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CMPS Lab Manual

This document describes an experiment in MATLAB to calculate the YBus and ZBus matrices for a power system using singular transformation. The YBus matrix represents the admittances between buses, while the ZBus matrix represents the impedances and is the inverse of YBus. Calculating ZBus directly by inverting YBus is computationally intensive, so the experiment will use an algorithm to build the ZBus matrix directly from the network impedance values. The goal is to represent the power system using bus admittance and impedance matrices which can be used for power flow and fault analysis.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

138 views64 pages

CMPS Lab Manual

Uploaded by

omi Chavan

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 64

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.

Tech

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, MAHAGAON

Experiment No.-01

Name of the Student

Class

Roll No.

Batch

Date

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Experiment No. 01
Aim :-Introduction of MATLAB and control system tool box.
Apparatus:- MATLAB Software.
Theory:-
1. Basic
 Is a high-performance language
 Stands for Matrix Laboratory
 Allow to easily work with entire matrices rather than one number at a time
 Comes with a basic set of tools for visualizing data and for performing calculations on
matrices and vectors
 For specific technologies, MATLAB provides toolboxes, which add to the basic
MATLAB functionality. We have the Image Processing Toolbox. Some other toolboxes
include:
i. Statistics Toolbox
ii. Neural Network Toolbox
iii. Fuzzy Logic Toolbox
iv. Signal Processing Toolbox
v. Wavelet Toolbox
vi. Financial Toolbox
vii. Bioinformatics Toolbox
viii. Database Toolbox
2. MATLAB Windows
The MATLAB windows are mainly include 4 parts: Command Window, Workspace window,
Command History window and Current Directory window.
i. Command Window – this is where you type commands and usually the outputs (or
error messages) appear here too
ii. Workspace window – if you define new variables their names should be listed here.
iii. Command History window – this is where past commands are remembered. If you want
to re-run a previous command or to edit it you can drag it from this window to the
command window or double click to re-run it.
iv. Current Directory window- show the files in Current Directory.

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

3. The M-Files

i. M-Files are text files with MATLAB code

ii. M-Files have a .m extension

4. Commands & Operations in MATLAB

i. clc-Clears all the text from the Command Window.
ii. Clear all- To clear all variables from the current workspace, use clear all.
iii. Close all- To close all previous open MATLAB figure windows.
iv. Colon ―:‖- Use the colon operator to create regularly spaced vectors, index into arrays,

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

and define the bounds of a for loop.

v. Semicolon ―;‖ has two main functioning's:
 Define the end of row, etc. A=[1,2;3,4].
 If you end a line with a semicolon ( ; ), MATLAB runs the statement but does not
display any output when you press the Enter or Return key. This is particularly
useful when you generate large matrices.
Program:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=2
x=[ 1
2
3]
A=[ 9 7 0
0 8 6
7 1 -6]
Y=[6
7
8
9
10]
y'
u=[0:1:8]
v=[0:2:8]
x=[0:0.1:1]
y=exp(x)
det(A)
size(A)
inv(A)
A*inv(A)
inv(A)*A
eig(A)

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

x=-pi:0.01:pi
y=cos(x)
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y=cos(x)')
Output :-
a=2
x=1
2
3
A=9 7 0
0 8 6
7 1 -6
y = 6
7
8
9
10
y’ = 6 7 8 9 10
u = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x = Columns 1 through 7
0 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000
Columns 8 through 11
0.7000 0.8000 0.9000 1.0000
y = Columns 1 through 7
1.0000 1.1052 1.2214 1.3499 1.4918 1.6487 1.8221
Columns 8 through 11
2.0138 2.2255 2.4596 2.7183
Ans = -192.0000
Ans = 3 3
Ans = 0.2812 -0.2187 -0.2187
-0.2187 0.2812 0.2812
0.2917 -0.2083 -0.3750]

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Ans = 1.0000 0 0
0.0000 1.0000 0
0.0000 0 1.0000
Ans = -4.8055
12.6462
3.1594

Conclusion:-

______________________________________________________________________________

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Cognitive Psychomotor Skills Affective Domain Total out of

Continuous (10)
Assessment of (04) (04) (02)
Lab Work

Signature of Subject
Expert

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, MAHAGAON

Experiment No.- 02

Name of the Student

Class

Roll No

Batch

Date

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Experiment No. 02
Aim :- Program to execute YBus & ZBus using singular transformation.
Apparatus:- MATLAB Software.
Theory:-
Z Matrix or bus impedance matrix is an important tool in power system analysis. Though, it
is not frequently used in power flow study, unlike YBUS matrix, it is, however, an important tool in
other power system studies like short circuit analysis or fault study. The ZBUS matrix can be
computed by matrix inversion of the YBUS matrix. Since the YBUS matrix is usually sparse, the explicit
ZBUS matrix would by dense so memory intensive to handle directly.
Z Matrix can be formed by either inverting the YBUS matrix or by using Z bus building
algorithm. The latter method is harder to implement but more practical and faster (in terms of
computer run time and number of floating-point operations per second) for a relatively large system.

