JavaScript - Luima
JavaScript - Luima
JavaScript - Luima
Javascript - Home
Javascript - Overview
Javascript - Syntax
Javascript - Enabling
Javascript - Placement
Javascript - Variables
Javascript - Operators
Javascript - If...Else
Javascript - Switch Case
Javascript - While Loop
Javascript - For Loop
Javascript - For...in
Javascript - Loop Control
Javascript - Functions
Javascript - Events
Javascript - Cookies
Javascript - Page Redirect
Javascript - Dialog Boxes
Javascript - Void Keyword
Javascript - Page Printing
JavaScript Objects
Javascript - Objects
Javascript - Number
Javascript - Boolean
Javascript - Strings
Javascript - Arrays
Javascript - Date
Javascript - Math
Javascript - RegExp
Javascript - HTML DOM
JavaScript Advanced
Javascript - Error Handling
Javascript - Validations
Javascript - Animation
Javascript - Multimedia
Javascript - Debugging
Javascript - Image Map
Javascript - Browsers
JavaScript - Overview
What is JavaScript ?
JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and
most commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow
client-side script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an
interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities.
JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to
JavaScript, possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java.
JavaScript made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the
name LiveScript. The general-purpose core of the language has been
embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web browsers.
The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript
language.
Client-Side JavaScript
Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script
should be included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be
interpreted by the browser.
It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs
that interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML
content.
The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over
traditional CGI server-side scripts. For example, you might use JavaScript to
check if the user has entered a valid e-mail address in a form field.
The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if
all the entries are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server.
JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link
navigation, and other actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.
Advantages of JavaScript
The merits of using JavaScript are −
Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending the page off
to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on your server.
Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don't have to wait for a page reload to
see if they have forgotten to enter something.
Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the user
hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.
Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-and-
drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.
Limitations of JavaScript
We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks
the following important features −
Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This has been
kept for security reason.
JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no such
support available.
JavaScript doesn't have any multi-threading or multiprocessor capabilities.
Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that
allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.
JavaScript - Syntax
JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed
within the <script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.
You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within
your web page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within
the <head> tags.
The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text
between these tags as a script. A simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear
as follows.
<script ...>
JavaScript code
</script>
The script tag takes two important attributes −
Language − This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using.
Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML (and
XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this attribute.
Type − This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting
language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".
So your JavaScript segment will look like −
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
JavaScript code
</script>
But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons −
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var1 = 10; var2 = 20;
//-->
</script>
Note − It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.
Case Sensitivity
JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language
keywords, variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be
typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.
So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.
NOTE − Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in
JavaScript.
Comments in JavaScript
JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments, Thus −
Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and is ignored
by JavaScript.
Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This may span
multiple lines.
JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence <!--. JavaScript
treats this as a single-line comment, just as it does the // comment.
The HTML comment closing sequence --> is not recognized by JavaScript so it
should be written as //-->.
Example
/*
* This is a multi-line comment in JavaScript
* It is very similar to comments in C Programming
*/
//-->
</script>
JavaScript in Firefox
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Firefox −
Open a new tab → type about: config in the address bar.
Then you will find the warning dialog. Select I’ll be careful, I promise!
Then you will find the list of configure options in the browser.
In the search bar, type javascript.enabled.
There you will find the option to enable or disable javascript by right-clicking on the
value of that option → select toggle.
If javascript.enabled is true; it converts to false upon clicking toogle. If
javascript is disabled; it gets enabled upon clicking toggle.
JavaScript in Chrome
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Chrome −
Click the Chrome menu at the top right hand corner of your browser.
Select Settings.
Click Show advanced settings at the end of the page.
Under the Privacy section, click the Content settings button.
In the "Javascript" section, select "Do not allow any site to run JavaScript" or "Allow
all sites to run JavaScript (recommended)".
JavaScript in Opera
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Opera −
Follow Tools → Preferences from the menu.
Select Advanced option from the dialog box.
Select Content from the listed items.
Select Enable JavaScript checkbox.
Finally click OK and come out.
To disable JavaScript support in your Opera, you should not select the Enable
JavaScript checkbox.
Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers
If you have to do something important using JavaScript, then you can display a
warning message to the user using <noscript> tags.
You can add a noscript block immediately after the script block as follows −
<html>
<body>
<script language = "javascript" type =
"text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
<noscript>
Sorry...JavaScript is needed to go ahead.
</noscript>
</body>
</html>
Now, if the user's browser does not support JavaScript or JavaScript is not
enabled, then the message from </noscript> will be displayed on the screen.
<body>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value =
"Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results −
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>
<body>
.......
</body>
</html>
To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your
JavaScript source code in a simple text file with the extension ".js" and then
include that file as shown above.
For example, you can keep the following content in filename.js file and then
you can use sayHello function in your HTML file after including the filename.js
file.
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
JavaScript - Variables
JavaScript Datatypes
One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the
set of data types it supports. These are the type of values that can be
represented and manipulated in a programming language.
JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types −
Numbers, eg. 123, 120.50 etc.
Strings of text e.g. "This text string" etc.
Boolean e.g. true or false.
JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of
which defines only a single value. In addition to these primitive data types,
JavaScript supports a composite data type known as object. We will cover
objects in detail in a separate chapter.
Note − JavaScript does not make a distinction between integer values and
floating-point values. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-
point values. JavaScript represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-point
format defined by the IEEE 754 standard.
JavaScript Variables
Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables
can be thought of as named containers. You can place data into these
containers and then refer to the data simply by naming the container.
Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it.
Variables are declared with the var keyword as follows.
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var money;
var name;
//-->
</script>
You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows
−
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var money, name;
//-->
</script>
Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do
variable initialization at the time of variable creation or at a later point in time
when you need that variable.
For instance, you might create a variable named money and assign the value
2000.50 to it later. For another variable, you can assign a value at the time of
initialization as follows.
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var name = "Ali";
var money;
money = 2000.50;
//-->
</script>
Note − Use the var keyword only for declaration or initialization, once for the
life of any variable name in a document. You should not re-declare same
variable twice.
JavaScript is untyped language. This means that a JavaScript variable can
hold a value of any data type. Unlike many other languages, you don't have to
tell JavaScript during variable declaration what type of value the variable will
hold. The value type of a variable can change during the execution of a
program and JavaScript takes care of it automatically.
double in super
JavaScript - Operators
What is an Operator?
Let us take a simple expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are
called operands and ‘+’ is called the operator. JavaScript supports the
following types of operators.
Arithmetic Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical (or Relational) Operators
Assignment Operators
Conditional (or ternary) Operators
Lets have a look on all operators one by one.
Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports the following arithmetic operators −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
1
+ (Addition)
Adds two operands
Ex: A + B will give 30
2
- (Subtraction)
Subtracts the second operand from the first
Ex: A - B will give -10
3
* (Multiplication)
Multiply both operands
Ex: A * B will give 200
4
/ (Division)
Divide the numerator by the denominator
Ex: B / A will give 2
5
% (Modulus)
Outputs the remainder of an integer division
Ex: B % A will give 0
6
++ (Increment)
Increases an integer value by one
Ex: A++ will give 11
7
-- (Decrement)
Decreases an integer value by one
Ex: A-- will give 9
Note − Addition operator (+) works for Numeric as well as Strings. e.g. "a" + 10
will give "a10".
Example
document.write("a + b = ");
result = a + b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("a - b = ");
result = a - b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("a / b = ");
result = a / b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("a % b = ");
result = a % b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("a + b + c = ");
result = a + b + c;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
a = ++a;
document.write("++a = ");
result = ++a;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
b = --b;
document.write("--b = ");
result = --b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
Output
a + b = 43
a - b = 23
a / b = 3.3
a % b = 3
a + b + c = 43Test
++a = 35
--b = 8
Set the variables to different values and then try...
Comparison Operators
JavaScript supports the following comparison operators −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
1
= = (Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then the condition
becomes true.
Ex: (A == B) is not true.
2
!= (Not Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not equal,
then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A != B) is true.
3
> (Greater than)
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of the right operand,
if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A > B) is not true.
4
< (Less than)
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value of the right operand, if
yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A < B) is true.
5
>= (Greater than or Equal to)
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value of the
right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A >= B) is not true.
6
<= (Less than or Equal to)
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the value of the right
operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A <= B) is true.
Example
Output
(a == b) => false
(a < b) => true
(a > b) => false
(a != b) => true
(a >= b) => false
a <= b) => true
Set the variables to different values and different operators
and then try...
Logical Operators
JavaScript supports the following logical operators −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
1
&& (Logical AND)
If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A && B) is true.
2
|| (Logical OR)
If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A || B) is true.
3
! (Logical NOT)
Reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the Logical NOT
operator will make it false.
Ex: ! (A && B) is false.
Example
Output
Bitwise Operators
JavaScript supports the following bitwise operators −
Assume variable A holds 2 and variable B holds 3, then −
1
& (Bitwise AND)
It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Ex: (A & B) is 2.
2
| (BitWise OR)
It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Ex: (A | B) is 3.
3
^ (Bitwise XOR)
It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Exclusive OR means that either operand one is true or operand two is true, but not
both.
Ex: (A ^ B) is 1.
4
~ (Bitwise Not)
It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the operand.
Ex: (~B) is -4.
5
<< (Left Shift)
It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of places specified in
the second operand. New bits are filled with zeros. Shifting a value left by one
position is equivalent to multiplying it by 2, shifting two positions is equivalent to
multiplying by 4, and so on.
Ex: (A << 1) is 4.
6
>> (Right Shift)
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operand’s value is moved right by the number
of bits specified by the right operand.
Ex: (A >> 1) is 1.
7
>>> (Right shift with Zero)
This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted in on the left are
always zero.
Ex: (A >>> 1) is 1.
Example
Assignment Operators
JavaScript supports the following assignment operators −
1
= (Simple Assignment )
Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand
Ex: C = A + B will assign the value of A + B into C
2
+= (Add and Assignment)
It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
3
−= (Subtract and Assignment)
It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
4
*= (Multiply and Assignment)
It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
5
/= (Divide and Assignment)
It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
6
%= (Modules and Assignment)
It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
Ex: C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
Note − Same logic applies to Bitwise operators so they will become like <<=,
>>=, >>=, &=, |= and ^=.
Example
Output
Value of a => (a = b) => 10
Value of a => (a += b) => 20
Value of a => (a -= b) => 10
Value of a => (a *= b) => 100
Value of a => (a /= b) => 10
Value of a => (a %= b) => 0
Set the variables to different values and different operators
and then try...
Miscellaneous Operator
We will discuss two operators here that are quite useful in JavaScript:
the conditional operator (? :) and the typeof operator.
Conditional Operator (? :)
The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value
and then executes one of the two given statements depending upon the result
of the evaluation.
1
? : (Conditional )
If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise value Y
Example
Try the following code to understand how the Conditional Operator works in
JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var linebreak = "<br />";
document.write ("((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => ");
result = (a > b) ? 100 : 200;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
Output
typeof Operator
The typeof operator is a unary operator that is placed before its single
operand, which can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type
of the operand.
The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand
is a number, string, or boolean value and returns true or false based on the
evaluation.
Here is a list of the return values for the typeof Operator.
Number "number"
String "string"
Boolean "boolean"
Object "object"
Function "function"
Undefined "undefined"
Null "object"
Example
Output
if statement
The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to
make decisions and execute statements conditionally.
Syntax
Example
Output
Qualifies for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...
if...else statement
The 'if...else' statement is the next form of control statement that allows
JavaScript to execute statements in a more controlled way.
Syntax
if (expression) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
} else {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is false
}
Here JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given
statement(s) in the ‘if’ block, are executed. If the expression is false, then the
given statement(s) in the else block are executed.
Example
Output
Does not qualify for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...
Syntax
Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else-if statement in
JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var book = "maths";
if( book == "history" ) {
document.write("<b>History Book</b>");
} else if( book == "maths" ) {
document.write("<b>Maths Book</b>");
} else if( book == "economics" ) {
document.write("<b>Economics Book</b>");
} else {
document.write("<b>Unknown Book</b>");
}
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then
try...</p>
</body>
<html>
Output
Maths Book
Set the variable to different value and then try...
JavaScript - Switch Case
You can use multiple if...else…if statements, as in the previous chapter, to
perform a multiway branch. However, this is not always the best solution,
especially when all of the branches depend on the value of a single variable.
Starting with JavaScript 1.2, you can use a switch statement which handles
exactly this situation, and it does so more efficiently than repeated if...else
if statements.
Flow Chart
The following flow chart explains a switch-case statement works.
Syntax
default: statement(s)
}
The break statements indicate the end of a particular case. If they were
omitted, the interpreter would continue executing each statement in each of the
following cases.
We will explain break statement in Loop Control chapter.
Example
Try the following example to implement switch-case statement.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var grade = 'A';
document.write("Entering switch block<br />");
switch (grade) {
case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");
break;
Output
Output
Flow Chart
Example
document.write("Loop stopped!");
//-->
</script>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...
Flow Chart
Example
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Loop Stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...
JavaScript - For Loop
The 'for' loop is the most compact form of looping. It includes the following
three important parts −
The loop initialization where we initialize our counter to a starting value. The
initialization statement is executed before the loop begins.
The test statement which will test if a given condition is true or not. If the condition
is true, then the code given inside the loop will be executed, otherwise the control
will come out of the loop.
The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your counter.
You can put all the three parts in a single line separated by semicolons.
Flow Chart
The flow chart of a for loop in JavaScript would be as follows −
Syntax
Example
Try the following example to learn how a for loop works in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var count;
document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...
