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Networking Basics

The document discusses networking concepts including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer and their functions. The physical layer deals with transmitting raw bits over communication channels. The network layer determines how packets are routed from source to destination. The transport layer establishes sessions between clients and servers and ensures data units arrive correctly. It also discusses common networking standards like Ethernet, IP addressing, TCP, and wireless standards IEEE 802.11, 802.15 and 802.16.

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24 views3 pages

Networking Basics

The document discusses networking concepts including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer and their functions. The physical layer deals with transmitting raw bits over communication channels. The network layer determines how packets are routed from source to destination. The transport layer establishes sessions between clients and servers and ensures data units arrive correctly. It also discusses common networking standards like Ethernet, IP addressing, TCP, and wireless standards IEEE 802.11, 802.15 and 802.16.

Uploaded by

Joseph
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networking Basics

December 28, 2020 4:34 PM

• OSI Model

○ Physical layer - CoAx, Twisted Pair, OFC, Wireless


 transmitting raw bits over a communication channel
 deal with mechanical, electrical, and timing interfaces, as well as the physical
transmission medium
 Bit is the basic unit of transmission
○ Data Link layer - Defines comm between two devices in short hops
transform a raw transmission facility into a line that appears free of undetected
transmission errors
 Ensure correct reception of each frame
 traffic regulation mechanism to avoid a fast transmitter from drowning a slow receiver
in data
 control access to the shared channel - handled by medium access control (MAC)
sublayer
 Frame is the basic unit of transmission

Networking Concepts and Protocols Page 1


 Frame is the basic unit of transmission
 Ethernet - Most in internet, PC to Modem
□ Internet uses ATM, SONET to lesser extend
 DOCSIS-3 - Data Over Cable Service Interface Spec
□ Used in Cable TV ISPs
○ Network Layer - Defines end to end comm and controls the operation of the subnet
 Moves traffic from one device to another device in the internet
 Packet is the basic unit of data
 determining how packets are routed from source to destination
 Handling congestion, quality of service provided
 allow heterogeneous networks to be interconnected
 IP Addressing - unique address to all devices in the internet
 IP Routing - send data b/w two unique addresses in the internet
○ Transport Layer - establishes a session b/w client and server
 Main task to split up the data from higher layers if needed into smaller units and pass
it to the network layer for transmission and also ensure these data units arrive
correctly at the other end
 determines what type of service to provide to the session layer, and, ultimately, to the
users of the network
 a true end-to-end layer; it carries data all the way from the source to the destination -
In the lower layers, each protocols is between a machine and its immediate neighbors,
and not between the ultimate source and destination machines, which may be
separated by many routers
 TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
○ Session Layer - Citrix ICA - Now handled at application layer
○ Presentation Layer - Earlier used to do coding conversions like ASCII to EBCDIC , encryption
etc.
 These functions now handled directly by application. So now almost defunct
○ Application Layer - Defines data formatting for user/client
 HTTP/HTTPS, FTP...
• TCP/IP Model

• IEEE 802 - standards for personal, local, and metropolitan area networks
○ 802.3 (Ethernet)
 802.3 - Ethernet - 10Mbps
 802.3u - Fast Ethernet - 100Mbps
 802.3ab - Gigabit Ethernet - 1000Mbps

○ 802.11 (wireless LAN)


802.15 - Bluetooth (wireless PAN)

Networking Concepts and Protocols Page 2


○ 802.15 - Bluetooth (wireless PAN)
○ 802.16 - wireless MAN

Networking Concepts and Protocols Page 3

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