Z= [ ]

Because the ZBUS is the inverse of the YBUS, it is symmetrical like the YBUS. The diagonal
elements of the ZBUS are referred to as driving-point impedances of the buses and the off-diagonal
elements are called transfer impedances.
V=Z*I
In matrix form it is given as,

( )
( ) ( )
Z Matrix can be formed by either inverting the Ybus matrix or by using Z bus building
algorithm. The latter method is harder to implement but more practical and faster (in terms of
computer run time and number of floating-point operations per second) for a relatively large system.
ZBus=(YBus)-1
The Zbus is the inverse of the Ybus, it is symmetrical like the Ybus. The diagonal elements of
the Zbus are referred to as driving-point impedances of the buses and the off-diagonal elements are
called transfer impedances.
YBUS is so much more popular in calculation is the matrix becomes sparse for large systems;
that is, many elements go to zero as the admittance between two far away buses is very small. In the

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

ZBUS, however, the impedance between two far away buses becomes very large, so there are no zero
elements, making computation much harder.
The bus frame of reference, the performance of the interconnected network is described by n
independent nodal equations, where n is the total number of buses (n+1 nodes are present, out of
which one of them is designated as the reference node). For example a 5-bus system will have 5
external buses and 1 ground/ ref. bus). The performance equation relating the bus voltages to bus
current injections in bus frame of reference in admittance form is given by,
Electric power transmission needs optimization in order to determine the necessary real and
reactive power flows in a system for a given set of loads, as well as the voltages and currents in the
system. Power flow studies are used not only to analyze current power flow situations, but also to
plan ahead for anticipated disturbances to the system, such as the loss of a transmission line to
maintenance and repairs. The power flow study would determine whether or not the system could
continue functioning properly without the transmission line.
The nodal admittance matrix form,

Y= [ ]

Once the admittance matrix has been formed, the admittance matrix can be input to solve the
matrix form of Ohm's Law—the equation Y*V=I, In this instance V is N*1 vector of the voltage
at each node and I is N*1 vector of corresponding currents. In matrix form given as,

( )
( ) ( )
To illustrate this process with the admittance matrix of the three bus network in the figure
would be:

Fig.1: Admittance diagram 3-Bus Network

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

For above bus admittance matrix is given by,

( )

Problem:-

Que. A Power network specified by following data.

Line No. From-From Reactance in P.U.
1 1 2 j*0.5
2 1 3 j*0.4
3 1 4 j*0.3
4 2 3 j*0.2
5 3 4 j*0.3

Find Ybus & Zbus for given data.

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
z11=j*0.5;
z22=j*0.4;
z33=j*0.3;
z44=j*0.2;
z55=j*0.3;
y11=1/z11
y22=1/z22
y33=1/z33
y44=1/z44
y55=1/z55
Yprim = [ y11 0 0 0 0
0 y22 0 0 0

0 0 y33 0 0
0 0 0 y44 0
0 0 0 0 y55 ]

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

A = [ -1 0 0
0 -1 0
0 0 -1
1 -1 0
0 1 -1 ]

B=transpose(A)
Ybus=B*Yprim*A
Zbus=inv(Ybus)

Output:-
y11 = - 2.0000i
y22 = - 2.5000i

y33 = - 3.3333i
y44 = - 5.0000i
y55 = - 3.3333i
Yprim = [ -2.0000i 0 0 0 0
0 - 2.5000i 0 0 0
0 0 - 3.3333i 0 0
0 0 0 - 5.0000i 0
0 0 0 0 - 3.3333i ]

A = [ -1 0 0
0 -1 0
0 0 -1
1 -1 0

0 1 -1 ]
B = [-1 0 0 1 0
0 -1 0 -1 1
0 0 -1 0 -1 ]

Ybus = [ - 7.0000i 5.0000i 0

5.0000i -10.8333i 3.3333i
0 3.3333i - 6.6667i ]

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Zbus = [ 0.2340i 0.1277i 0.0638i

0.1277i 0.1787i 0.0894i

0.0638i 0.0894i 0.1947i ]
Calculations:-

______________________________________________________________________________

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Question:-

Write down steps to find out bus admittance matrix?