JavaScript for...in loop
The for...in loop is used to loop through an object's properties. As we have not
discussed Objects yet, you may not feel comfortable with this loop. But once
you understand how objects behave in JavaScript, you will find this loop very
useful.
Syntax
The syntax of ‘for..in’ loop is −
for (variablename in object) {
statement or block to execute
}
In each iteration, one property from object is assigned to variablename and
this loop continues till all the properties of the object are exhausted.
Example
Try the following example to implement ‘for-in’ loop. It prints the web
browser’s Navigator object.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var aProperty;
document.write("Navigator Object Properties<br />
");
for (aProperty in navigator) {
document.write(aProperty);
document.write("<br />");
}
document.write ("Exiting from the loop!");
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different object and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Flow Chart
Example
The following example illustrates the use of a break statement with a while
loop. Notice how the loop breaks out early once x reaches 5 and reaches
to document.write (..) statement just below to the closing curly brace −
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var x = 1;
document.write("Entering the loop<br /> ");
while (x < 20) {
if (x == 5) {
break; // breaks out of loop completely
}
x = x + 1;
document.write( x + "<br />");
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");
//-->
</script>
Output
Example
This example illustrates the use of a continue statement with a while loop.
Notice how the continue statement is used to skip printing when the index
held in variable x reaches 5 −
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var x = 1;
document.write("Entering the loop<br /> ");
if (x == 5) {
continue; // skip rest of the loop body
}
document.write( x + "<br />");
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example 1
The following example shows how to implement Label with a break statement.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Entering the loop!<br /> ");
outerloop: // This is the label name
for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
document.write("Outerloop: " + i + "<br />");
innerloop:
for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
if (j > 3 ) break ; // Quit the
innermost loop
if (i == 2) break innerloop; // Do the
same thing
if (i == 4) break outerloop; // Quit the
outer loop
document.write("Innerloop: " + j + " <br
/>");
}
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering the loop!
Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 2
Outerloop: 3
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 4
Exiting the loop!
Example 2
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Output
Function Definition
Before we use a function, we need to define it. The most common way to
define a function in JavaScript is by using the function keyword, followed by a
unique function name, a list of parameters (that might be empty), and a
statement block surrounded by curly braces.
Syntax
Example
Try the following example. It defines a function called sayHello that takes no
parameters −
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello there");
}
//-->
</script>
Calling a Function
To invoke a function somewhere later in the script, you would simply need to
write the name of that function as shown in the following code.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
function sayHello() {
document.write ("Hello there!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value
= "Say Hello">
</form>
<p>Use different text in write method and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Function Parameters
Till now, we have seen functions without parameters. But there is a facility to
pass different parameters while calling a function. These passed parameters
can be captured inside the function and any manipulation can be done over
those parameters. A function can take multiple parameters separated by
comma.
Example
Try the following example. We have modified our sayHello function here. Now
it takes two parameters.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
function sayHello(name, age) {
document.write (name + " is " + age + " years
old.");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello('Zara',
7)" value = "Say Hello">
</form>
<p>Use different parameters inside the function and
then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example
Try the following example. It defines a function that takes two parameters and
concatenates them before returning the resultant in the calling program.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
function concatenate(first, last) {
var full;
full = first + last;
return full;
}
function secondFunction() {
var result;
result = concatenate('Zara', 'Ali');
document.write (result );
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "secondFunction()"
value = "Call Function">
</form>
<p>Use different parameters inside the function and
then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
JavaScript - Events
What is an Event ?
JavaScript's interaction with HTML is handled through events that occur when
the user or the browser manipulates a page.
When the page loads, it is called an event. When the user clicks a button, that
click too is an event. Other examples include events like pressing any key,
closing a window, resizing a window, etc.
Developers can use these events to execute JavaScript coded responses,
which cause buttons to close windows, messages to be displayed to users,
data to be validated, and virtually any other type of response imaginable.
Events are a part of the Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 and every
HTML element contains a set of events which can trigger JavaScript Code.
Please go through this small tutorial for a better understanding HTML Event
Reference. Here we will see a few examples to understand a relation between
Event and JavaScript −
Example
<body>
<p>Click the following button and see result</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value
= "Say Hello" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example
The following example shows how to use onsubmit. Here we are calling
a validate() function before submitting a form data to the webserver.
If validate() function returns true, the form will be submitted, otherwise it will
not submit the data.
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function validation() {
all validation goes here
.........
return either true or false
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form method = "POST" action = "t.cgi" onsubmit =
"return validate()">
.......
<input type = "submit" value = "Submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
<body>
<p>Bring your mouse inside the division to see the
result:</p>
<div onmouseover = "over()" onmouseout = "out()">
<h2> This is inside the division </h2>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Output
Triggers when media can start play, but might has to stop for
oncanplay script
buffering
onloadstart script Triggers when the browser starts to load the media data
onmouseout script Triggers when the mouse pointer moves out of an element
onmouseover script Triggers when the mouse pointer moves over an element
onprogress script Triggers when the browser is fetching the media data
onratechange script Triggers when the media data's playing rate has changed
Triggers when the browser has been fetching media data, but
onsuspend script
stopped before the entire media file was fetched
Storing Cookies
The simplest way to create a cookie is to assign a string value to the
document.cookie object, which looks like this.
document.cookie = "key1 = value1;key2 = value2;expires =
date";
Here the expires attribute is optional. If you provide this attribute with a valid
date or time, then the cookie will expire on a given date or time and thereafter,
the cookies' value will not be accessible.
Note − Cookie values may not include semicolons, commas, or whitespace.
For this reason, you may want to use the JavaScript escape() function to
encode the value before storing it in the cookie. If you do this, you will also
have to use the corresponding unescape() function when you read the cookie
value.
Example
<body>
<form name = "myform" action = "">
Enter name: <input type = "text" name = "customer"/>
<input type = "button" value = "Set Cookie" onclick
= "WriteCookie();"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Now your machine has a cookie called name. You can set multiple cookies
using multiple key = value pairs separated by comma.
Reading Cookies
Reading a cookie is just as simple as writing one, because the value of the
document.cookie object is the cookie. So you can use this string whenever you
want to access the cookie. The document.cookie string will keep a list of
name=value pairs separated by semicolons, where name is the name of a
cookie and value is its string value.
You can use strings' split() function to break a string into key and values as
follows −
Example
<body>
<form name = "myform" action = "">
<p> click the following button and see the
result:</p>
<input type = "button" value = "Get Cookie" onclick
= "ReadCookie()"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Note − Here length is a method of Array class which returns the length of an
array. We will discuss Arrays in a separate chapter. By that time, please try to
digest it.
Note − There may be some other cookies already set on your machine. The
above code will display all the cookies set on your machine.
