrote, “I dedicate my work to
The besieged mutiny was quelled, and many mutineers
you as victims of the evil which I undertake to combat…”
including Sgt. La Madrid were killed. Later, others were
sentenced to death or hard labor. It is well to remember that the seeds of nationalism that was
sown in Cavite blossomed to the Philippine Revolution and
Izquierdo used the mutiny to implicate Gomburza and other
later to the Declaration of Independence by Emilio Aguinaldo
notable Filipinos known for their liberal leanings. Prominent
which took place also in Cavite. As for me, the 1872 Cavite
Filipinos such as priests, professionals, and businessmen were
Mutiny bolstered the stereotypical belief that Caviteños were
arrested on flimsy and trumped-up charges and sentenced to
the most courageous of my fellow Filipinos.
prison, death, or exile. These include Joaquin Pardo de
Tavera, Jose Basa, and Antonio M. Regidor. It was said that SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT
the Cavite mutineers got their cue from Manila when they saw
and heard fireworks across the Manila Bay which was really a Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the
celebration of the feast of the Lady of Loreto in Sampaloc. Philippines. These were the regulars and the seculars.

When the Archbishop of Manila, Rev. Meliton Martinez, Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main task
refused to cooperate and defrock the priests, the Spanish was to spread Christianity. Examples were the Augustinians,
court-martial on February 15 went ahead and maliciously found Discalced Franciscans, Dominicans. Jesuits, Augustinians
Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora guilty of treason for Recollects,
instigating the Cavite mutiny. Two days later, the three priests Secular priests did not belong to any religious order. They
were put to death by garrotte in Bagumbayan, now known as were trained specifically to run the parishes and were under
Luneta. (Garrote was a barbaric Spanish method of execution the supervision of the bishops.
in which an iron collar was tightened around the prisoner’s
neck until death occurred.) Secular clergy, on the other hand, were priests who “live in the
world”. They were under the authority of bishops and not
Father Burgos was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. members of a religious order. The primary task was the
He was a parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and had been management of the religious communities and ideally, the
known to be close to the liberal Governor General de la Torre. continuation of the work already laid down by the regular
He was 35 years old at the time and was active and outspoken clergy.
in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy. He was quoted as
saying, “Why shall a young man strive to rise in the profession In the Philippines, the regular clergy remained administrators
of law or theology when he can vision no future for himself but of the parishes well into the nineteenth century.
obscurity?”
Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the
Father Zamora, 37, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines. parishes that were being run by regular priests. It was their
He was the parish priest of Marikina and was known to be duty, they argued, to check on the administration of these
unfriendly to and would not countenance any arrogance or parishes. But the regular priests refused these visits, saying
authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from Spain. He that they were not under the bishop’s jurisdiction. They
once snubbed a Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina. threatened to abandon their parishes if the bishops persisted.

Father Gomez was an old man in his mid-’70, Chinese-Filipino, In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to uphold the
born in Cavite. He held the most senior position of the three as diocese’s authority over the parishes and accepted the
Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and resignations of the regular priests. He assigned secular priests
to take their place. Since there were not enough seculars to fill
all the vacancies the Archbishop hastened the ordination of and campaigned for reforms that the country needed. They
Filipino seculars. A royal decree was also issued on November also campaigned for representation to Spanish Cortes
9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or (legislature), freedom of the press, economic liberalization,
the transfer of parochial administration from the regular friars to secularization and equality before the law of Filipinos and
the secular priests. Spaniards.
The regulars resented the move because they considered the The Propaganda movement expressed their campaigns in the
Filipinos unfit for the priesthood. Among other reasons they La Solidaridad – the official newspaper of the movement. The
cited the Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of education, and Propagandists did not only expose the social conditions of the
inadequate experience. Philippines and ask for reforms but they also wrote about
Philippine history, culture and identity.
The controversy became more intense when the Jesuits
returned to the Philippines. They had been exiled from the A French writer-journalist named Edmund Plauchut gave an
country because of certain policies of the order that the account of the execution
Spanish authorities did not like.
Late in the night of the 15th of February 1872, a Spanish court
The issue soon took on a racial slant. The Spaniards were martial found three secular priests, Jose Burgos, Mariano
clearly favouring their own regular priest over Filipino priests. Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, guilty of treason as the instigators
of a mutiny in the Cavite navy-yard a month before, and
Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, ecclesiastical governor of the
sentenced them to death. The judgement of the court martial
Church, sided with the Filipinos. Unfortunately, he died in an
was read to the priests in Fort Santiago early in the next
earthquake that destroyed the Manila Cathedral in 1863. After
morning and they were told it would be executed the following
his death, other priests took his place in fighting for the
day… Upon hearing the sentence, Burgos broke into sobs,
secularization movement. Among them were Fathers Mariano
Zamora lost his mind and never recovered it, and only Gomez
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.
listened impassively, an old man accustomed to the thought of
EXECUTION OF GOMEZ, BURGOS, AND ZAMORA death.

Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora When dawn broke on the 17th of February there were almost
were prominent figures in the secularization movement. They forty thousand of Filipinos (who came from as far as Bulacan,
were implicated as leaders of the Cavite Mutiny. To instill fear Pampanga, Cavite and Laguna) surrounding the four platforms
among Filipinos, they were publicly executed in February 07, where the three priests and the man whose testimony had
1872 in the Bagumbayan. convicted them, a former artilleryman called Saldua, would die.

Fathers Gomez and Zamora served as spiritual adviser of the The three priests followed Saldua: Burgos ‘weeping like a
soldiers and workers who joined the mutiny. child’, Zamora with vacant eyes, and Gomez head held high,
blessing the Filipinos who knelt at his feet, heads bared and
Their execution was witnessed by many Filipinos and have left praying. He was next to die. When his confessor, a Recollect
them a great feeling of indignation and injustice. They friar , exhorted him loudly to accept his fate, he replied:
considered it as a way of Spanish authorities to silence the “Father, I know that not a leaf falls to the ground but by the will
secularization movement. This has also fueled the hatred of of God. Since He wills that I should die here, His holy will be
Filipinos for the Spaniards which ignited nationalistic done.”
sentiments of the Filipinos.
Zamora went up the scaffold without a word and delivered his
The execution of the GOMBURZA had also inspired the body to the executioner; his mind had already left it.
Propaganda movement and the Philippine revolution. The
Propaganda Movement (1880- 1892) Burgos was the last, a refinement of cruelty that compelled him
to watch the death of his companions. He seated himself on
Due to abuses of Spanish authorities and clergies and the the iron rest and then sprang up crying: “But what crime have I
curtailment of freedom of expression, Filipinos, specifically the committed? Is it possible that I should die like this. My God, is
IIustrados campaigned for the assimilation of the Philippines to there no justice on earth?”
Spain by becoming a province of Spain so that the Filipinos
and Spaniards will be equal and Filipinos will enjoy the liberties A dozen friars surrounded him and pressed him down again
enjoyed by the Spaniards. upon the seat of the garrote, pleading with him to die a
Christian death. He obeyed but, feeling his arms tied round the
The Ilustrados organized the Propaganda movement which fatal post, protested once again: “But I am innocent!”
exposed the condition of the Philippines under the Spanish rule
“So was Jesus Christ,’ said one of the friars.” At this Burgos heightened the surveillance and regulatory mechanism  of the
resigned himself. The executioner knelt at his feet and asked state . Furthermore , the nineteenth century saw the
his forgiveness. “I forgive you, my son. Do your duty.” And it ascendance of the mestizo and principalia classes that would
was done. assert their relevance in society. 
Although the public execution of the three priests was a meant      This module presented a brief history of the hacienda from
to instill fear in the Filipinos, it had the opposite effect. In his its beginnings a royal land grant rewarded to Spaniards who
work, La Revolucion Filipina, Apolinario Mabini stated: had rendered  to Spaniards who had rendered  exemplary
service to the Spanish Crown. Later, these lands came into
The friars wanted to make an example of Burgos and his
the  possession of the friars by way of purchase or donation.
companions so that the Filipinos should be afraid to go against
Also pointed out this module was the in landlord-tenant to a
them from then on. But that patent injustice , that official crime,
three-tiered one with landlords, inquilinos, and sharecroppers. 
aroused not fear but hatred of the friars and the regime that
supported them, and a profound sympathy and sorrow for the       The Cavite Mutiny and the subsequent execution of the
victims. The sorrow worked a miracle: it made the Filipinos three priests- Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto
realize their conditions for the first time. Zamora-marked 1872 as a significant year in Philippine history.
Although the clamor for a more liberal administration during
Conscious of pain, and thus conscious of life, they asked
this time was temporarily silenced , nationalism was gradually
themselves what kind of a life they lived. The awakening was
awakened , culminating in more decisive events towards the
painful, and working to stay alive more painful still, but one
end of the nineteenth century. 
must live. How? They did not know, and the desire to know,
the anxiety to learn, overwhelmed and took possession of the
youth of the Philippines.The curtain of ignorance woven
diligently for centuries was rent at last: fiat lux, let there be
light, would not be long in coming, the dawn of a new day was
nearing.
 
Summary
    The Cavite Mutiny and the subsequent execution of the
three priests- Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto
Zamora-marked 1872 as a significant year in Philippine history.
Although the clamor for a more liberal administration during
this time was temporarily silenced , nationalism was gradually
awakened , culminating in more decisive events towards the
end of the nineteenth century. 
Module 3 Summary-2
This module aimed to situate Rizal's within the larger context of
the nineteenth century, It focused on the economic  and social
developments in the century that shaped the world in which
Rizal lived. The Philippines, being part of the wider Spanish
empire, underwent changes when the Spanish Crown also had
a dynastic shift in the nineteenth  century. With this came the
Bourbon reforms that brought new policies of economic
reorientation for the colonies. With the development of the
cash crop economy and the opening of Manila and other cities
to world trade , the economy boomed in the nineteenth
century. 
      This  development in the economy also had a profound
impact on the social and political landscapes. The new
economy resulted in changes in policies about education and