______________________________________________________________________________

Find Element node incidence matrix and Bus incidence matrix for given tree diagram.

______________________________________________________________________________

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Conclusion:-

______________________________________________________________________________

Cognitive Psychomotor Skills Affective Domain Total out of

Continuous
(10)
Assessment of (04) (04) (02)
Lab Work

Signature of Subject
Expert

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, MAHAGAON

Experiment No.- 03

Name of the Student

Class

Roll No

Batch

Date

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Experiment No. 03
Aim :- Program to execute ZBr & YBr using singular transformation.
Apparatus:- MATLAB Software.
Theory:-
A graph shows the geometrical interconnection of the elements of a network. A sub graph
is any subset of elements of the graph.
A path is a sub graph of connected elements with not more than two elements connected
to any one node. A graph is connected if and only if there is a path between every pair of nodes.
If each element of the connected graph is assigned a direction then it is an oriented graph.
A representation of a power system and the corresponding graph and oriented graph are
shown in Fig below,

Fig. 1 Single Line diagram of Power system

Fig. 2 Tree Power system, with tree branches [T-1,2,3]

A tree is a connected sub graph of a connected graph having all the nodes of the graph
but without any closed path (or) loop. The elements of a tree are called tree branches (or) twigs
and are denoted by thick lines.

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

A cut set is a set of elements that, if removed, divides a connected sub graphs. In other
words, a basic or fundamental cut set of the graph is the set of elements consisting of only one
branch (or) twig and minimal number of links (or) chords as shown in Fig. 3.
No. of basic cut sets = No. of twigs

Fig. 3 Basic cut-set, with Tree branches

The incidence of elements to basic cut sets of a connected graph is shown by the basic
(or) fundamental cut set incidence matrix (B).
The elements of this matrix are as follows:
bij = 1 : If the ith element is incident to and oriented in the same direction as the jth basic cut set.
bij = –1:If the ith element is incident to and oriented in the opposite direction as the jth basic cut
set.
bij = 0 :If the ith element is not incident to the jth basic cut set.
The basic cut set incidence matrix, of dimension e × B, for the graph is Matrix B can be
partitioned into sub matrices Ub and Bl where the rows of Ub correspond to branches and the
rows of Bl to links.
Cut Set
Nodes

Ub(Branches)
B=
Bl=Links

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

The identity matrix Ub shows the one-to-one correspondence of the branches and basic
cut sets.
To find out tree branch admittance matrix using formula
YBR=(B)T*YPRIM*B
Problem:-
Que. A Power network specified by following data.
Sr. No. From From Reactance (in P.U.)
1 1 2 j*0.6
2 1 3 j*0.5
3 3 4 j*0.5
4 1 2 j*0.4
5 4 2 j*0.2

Find Tree branch admittance matrix and tree branch impedance matrix for given data
using singular transformation.

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
z11 = j*0.6;
z22 = j*0.5;
z33 = j*0.5;
z44 = j*0.4;
z55 = j*0.2;
y11 = 1/z11
y22 = 1/z22
y33 = 1/z33
y44 = 1/z44
y55 = 1/z55
Yprim = [ y11 0 0 0 0
0 y22 0 0 0

0 0 y33 0 0
0 0 0 y44 0
0 0 0 0 y55]

B=[1 0 0

0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
1 -1 -1]
C = transpose(B)
YBr = C*Yprim*B
ZBr = inv(YBr)

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Output:-
y11 = - 1.6667i

y22 = - 2.0000i

y33 = - 2.0000i

y44 = - 2.5000i

y55 = - 5.0000i

Yprim = [ - 1.6667i 0 0 0 0

0 - 2.0000i 0 0 0

0 0 - 2.0000i 0 0

0 0 0 - 2.5000i 0

0 0 0 0 - 5.0000i ]

B=[1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

1 0 0

1 -1 -1 ]

C=[ 1 0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0 -1

0 0 1 0 -1 ]
YBr = [ -9.1667i 5.0000i 5.0000i

5.0000i - 7.0000i - 5.0000i

5.0000i - 5.0000i - 7.0000i ]

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

ZBr = [ 0.2000i 0.0833i 0.0833i

0.0833i 0.3264i - 0.1736i

0.0833i - 0.1736i 0.3264i ]

Calculations:-

______________________________________________________________________________

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Question:-

Write down steps to find tree branch admittance matrix.