Example
Try the following example. It illustrates how to extend the expiry date of a
cookie by 1 Month.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function WriteCookie() {
var now = new Date();
now.setMonth( now.getMonth() + 1 );
cookievalue =
escape(document.myform.customer.value) + ";"
<body>
<form name = "myform" action = "">
Enter name: <input type = "text" name = "customer"/>
<input type = "button" value = "Set Cookie" onclick
= "WriteCookie()"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Deleting a Cookie
Sometimes you will want to delete a cookie so that subsequent attempts to
read the cookie return nothing. To do this, you just need to set the expiry date
to a time in the past.
Example
Try the following example. It illustrates how to delete a cookie by setting its
expiry date to one month behind the current date.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function WriteCookie() {
var now = new Date();
now.setMonth( now.getMonth() - 1 );
cookievalue =
escape(document.myform.customer.value) + ";"
document.cookie = "name=" + cookievalue;
document.cookie = "expires=" +
now.toUTCString() + ";"
document.write("Setting Cookies : " + "name="
+ cookievalue );
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form name = "myform" action = "">
Enter name: <input type = "text" name = "customer"/>
<input type = "button" value = "Set Cookie" onclick
= "WriteCookie()"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example 1
It is quite simple to do a page redirect using JavaScript at client side. To
redirect your site visitors to a new page, you just need to add a line in your
head section as follows.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function Redirect() {
window.location =
"https://www.postparaprogramadores.com";
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button, you will be redirected
to home page.</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Redirect Me" onclick
= "Redirect();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example 2
You can show an appropriate message to your site visitors before redirecting
them to a new page. This would need a bit time delay to load a new page. The
following example shows how to implement the same. Here setTimeout() is a
built-in JavaScript function which can be used to execute another function after
a given time interval.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function Redirect() {
window.location =
"https://www.postparaprogramadores.com";
}
document.write("You will be redirected to main
page in 10 sec.");
setTimeout('Redirect()', 10000);
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Output
You will be redirected to postparaprogramadores.com main page
in 10 seconds!
Example 3
The following example shows how to redirect your site visitors onto a different
page based on their browsers.
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var browsername = navigator.appName;
if( browsername == "Netscape" ) {
window.location =
"http://www.location.com/ns.htm";
} else if ( browsername =="Microsoft Internet
Explorer") {
window.location =
"http://www.location.com/ie.htm";
} else {
window.location =
"http://www.location.com/other.htm";
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Example
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function Warn() {
alert ("This is a warning message!");
document.write ("This is a warning message!");
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"Warn();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function getConfirmation() {
var retVal = confirm("Do you want to continue
?");
if( retVal == true ) {
document.write ("User wants to continue!");
return true;
} else {
document.write ("User does not want to
continue!");
return false;
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"getConfirmation();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example
<body>
<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"getValue();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Syntax
The syntax of void can be either of the following two −
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
void func()
javascript:void func()
or:
void(func())
javascript:void(func())
//-->
</script>
</head>
Example 1
<body>
<p>Click the following, This won't react at all...</p>
<a href = "javascript:void(alert('Warning!!!'))">Click
me!</a>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example 2
Take a look at the following example. The following link does nothing because
the expression "0" has no effect in JavaScript. Here the expression "0" is
evaluated, but it is not loaded back into the current document.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following, This won't react at all...</p>
<a href = "javascript:void(0)">Click me!</a>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example 3
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"getValue();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example
<body>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Print" onclick =
"window.print()" />
</form>
</body>
<html>
Output
Although it serves the purpose of getting a printout, it is not a recommended
way. A printer friendly page is really just a page with text, no images, graphics,
or advertising.
You can make a page printer friendly in the following ways −
Make a copy of the page and leave out unwanted text and graphics, then link to
that printer friendly page from the original. Check Example.
If you do not want to keep an extra copy of a page, then you can mark your
printable text using proper comments like <!-- PRINT STARTS HERE -->..... <!--
PRINT ENDS HERE --> and then you can use PERL or any other script in the
background to purge printable text and display for final printing. We at
Postparaprogramadores use this method to provide print facility to our site visitors.
Object Properties
Object properties can be any of the three primitive data types, or any of the
abstract data types, such as another object. Object properties are usually
variables that are used internally in the object's methods, but can also be
globally visible variables that are used throughout the page.
The syntax for adding a property to an object is −
objectName.objectProperty = propertyValue;
For example − The following code gets the document title using
the "title" property of the document object.
var str = document.title;
Object Methods
Methods are the functions that let the object do something or let something be
done to it. There is a small difference between a function and a method – at a
function is a standalone unit of statements and a method is attached to an
object and can be referenced by the this keyword.
Methods are useful for everything from displaying the contents of the object to
the screen to performing complex mathematical operations on a group of local
properties and parameters.
For example − Following is a simple example to show how to use
the write() method of document object to write any content on the document.
document.write("This is test");
User-Defined Objects
All user-defined objects and built-in objects are descendants of an object
called Object.
Example 1
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
document.write("Book name is : " + book.subject +
"<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + book.author +
"<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example 2
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title +
"<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author +
"<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Example
Try the following example; it shows how to add a function along with an object.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>
<script type = "text/javascript">
// Define a function which will work as a method
function addPrice(amount) {
this.price = amount;
}
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
myBook.addPrice(100);
Output
Syntax
Example
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
myBook.addPrice(100);
Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Book price is : 100
Syntax
Number Properties
Here is a list of each property and their description.
Sr.No. Property & Description
1 MAX_VALUE
2 MIN_VALUE
The smallest possible value a number in JavaScript can have 5E-324
3 NaN
Equal to a value that is not a number.
4 NEGATIVE_INFINITY
A value that is less than MIN_VALUE.
5 POSITIVE_INFINITY
A value that is greater than MAX_VALUE
6 prototype
A static property of the Number object. Use the prototype property to assign new
properties and methods to the Number object in the current document
7 constructor
Returns the function that created this object's instance. By default this is the Number
object.
Number Methods
The Number object contains only the default methods that are a part of every
object's definition.
1 toExponential()
2 toFixed()
Formats a number with a specific number of digits to the right of the decimal.
3 toLocaleString()
Returns a string value version of the current number in a format that may vary
according to a browser's local settings.
4 toPrecision()
Defines how many total digits (including digits to the left and right of the decimal) to
display of a number.
5 toString()
Returns the string representation of the number's value.
6 valueOf()
Returns the number's value.
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to explain the methods
of Number.
Syntax
Boolean Properties
Here is a list of the properties of Boolean object −
1 constructor
2 prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object.
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to illustrate the
properties of Boolean object.
Boolean Methods
Here is a list of the methods of Boolean object and their description.
1 toSource()
Returns a string containing the source of the Boolean object; you can use this string
to create an equivalent object.
2 toString()
Returns a string of either "true" or "false" depending upon the value of the object.
3 valueOf()
Returns the primitive value of the Boolean object.
Syntax
String Properties
Here is a list of the properties of String object and their description.
2 length
Returns the length of the string.
3 prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object.
String Methods
Here is a list of the methods available in String object along with their
description.
1 charAt()
2 charCodeAt()
Returns a number indicating the Unicode value of the character at the given index.