______________________________________________________________________________

Find fundamental cut-set (B) incidence matrix for given tree diagram.

______________________________________________________________________________

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Conclusion:-

______________________________________________________________________________

Cognitive Psychomotor Skills Affective Domain Total out of

Continuous
(10)
Assessment of (04) (04) (02)
Lab Work

Signature of Subject
Expert

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, MAHAGAON

Experiment No.- 04

Name of the Student

Class

Roll No

Batch

Date

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Experiment No. 04
Aim :- Program to execute ZBr & YBr using Non-Singular transformation
Apparatus:- MATLAB Software.
Theory:-
A graph shows the geometrical interconnection of the elements of a network. A sub graph
is any subset of elements of the graph.
A path is a sub graph of connected elements with not more than two elements connected
to any one node. A graph is connected if and only if there is a path between every pair of nodes.
If each element of the connected graph is assigned a direction then it is an oriented graph.
A representation of a power system and the corresponding graph and oriented graph are
shown in Fig below,

Fig. 1 Single Line diagram of Power system

Fig. 2 Tree Power system, with tree branches [T=1,2,3]

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Fig. 3 Basic cut-set, with Tree branches

Ub(Branches)
B=
Bl=Links

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

The identity matrix Ub shows the one-to-one correspondence of the branches and basic
cut sets.
Augmented Cut Set Matrix:(B^)
The basic cut set incidence matrix is of the size e × b, therefore, a non-square matrix and
hence, inverse does not exist. In other words, B is a singular matrix. In order to make the matrix
B a non-singular matrix, we augment the number of columns equal to the number of links by
adding fictitious cut sets known as tie-cut sets, which contain only links.

This is a square matrix of dimension e × e and is non-singular. Matrix (B)^ can be

partitioned as above.
To find out tree branch admittance matrix using formula
(YBR)^=(B)^T*YPRIM*B^
Problem:-
Que. A Power network specified by following data.
Sr. No. From From Reactance (in P.U.)
1 1 2 j*0.6
2 1 3 j*0.5
3 3 4 j*0.5
4 1 2 j*0.4
5 4 2 j*0.2

Find Tree branch admittance matrix and tree branch impedance matrix for given
data using non singular transformation

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
z11 = j*0.6;
z22 = j*0.5;
z33 = j*0.5;
z44 = j*0.4;
z55 = j*0.2;
y11 = 1/z11
y22 = 1/z22
y33 = 1/z33
y44 = 1/z44
y55 = 1/z55
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
B= 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 -1 -1 0 1

y11 0 0 0 0
0 y22 0 0 0
Yprim= 0 0 y33 0 0
0 0 0 y44 0
0 0 0 0 y55
C=transpose(B)
YBr=C*Yprim*B
ZBr = inv(YBr)

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Output:-

y11 = -1.6667i

y22 = -2.0000i

y33 = -2.0000i

y44 = -2.5000i

y55 = -5.0000i

Yprim =
[ -1.6667i 0 0 0 0

0 -2.0000i 0 0 0

0 0 -2.0000i 0 0

0 0 0 -2.5000i 0

0 0 0 0 -5.0000i ]
B=

[1 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0

1 -1 -1 0 1]

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

C=
[1 0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0 -1

0 0 1 0 -1

0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 1]

YBr =

[ - 9.1667i 5.0000i 5.0000i -2.5000i -5.0000i

5.0000i -7.0000i -5.0000i 0 5.0000i

5.0000i -5.0000i -7.0000i 0 5.0000i

-2.5000i 0 0 -2.5000i 0

-5.0000i 5.0000i 5.0000i 0 -5.0000i ]

ZBr =

[ 0.6000i 0 0 -0.6000i -0.6000i

0 0.5000i 0 0 0.5000i

0 0 0.5000i 0 0.5000i

-0.6000i 0 0 1.0000i 0.6000i

-0.6000i 0.5000i 0.5000i 0.6000i 1.8000i ]

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Calculations:-

______________________________________________________________________________

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Question:-

Write down steps to find out tree branch admittance matrix or non singular

transformation.

______________________________________________________________________________

Find Augmented cut-set (B)^ incidence matrix for given tree diagram.

______________________________________________________________________________

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Conclusion:-

______________________________________________________________________________

Cognitive Psychomotor Skills Affective Domain

Continuous Total out of (10)
Assessment of (04) (04) (02)
Lab Work

Signature of Subject
Expert

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, MAHAGAON

Experiment No.- 05

Name of the Student

Class

Roll No

Batch

Date

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Experiment No. 05
Aim :- Program to execute ZLOOP & YLOOP using Singular transformation.
Apparatus:- MATLAB Software.
Theory:-
Loops which contain only one link are independent and are called basic loops as shown
in Fig. 1.
In other words, whenever a link element is added to the existing tree, basic loops or fundamental
loops can be obtained.
No. of fundamental loops = No. of links
The incidence of elements to basic loops of a connected graph is shown by the basic loop
incidence matrix (C). The elements of this matrix are as follows:
cij =1: If the ith element is incident to and oriented in the same direction as the jth basic loop.
cij = −1: If the ith element is incident to and oriented in the opposite direction as the jth basic loop.
cij = 0:If the ith element is not incident to the jth basic loop.
The basic loop incidence matrix, of dimension e*l for the graph shown in Fig. 1 below

Fig.1 Basic Loops

Where v, e and i are the column matrices of size e*l and e is the number of elements. z is
a square matrix of size e*e. The matrix z is known as primitive impedance matrix. A diagonal
element of the matrix z of the primitive network is the self-impedance zikik. An off-diagonal
element is the mutual impedance zikps between the elements ik and ps.
The cut-set matrix denoted by C,

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

The ZLOOP is calculated by

ZLOOP=(C)T*ZPRIM*(C)

Question:-

Que. For a given power network find loop impedance matrix using MATLAB for singular
transformation.

Sr. No. From From Self Impedance Mutual Impedance

1 1 2 j*0.6 j*0.1 with 1
2 1 3 j*0.5 -
3 3 4 j*0.5 j*0.2 with 1
4 1 2 j*0.4 -
5 4 2 j*0.2 -

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
z11 = j*0.6;
z22 = j*0.5;
z33 = j*0.5;
z44 = j*0.4;
z55 = j*0.2;
z12=j*0.1;
z21=j*0.1;
z14=j*0.2;
z41=j*0.2;
z11 z12 0 z14 0
z21 z22 0 0 0
ZPRIM= 0 0 z33 0 0
z41 0 0 z44 0
0 0 0 0 z55
C=[-1 -1
0 -1

0 1
1 0
0 1]
A=transpose(C)
ZLOOP=A*ZPRIM*C
YLOOP=inv(ZLOOP)

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Output:-

z11 =0.6000i

z22 = 0.5000i

z33 = 0.5000i

z44 = 0.4000i

z55 = 0.2000i

z12 =0.1000i

z21 =0.1000i

z14 =0.2000i

z41 =0.2000i
[0.6000i 0.1000i 0 0.2000i 0
0.1000i 0.5000i 0 0 0
ZPRIM= 0 0 0.5000i 0 0
0.2000i 0 0 0.4000i 0
0 0 0 0 0.2000i]
C=[-1 -1
0 -1

0 1
1 0
0 1]

-1 0 0 1 0
A=
-1 -1 1 0 1

ZLOOP =

[ 0.6000i -0.3000i

-0.3000i 1.6000i ]

YLOOP =

[ -1.8391i -0.3448i

-0.3448i -0.6897i ]

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Calculations:-

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S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Question:-

Write down steps to find out loop impedance matrix for singular transformation.

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Find Loop (C) incidence matrix for given tree diagram.

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__________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Conclusion:-

__________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Cognitive Psychomotor Skills Affective Domain Total out of

Continuous (10)
Assessment of (04) (04) (02)
Lab Work

Signature of Subject
Expert

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, MAHAGAON

Experiment No.- 06

Name of the Student

Class

Roll No

Batch

Date

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Experiment No. 06
Aim: - Program to execute ZLoop & YLoop using Non-Singular transformation.
Apparatus:- MATLAB Software.
Theory:-
Loops which contain only one link are independent and are called basic loops as shown
in Fig. 1. In other words, whenever a link element is added to the existing tree, basic loops or
fundamental loops can be obtained.
No. of fundamental loops = No. of links
The incidence of elements to basic loops of a connected graph is shown by the basic loop
incidence matrix (C). The elements of this matrix are as follows:
cij =1: If the ith element is incident to and oriented in the same direction as the jth basic loop.
cij = −1: If the ith element is incident to and oriented in the opposite direction as the jth basic loop.
cij = 0:If the ith element is not incident to the jth basic loop.
The basic loop incidence matrix, of dimension e*l for the graph shown in Fig. 1 below