3 concat()
Combines the text of two strings and returns a new string.
4 indexOf()
Returns the index within the calling String object of the first occurrence of the
specified value, or -1 if not found.
5 lastIndexOf()
Returns the index within the calling String object of the last occurrence of the
specified value, or -1 if not found.
6 localeCompare()
Returns a number indicating whether a reference string comes before or after or is
the same as the given string in sort order.
7 match()
Used to match a regular expression against a string.
8 replace()
Used to find a match between a regular expression and a string, and to replace the
matched substring with a new substring.
9 search()
Executes the search for a match between a regular expression and a specified
string.
10 slice()
Extracts a section of a string and returns a new string.
11 split()
Splits a String object into an array of strings by separating the string into substrings.
12 substr()
Returns the characters in a string beginning at the specified location through the
specified number of characters.
13 substring()
Returns the characters in a string between two indexes into the string.
14 toLocaleLowerCase()
The characters within a string are converted to lower case while respecting the
current locale.
15 toLocaleUpperCase()
The characters within a string are converted to upper case while respecting the
current locale.
16 toLowerCase()
Returns the calling string value converted to lower case.
17 toString()
Returns a string representing the specified object.
18 toUpperCase()
Returns the calling string value converted to uppercase.
19 valueOf()
Returns the primitive value of the specified object.
1 anchor()
2 big()
Creates a string to be displayed in a big font as if it were in a <big> tag.
3 blink()
Creates a string to blink as if it were in a <blink> tag.
4 bold()
Creates a string to be displayed as bold as if it were in a <b> tag.
5 fixed()
Causes a string to be displayed in fixed-pitch font as if it were in a <tt> tag
6 fontcolor()
Causes a string to be displayed in the specified color as if it were in a <font
color="color"> tag.
7 fontsize()
Causes a string to be displayed in the specified font size as if it were in a <font
size="size"> tag.
8 italics()
Causes a string to be italic, as if it were in an <i> tag.
9 link()
Creates an HTML hypertext link that requests another URL.
10 small()
Causes a string to be displayed in a small font, as if it were in a <small> tag.
11 strike()
Causes a string to be displayed as struck-out text, as if it were in a <strike> tag.
12 sub()
Causes a string to be displayed as a subscript, as if it were in a <sub> tag
13 sup()
Causes a string to be displayed as a superscript, as if it were in a <sup> tag
Syntax
Array Properties
Here is a list of the properties of the Array object along with their description.
1 constructor
3
input
This property is only present in arrays created by regular expression matches.
4 length
Reflects the number of elements in an array.
5 prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object.
In the following sections, we will have a few examples to illustrate the usage of
Array properties.
Array Methods
Here is a list of the methods of the Array object along with their description.
1 concat()
Returns a new array comprised of this array joined with other array(s) and/or
value(s).
2 every()
Returns true if every element in this array satisfies the provided testing function.
3 filter()
Creates a new array with all of the elements of this array for which the provided
filtering function returns true.
4 forEach()
Calls a function for each element in the array.
5 indexOf()
Returns the first (least) index of an element within the array equal to the specified
value, or -1 if none is found.
6 join()
Joins all elements of an array into a string.
7 lastIndexOf()
Returns the last (greatest) index of an element within the array equal to the specified
value, or -1 if none is found.
8 map()
Creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function on every element
in this array.
9 pop()
Removes the last element from an array and returns that element.
10 push()
Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the
array.
11 reduce()
Apply a function simultaneously against two values of the array (from left-to-right) as
to reduce it to a single value.
12 reduceRight()
Apply a function simultaneously against two values of the array (from right-to-left) as
to reduce it to a single value.
13 reverse()
Reverses the order of the elements of an array -- the first becomes the last, and the
last becomes the first.
14 shift()
Removes the first element from an array and returns that element.
15 slice()
Extracts a section of an array and returns a new array.
16 some()
Returns true if at least one element in this array satisfies the provided testing
function.
17 toSource()
Represents the source code of an object
18 sort()
Sorts the elements of an array
19 splice()
Adds and/or removes elements from an array.
20 toString()
Returns a string representing the array and its elements.
21 unshift()
Adds one or more elements to the front of an array and returns the new length of the
array.
Syntax
You can use any of the following syntaxes to create a Date object using Date()
constructor.
new Date( )
new Date(milliseconds)
new Date(datestring)
new Date(year,month,date[,hour,minute,second,millisecond ])
Note − Parameters in the brackets are always optional.
Here is a description of the parameters −
No Argument − With no arguments, the Date() constructor creates a Date object
set to the current date and time.
milliseconds − When one numeric argument is passed, it is taken as the internal
numeric representation of the date in milliseconds, as returned by the getTime()
method. For example, passing the argument 5000 creates a date that represents
five seconds past midnight on 1/1/70.
datestring − When one string argument is passed, it is a string representation of a
date, in the format accepted by the Date.parse() method.
7 agruments − To use the last form of the constructor shown above. Here is a
description of each argument −
o year − Integer value representing the year. For compatibility (in order to
avoid the Y2K problem), you should always specify the year in full; use
1998, rather than 98.
o month − Integer value representing the month, beginning with 0 for
January to 11 for December.
o date − Integer value representing the day of the month.
o hour − Integer value representing the hour of the day (24-hour scale).
o minute − Integer value representing the minute segment of a time reading.
o second − Integer value representing the second segment of a time
reading.
o millisecond − Integer value representing the millisecond segment of a time
reading.
Date Properties
Here is a list of the properties of the Date object along with their description.
1 constructor
2 prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object
Date Methods
Here is a list of the methods used with Date and their description.
1 Date()
2 getDate()
Returns the day of the month for the specified date according to local time.
3 getDay()
Returns the day of the week for the specified date according to local time.
4 getFullYear()
Returns the year of the specified date according to local time.
5 getHours()
Returns the hour in the specified date according to local time.
6 getMilliseconds()
Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according to local time.
7 getMinutes()
Returns the minutes in the specified date according to local time.
8 getMonth()
Returns the month in the specified date according to local time.
9 getSeconds()
Returns the seconds in the specified date according to local time.
10 getTime()
Returns the numeric value of the specified date as the number of milliseconds since
January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.
11 getTimezoneOffset()
Returns the time-zone offset in minutes for the current locale.
12 getUTCDate()
Returns the day (date) of the month in the specified date according to universal time.
13 getUTCDay()
Returns the day of the week in the specified date according to universal time.
14 getUTCFullYear()
Returns the year in the specified date according to universal time.
15 getUTCHours()
Returns the hours in the specified date according to universal time.
16 getUTCMilliseconds()
Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according to universal time.
17 getUTCMinutes()
Returns the minutes in the specified date according to universal time.
18 getUTCMonth()
Returns the month in the specified date according to universal time.
19 getUTCSeconds()
Returns the seconds in the specified date according to universal time.
20 getYear()
Deprecated - Returns the year in the specified date according to local time. Use
getFullYear instead.
21 setDate()
Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to local time.
22 setFullYear()
Sets the full year for a specified date according to local time.
23 setHours()
Sets the hours for a specified date according to local time.
24 setMilliseconds()
Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to local time.
25 setMinutes()
Sets the minutes for a specified date according to local time.
26 setMonth()
Sets the month for a specified date according to local time.
27 setSeconds()
Sets the seconds for a specified date according to local time.
28 setTime()
Sets the Date object to the time represented by a number of milliseconds since
January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.
29 setUTCDate()
Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to universal time.
30 setUTCFullYear()
Sets the full year for a specified date according to universal time.
31 setUTCHours()
Sets the hour for a specified date according to universal time.
32 setUTCMilliseconds()
Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to universal time.
33 setUTCMinutes()
Sets the minutes for a specified date according to universal time.
34 setUTCMonth()
Sets the month for a specified date according to universal time.
35 setUTCSeconds()
Sets the seconds for a specified date according to universal time.
36 setYear()
Deprecated - Sets the year for a specified date according to local time. Use
setFullYear instead.
37 toDateString()
Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a human-readable string.
38 toGMTString()
Deprecated - Converts a date to a string, using the Internet GMT conventions. Use
toUTCString instead.
39 toLocaleDateString()
Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a string, using the current locale's
conventions.
40 toLocaleFormat()
Converts a date to a string, using a format string.
41 toLocaleString()
Converts a date to a string, using the current locale's conventions.
42 toLocaleTimeString()
Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a string, using the current locale's
conventions.
43 toSource()
Returns a string representing the source for an equivalent Date object; you can use
this value to create a new object.
44 toString()
Returns a string representing the specified Date object.
45 toTimeString()
Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a human-readable string.
46 toUTCString()
Converts a date to a string, using the universal time convention.
47 valueOf()
Returns the primitive value of a Date object.
1 Date.parse( )
Parses a string representation of a date and time and returns the internal millisecond
representation of that date.
2 Date.UTC( )
Returns the millisecond representation of the specified UTC date and time.
Syntax
The syntax to call the properties and methods of Math are as follows
var pi_val = Math.PI;
var sine_val = Math.sin(30);
Math Properties
Here is a list of all the properties of Math and their description.
1 E\
2 LN2
Natural logarithm of 2, approximately 0.693.
3 LN10
Natural logarithm of 10, approximately 2.302.
4 LOG2E
Base 2 logarithm of E, approximately 1.442.
5 LOG10E
Base 10 logarithm of E, approximately 0.434.
6 PI
Ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, approximately 3.14159.
7 SQRT1_2
Square root of 1/2; equivalently, 1 over the square root of 2, approximately 0.707.
8 SQRT2
Square root of 2, approximately 1.414.
Math Methods
Here is a list of the methods associated with Math object and their description
1 abs()
2 acos()
Returns the arccosine (in radians) of a number.
3 asin()
Returns the arcsine (in radians) of a number.
4 atan()
Returns the arctangent (in radians) of a number.
5 atan2()
Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments.
6 ceil()
Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number.
7 cos()
Returns the cosine of a number.
8 exp()
Returns EN, where N is the argument, and E is Euler's constant, the base of the
natural logarithm.
9 floor()
Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number.
10 log()
Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of a number.
11 max()
Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.
12 min()
Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.
13 pow()
Returns base to the exponent power, that is, base exponent.
14 random()
Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1.
15 round()
Returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest integer.
16 sin()
Returns the sine of a number.
17 sqrt()
Returns the square root of a number.
18 tan()
Returns the tangent of a number.
19 toSource()
Returns the string "Math".
Syntax
Brackets
Brackets ([]) have a special meaning when used in the context of regular
expressions. They are used to find a range of characters.
1
[...]
Any one character between the brackets.
2
[^...]
Any one character not between the brackets.
3
[0-9]
It matches any decimal digit from 0 through 9.
4
[a-z]
It matches any character from lowercase a through lowercase z.
5
[A-Z]
It matches any character from uppercase A through uppercase Z.
6
[a-Z]
It matches any character from lowercase a through uppercase Z.
The ranges shown above are general; you could also use the range [0-3] to
match any decimal digit ranging from 0 through 3, or the range [b-v] to match
any lowercase character ranging from b through v.
Quantifiers
The frequency or position of bracketed character sequences and single
characters can be denoted by a special character. Each special character has
a specific connotation. The +, *, ?, and $ flags all follow a character sequence.
1
p+
It matches any string containing one or more p's.
2
p*
It matches any string containing zero or more p's.
3
p?
It matches any string containing at most one p.
4
p{N}
It matches any string containing a sequence of N p's
5
p{2,3}
It matches any string containing a sequence of two or three p's.
6
p{2, }
It matches any string containing a sequence of at least two p's.
7
p$
It matches any string with p at the end of it.
8
^p
It matches any string with p at the beginning of it.
Examples
1
[^a-zA-Z]
It matches any string not containing any of the characters ranging
from a through z and A through Z.
2
p.p
It matches any string containing p, followed by any character, in turn followed by
another p.
3
^.{2}$
It matches any string containing exactly two characters.
4
<b>(.*)</b>
It matches any string enclosed within <b> and </b>.
5
p(hp)*
It matches any string containing a p followed by zero or more instances of the
sequence hp.
Literal characters
Sr.No. Character & Description
1
Alphanumeric
Itself
2
\0
The NUL character (\u0000)
3
\t
Tab (\u0009
4
\n
Newline (\u000A)
5
\v
Vertical tab (\u000B)
6
\f
Form feed (\u000C)
7
\r
Carriage return (\u000D)
8
\xnn
The Latin character specified by the hexadecimal number nn; for example, \x0A is
the same as \n
9
\uxxxx
The Unicode character specified by the hexadecimal number xxxx; for example,
\u0009 is the same as \t
10
\cX
The control character ^X; for example, \cJ is equivalent to the newline character \n
Metacharacters
A metacharacter is simply an alphabetical character preceded by a backslash
that acts to give the combination a special meaning.
For instance, you can search for a large sum of money using the '\d'
metacharacter: /([\d]+)000/, Here \d will search for any string of numerical
character.
The following table lists a set of metacharacters which can be used in PERL
Style Regular Expressions.
1
.
a single character
2
\s
a whitespace character (space, tab, newline)
3
\S
non-whitespace character
4
\d
a digit (0-9)
5
\D
a non-digit
6
\w
a word character (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, _)
7
\W
a non-word character
8
[\b]
a literal backspace (special case).
9
[aeiou]
matches a single character in the given set
10
[^aeiou]
matches a single character outside the given set
11
(foo|bar|baz)
matches any of the alternatives specified
Modifiers
Several modifiers are available that can simplify the way you work
with regexps, like case sensitivity, searching in multiple lines, etc.
1
i
Perform case-insensitive matching.
2
m
Specifies that if the string has newline or carriage return characters, the ^ and $
operators will now match against a newline boundary, instead of a string boundary
3
g
Performs a global matchthat is, find all matches rather than stopping after the first
match.