Fig.1 Basic Loops

Where v, e and i are the column matrices of size e*l and e is the number of elements. z is
a square matrix of size e*e. The matrix z is known as primitive impedance matrix.
A diagonal element of the matrix z of the primitive network is the self-impedance zikik.
An off-diagonal element is the mutual impedance zikps between the elements ik and ps.
The cut-set matrix for non singular transformation is denoted by (C)^,

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

The ZLOOP is for non singular transformation calculated by

ZLOOP=(C) ^T*ZPRIM*(C) ^

Question:-

Que. For a given power network find loop impedance matrix using MATLAB for singular
transformation.

Sr. No. From From Self Impedance Mutual Impedance

1 1 2 j0.6 j0.1 with 1

2 1 3 j*0.5 -

3 3 4 j0.5 j0.2 with 1

4 1 2 j*0.4 -

5 2 4 j*0.2 -

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
z11 = j*0.6;
z22 = j*0.5;
z33 = j*0.5;
z44 = j*0.4;
z55 = j*0.2;
z12=j*0.1;
z21=j*0.1;
z14=j*0.2;
z41=j*0.2;

z11 z12 0 z14 0

z21 z22 0 0 0
ZPRIM = 0 0 z33 0 0
z41 0 0 z44 0
0 0 0 0 z55

1 0 0 -1 1
0 1 0 0 -1
C^ = 0 0 1 0 -1
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
A=transpose(C^)
(ZLOOP)=A*ZPRIM*C^
(YLOOP)=inv(ZLOOP)

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Output:-
Zprim = [ 0.6000i 0.1000i 0 0.2000i 0
0.1000i 0.5000i 0 0 0

0 0 0.5000i 0 0
0.2000i 0 0 0.4000i 0
0 0 0 0 0.2000i]

C^ = [ 1 0 0 -1 1
0 1 0 0 -1
0 0 1 0 -1
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1]

A=[1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
-1 0 0 1 0

1 -1 -1 0 1]

ZLOOP= [ 0.6000i 0.1000i 0 -0.4000i 0.5000i

0.1000i 0.5000i 0 -0.1000i -0.4000i
0 0 0.5000i 0 -0.5000i

-0.4000i -0.1000i 0 0.6000i -0.3000i

0.5000i -0.4000i -0.5000i -0.3000i 1.6000i ]

YLOOP=[ -8.0208i 5.2083i 5.0000i -1.9792i 5.0000i

5.2083i -7.0833i -5.0000i -0.2083i -5.0000i

5.0000i -5.0000i -7.0000i 0 -5.0000i

-1.9792i -0.2083i 0 -3.0208i 0
5.0000i -5.0000i -5.0000i 0 -5.0000i ]

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Calculations:-

______________________________________________________________________________

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Question:-

Write down steps to find out loop impedance matrix for non singular transformation.

______________________________________________________________________________

Find Augmented Loop (C)^ incidence matrix for given tree diagram.

______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Conclusion:-

______________________________________________________________________________

Cognitive Psychomotor Skills Affective Domain Total out of

Continuous (10)
Assessment of (04) (04) (02)
Lab Work

Signature of Subject
Expert

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, MAHAGAON

Experiment No.- 07

Name of the Student

Class

Roll No

Batch

Date

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Experiment No. 07
Aim :- Program to execute ZBus using Step by Step method algorithm
Apparatus:- MATLAB Software.
Theory:-
The bus impedance matrix is found by three methods,
 Inverse of YBUS.
 Current injection technique
 ZBUS Building algorithm
i. Inverse of YBUS:-
This method is simple method to find out ZBUS,
IBUS=YBUS*VBUS
VBUS=( YBUS)-1* IBUS
ZBUS=( YBUS)-1
ii. Current injection Method:-
VBUS=ZBUS * IBUS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1)
Above equation can be written in expanded form
V1=Z11I1+Z12I2+Z13I3+............................+Z1n In
V2=Z21I1+Z22I2+Z23I3+............................+Z2n In
V3=Z31I1+Z32I2+Z33I3+............................+Z3n In
.....

.....