RegExp Properties
Here is a list of the properties associated with RegExp and their description.
1 constructor
2 global
Specifies if the "g" modifier is set.
3 ignoreCase
Specifies if the "i" modifier is set.
4 lastIndex
The index at which to start the next match.
5 multiline
Specifies if the "m" modifier is set.
6 source
The text of the pattern.
RegExp Methods
Here is a list of the methods associated with RegExp along with their
description.
2 test()
Tests for a match in its string parameter.
3 toSource()
Returns an object literal representing the specified object; you can use this value to
create a new object.
4 toString()
Returns a string representing the specified object.
DOM compatibility
If you want to write a script with the flexibility to use either W3C DOM or IE 4
DOM depending on their availability, then you can use a capability-testing
approach that first checks for the existence of a method or property to
determine whether the browser has the capability you desire. For example −
if (document.getElementById) {
// If the W3C method exists, use it
} else if (document.all) {
// If the all[] array exists, use it
} else {
// Otherwise use the legacy DOM
}
JavaScript - Errors & Exceptions Handling
There are three types of errors in programming: (a) Syntax Errors, (b) Runtime
Errors, and (c) Logical Errors.
Syntax Errors
Syntax errors, also called parsing errors, occur at compile time in traditional
programming languages and at interpret time in JavaScript.
For example, the following line causes a syntax error because it is missing a
closing parenthesis.
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
window.print(;
//-->
</script>
When a syntax error occurs in JavaScript, only the code contained within the
same thread as the syntax error is affected and the rest of the code in other
threads gets executed assuming nothing in them depends on the code
containing the error.
Runtime Errors
Runtime errors, also called exceptions, occur during execution (after
compilation/interpretation).
For example, the following line causes a runtime error because here the syntax
is correct, but at runtime, it is trying to call a method that does not exist.
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
window.printme();
//-->
</script>
Exceptions also affect the thread in which they occur, allowing other JavaScript
threads to continue normal execution.
Logical Errors
Logic errors can be the most difficult type of errors to track down. These errors
are not the result of a syntax or runtime error. Instead, they occur when you
make a mistake in the logic that drives your script and you do not get the result
you expected.
You cannot catch those errors, because it depends on your business
requirement what type of logic you want to put in your program.
catch ( e ) {
// Code to run if an exception occurs
[break;]
}
[ finally {
// Code that is always executed regardless of
// an exception occurring
}]
//-->
</script>
The try block must be followed by either exactly one catch block or
one finally block (or one of both). When an exception occurs in the try block,
the exception is placed in e and the catch block is executed. The
optional finally block executes unconditionally after try/catch.
Examples
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Now let us try to catch this exception using try...catch and display a user-
friendly message. You can also suppress this message, if you want to hide this
error from a user.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
You can use finally block which will always execute unconditionally after the
try/catch. Here is an example.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
try {
alert("Value of variable a is : " + a );
}
catch ( e ) {
alert("Error: " + e.description );
}
finally {
alert("Finally block will always execute!"
);
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example
try {
if ( b == 0 ) {
throw( "Divide by zero error." );
} else {
var c = a / b;
}
}
catch ( e ) {
alert("Error: " + e );
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
You can raise an exception in one function using a string, integer, Boolean, or
an object and then you can capture that exception either in the same function
as we did above, or in another function using a try...catch block.
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
The onerror event handler provides three pieces of information to identify the
exact nature of the error −
Error message − The same message that the browser would display for the given
error
URL − The file in which the error occurred
Line number− The line number in the given URL that caused the error
Here is the example to show how to extract this information.
Example
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
You can display extracted information in whatever way you think it is better.
You can use an onerror method, as shown below, to display an error message
in case there is any problem in loading an image.
<img src="myimage.gif" onerror="alert('An error occurred
loading the image.')" />
You can use onerror with many HTML tags to display appropriate messages
in case of errors.
Example
<body>
<form action = "/cgi-bin/test.cgi" name = "myForm"
onsubmit = "return(validate());">
<table cellspacing = "2" cellpadding = "2" border =
"1">
<tr>
<td align = "right">Name</td>
<td><input type = "text" name = "Name" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align = "right">EMail</td>
<td><input type = "text" name = "EMail"
/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align = "right">Zip Code</td>
<td><input type = "text" name = "Zip" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align = "right">Country</td>
<td>
<select name = "Country">
<option value = "-1" selected>[choose
yours]</option>
<option value = "1">USA</option>
<option value = "2">UK</option>
<option value = "3">INDIA</option>
</select>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align = "right"></td>
<td><input type = "submit" value = "Submit"
/></td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example
JavaScript - Animation
You can use JavaScript to create a complex animation having, but not limited
to, the following elements −
Fireworks
Fade Effect
Roll-in or Roll-out
Page-in or Page-out
Object movements
You might be interested in existing JavaScript based animation
library: Script.Aculo.us.
This tutorial provides a basic understanding of how to use JavaScript to create
an animation.
JavaScript can be used to move a number of DOM elements (<img />, <div> or
any other HTML element) around the page according to some sort of pattern
determined by a logical equation or function.
JavaScript provides the following two functions to be frequently used in
animation programs.
setTimeout( function, duration) − This function
calls function after duration milliseconds from now.
setInterval(function, duration) − This function calls function after
every duration milliseconds.
clearTimeout(setTimeout_variable) − This function calls clears any timer set by
the setTimeout() functions.
JavaScript can also set a number of attributes of a DOM object including its
position on the screen. You can set top and left attribute of an object to position
it anywhere on the screen. Here is its syntax.
// Set distance from left edge of the screen.
object.style.left = distance in pixels or points;
or
Manual Animation
So let's implement one simple animation using DOM object properties and
JavaScript functions as follows. The following list contains different DOM
methods.
We are using the JavaScript function getElementById() to get a DOM object and
then assigning it to a global variable imgObj.
We have defined an initialization function init() to initialize imgObj where we have
set its position and left attributes.
We are calling initialization function at the time of window load.
Finally, we are calling moveRight() function to increase the left distance by 10
pixels. You could also set it to a negative value to move it to the left side.
Example
function init() {
imgObj = document.getElementById('myImage');
imgObj.style.position= 'relative';
imgObj.style.left = '0px';
}
function moveRight() {
imgObj.style.left =
parseInt(imgObj.style.left) + 10 + 'px';
}
window.onload = init;
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<img id = "myImage" src = "/images/html.gif" />
<p>Click button below to move the image to right</p>
<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick =
"moveRight();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Automated Animation
In the above example, we saw how an image moves to right with every click.
We can automate this process by using the JavaScript
function setTimeout() as follows −
Here we have added more methods. So let's see what is new here −
The moveRight() function is calling setTimeout() function to set the position
of imgObj.
We have added a new function stop() to clear the timer set
by setTimeout() function and to set the object at its initial position.
Example
function init() {
imgObj = document.getElementById('myImage');
imgObj.style.position= 'relative';
imgObj.style.left = '0px';
}
function moveRight() {
imgObj.style.left =
parseInt(imgObj.style.left) + 10 + 'px';
animate = setTimeout(moveRight,20); // call
moveRight in 20msec
}
function stop() {
clearTimeout(animate);
imgObj.style.left = '0px';
}
window.onload = init;
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<img id = "myImage" src = "/images/html.gif" />
<p>Click the buttons below to handle animation</p>
<input type = "button" value = "Start" onclick =
"moveRight();" />
<input type = "button" value = "Stop" onclick =
"stop();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Rollover with a Mouse Event
Here is a simple example showing image rollover with a mouse event.
Let's see what we are using in the following example −
At the time of loading this page, the ‘if’ statement checks for the existence of the
image object. If the image object is unavailable, this block will not be executed.
The Image() constructor creates and preloads a new image object called image1.
The src property is assigned the name of the external image file called
/images/html.gif.
Similarly, we have created image2 object and assigned /images/http.gif in this
object.
The # (hash mark) disables the link so that the browser does not try to go to a URL
when clicked. This link is an image.
The onMouseOver event handler is triggered when the user's mouse moves onto
the link, and the onMouseOut event handler is triggered when the user's mouse
moves away from the link (image).
When the mouse moves over the image, the HTTP image changes from the first
image to the second one. When the mouse is moved away from the image, the
original image is displayed.
When the mouse is moved away from the link, the initial image html.gif will
reappear on the screen.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Rollover with a Mouse Events</title>
<body>
<p>Move your mouse over the image to see the result</p>
JavaScript - Multimedia
The JavaScript navigator object includes a child object called plugins. This
object is an array, with one entry for each plug-in installed on the browser. The
navigator.plugins object is supported only by Netscape, Firefox, and Mozilla
only.
Example
Here is an example that shows how to list down all the plug-on installed in your
browser −
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>List of Plug-Ins</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Plug-in Name</th>
<th>Filename</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
document.write(navigator.plugins[i].description);
document.write("</td></tr>");
}
</script>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Output
<body>
<script language = "JavaScript" type =
"text/javascript">
media = navigator.mimeTypes["video/quicktime"];
if (media) {
document.write("<embed src = 'quick.mov' height =
100 width = 100>");
} else {
document.write("<img src = 'quick.gif' height =
100 width = 100>");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
NOTE − Here we are using HTML <embed> tag to embed a multimedia file.
Controlling Multimedia
Let us take one real example which works in almost all the browsers −
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Embeded Object</title>
<body>
<embed id = "demo" name = "demo"
src = "http://www.amrood.com/games/kumite.swf"
width = "318" height = "300" play = "false" loop =
"false"
pluginspage =
"http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"
swliveconnect = "true">
Output
JavaScript - Debugging
Every now and then, developers commit mistakes while coding. A mistake in a
program or a script is referred to as a bug.
The process of finding and fixing bugs is called debugging and is a normal
part of the development process. This section covers tools and techniques that
can help you with debugging tasks..
Error Messages in IE
The most basic way to track down errors is by turning on error information in
your browser. By default, Internet Explorer shows an error icon in the status
bar when an error occurs on the page.
Double-clicking this icon takes you to a dialog box showing information about
the specific error that occurred.
Since this icon is easy to overlook, Internet Explorer gives you the option to
automatically show the Error dialog box whenever an error occurs.
To enable this option, select Tools → Internet Options → Advanced tab. and
then finally check the "Display a Notification About Every Script Error" box
option as shown below −
One way to check your JavaScript code for strange bugs is to run it through a
program that checks it to make sure it is valid and that it follows the official
syntax rules of the language. These programs are called validating parsers or
just validators for short, and often come with commercial HTML and
JavaScript editors.
The most convenient validator for JavaScript is Douglas Crockford's JavaScript
Lint, which is available for free at Douglas Crockford's JavaScript Lint.
Simply visit that web page, paste your JavaScript (Only JavaScript) code into
the text area provided, and click the jslint button. This program will parse
through your JavaScript code, ensuring that all the variable and function
definitions follow the correct syntax. It will also check JavaScript statements,
such as if and while, to ensure they too follow the correct format
if( debugging )
alert( "Calls swapImage() with argument: " + whichImage );
var swapStatus = swapImage( whichImage );
if( debugging )
alert( "Exits swapImage() with swapStatus=" + swapStatus
);
By examining the content and order of the alert() as they appear, you can
examine the health of your program very easily.
Output
You can feel the map concept by placing the mouse cursor on the image
object.
Navigator Properties
There are several Navigator related properties that you can use in your Web
page. The following is a list of the names and descriptions of each.
1
appCodeName
This property is a string that contains the code name of the browser, Netscape for
Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer for Internet Explorer.
2
appVersion
This property is a string that contains the version of the browser as well as other
useful information such as its language and compatibility.
3
language
This property contains the two-letter abbreviation for the language that is used by
the browser. Netscape only.
4
mimTypes[]
This property is an array that contains all MIME types supported by the client.
Netscape only.
5
platform[]
This property is a string that contains the platform for which the browser was
compiled."Win32" for 32-bit Windows operating systems
6
plugins[]
This property is an array containing all the plug-ins that have been installed on the
client. Netscape only.
7
userAgent[]
This property is a string that contains the code name and version of the browser.
This value is sent to the originating server to identify the client.
Navigator Methods
There are several Navigator-specific methods. Here is a list of their names and
descriptions.
Sr.No. Description
1
javaEnabled()
This method determines if JavaScript is enabled in the client. If JavaScript is
enabled, this method returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
2
plugings.refresh
This method makes newly installed plug-ins available and populates the plugins
array with all new plug-in names. Netscape only.
3
preference(name,value)
This method allows a signed script to get and set some Netscape preferences. If the
second parameter is omitted, this method will return the value of the specified
preference; otherwise, it sets the value. Netscape only.
4
taintEnabled()
This method returns true if data tainting is enabled; false otherwise.
Browser Detection
There is a simple JavaScript which can be used to find out the name of a
browser and then accordingly an HTML page can be served to the user.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Browser Detection Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var userAgent = navigator.userAgent;
var opera = (userAgent.indexOf('Opera') !=
-1);
var ie = (userAgent.indexOf('MSIE') != -
1);
var gecko = (userAgent.indexOf('Gecko') !=
-1);
var netscape = (userAgent.indexOf('Mozilla')
!= -1);
var version = navigator.appVersion;
if (opera) {
document.write("Opera based browser");
// Keep your opera specific URL here.
} else if (gecko) {
document.write("Mozilla based browser");
// Keep your gecko specific URL here.
} else if (ie) {
document.write("IE based browser");
// Keep your IE specific URL here.
} else if (netscape) {
document.write("Netscape based browser");
// Keep your Netscape specific URL here.
} else {
document.write("Unknown browser");
}
Output