Vn=Zn1I1+Zn2I2+Zn3I3+............................+Znn In
It immediately follows

Zij --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(2)

j=1,2,3,..........................n.

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Question:-
Consider the positive sequence network for given table below, and find ZBUS using step by
step algorithm.
Branch Connecting Positive Sequence
No. Buses Impedance
1 0-1 j*0.25
2 0-3 j*0.20
3 1-2 j*0.08
4 2-3 j*0.06
5 2-3 j*0.06
6 1-3 j*0.13

Program :-

clc;
clear all;

close all;

%step-1 Zb=j0.25 is added from Ref to New Bus% Zb1=j0.25;

Zbusnew1=[Zb1]
%step-2 Zb=j*0.08 is added from Existing Bus to New Bus (i=1) % Zb2=j*0.08;

Z111=j*0.25;
Zbusold=[ Z111];

Zbusnew2=[ Z111 Z111

Z111 Z111+Zb2]
%step-3 Zb=j*0.06 is added from Existing Bus to new Bus (i=2)% Zb3=j*0.06;%

Z113=j0.25; Z123=j0.25; Z213=j0.25; Z223=j0.33;

Zbusnew3=[ Z113 Z123 Z123
Z213 Z223 Z223
Z213 Z223 Zb3+Z223]
%step-4 Zb=j*0.06 is added between two Existing Buses (i=2,j=3)%
Zb4=j*0.06;

Z114=j*0.25;

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Z124=j*0.25;

Z134=j*0.25;

Z214=j*0.25;

Z224=j*0.33;

Z234=j*0.33;

Z314=j*0.25;

Z324=j*0.33;

Z334=j*0.39;

Zbusold4=[ Z114 Z124 Z134

Z214 Z224 Z234

Z314 Z324 Z334];

P=Zb4+Z224+Z334-2*Z234;

Zbusnew4=Zbusold4-(1/P)[Z124-Z134; Z224-Z234; Z324-Z334][Z124-Z134 Z224-Z234

Z324-Z334]

%step-5 Zb=j0.13 is added between two Existing Buses (i=1,j=3)% Zb5=j0.13;

Z115=j*0.25;

Z125=j*0.25;

Z135=j*0.25;

Z215=j*0.25;

Z225=j*0.25;

Z235=j*0.33;

Z315=j*0.25;

Z325=j*0.33;

Z335=j*0.36;

Zbusold5=[ Z115 Z125 Z135

Z215 Z225 Z235
Z315 Z325 Z335];
Q=Zb5+Z115+Z335-2*Z135;

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Zbusnew5=Zbusold5-(1/Q)[Z115-Z135; Z215-Z235;Z315-Z335][Z115-Z135 Z215-Z235

Z315-Z335]

%step-6 Zb=j0.2 is added between Existing to ref (k=3)% Zb6=j0.2;%

Z116=j*0.25;

Z126=j*0.25;

Z136=j*0.25;

Z216=j*0.25;

Z226=j*0.2233;

Z236=j*0.2933;

Z316=j*0.25;

Z326=j*0.2933;

Z336=j*0.3096;

Zbusold6=[ Z116 Z126 Z136

Z216 Z226 Z236

Z316 Z326 Z336];

R=Zb6+Z336;

Zbusnew6=Zbusold6-(1/R)[Z136;Z236;Z336][Z136 Z236 Z336]

Output:-
Zbusnew1 = [ 0.2500i ]
Zbusnew2 = [ 0.2500i 0.2500i
0.2500i 0.3300i ]
Zbusnew3 = [ 0.2500i 0.2500i 0.2500i

0.2500i 0.3300i 0.3300i

0.2500i 0.3300i 0.3900i ]
Zbusnew4 = [ 0.2500i 0.2500i 0.2500i
0.2500i 0.3300i 0.3300i

0.2500i 0.3300i 0.3600i ]

Zbusnew5 = [ 0.2500i 0.2500i 0.2500i

S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering

Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

0.2500i 0.3033i 0.2933i

0.2500i 0.2933i 0.3096i ]

Zbusnew6 = [ 0.1274i 0.1061i 0.0981i

0.1061i 0.1345i 0.1151i
0.0981i 0.1151i 0.1215i ]
Calculations:-

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S.G.M.C.O.E.Mahagaon Department of Electrical Engineering
Computer Methods in Power System Final Year B.Tech

Question:-

Find Zbus for given diagram using Step by step algorithm.