NSCP C101-15 Chapter 4 STRUCTURAL CONCRETE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES VOLUME I BUILDINGS, TOWERS AND OTHER VERTICAL STRUCTURES SEVENTH EDITION, 2015 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. Suite 713, Future Point Plaza Condominium 1 112 Panay Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines 1100 assponline@ymallcom http://www.aseponline.org National Structural Code of the Philipines Volume I, 7th Elton, 2015CHAPTER 4 ~ Structural Concrete 4-1 Table of Contents SECTION 401 nnn GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. 401.1 Scope. 4012 General 4013 Purpose 401.4 Applicability. 401.5 Interpretation 401.6 Building Offi 401.7 Licensed Design Professional 401.8 Construction Documents and Design Records 401.9 Testing and Inspection... 401.10 Approval of Special Systems of Design, Contocton, (or Alternative Consirvetion Materials. 401.11 Provisions for Earthquake Resistance ae vo i i REFERENCED STANDARDS 403.1 SOP earn 403.2 Referenced Standards. SECTION 404... 404.1 404.2 4043 404.4 Secu System and Load Pats. 404.5 Structural ANALYSIS ern 404.6. Strength 404.7 Serviceability 4048 Durability 404.9 Sustainability... 404.10 Structural Integrity 404.11 Fire Resistance 404.12 Requirements for Speci fc Types of Cnsrcton 404.13 Construction and Inspection non: 7 404.14 Strength Evaluation of Exist SECTION 408 sun LOADS, 405.1 Scope 405.2 General 405.3 Load Factors and Combinetions.. SECTION 406 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS... National Structural Code ofthe Phippines Volume f, 7 Eaton, 20153 Modeling. 4064 Arrangement of Live Load .. 4065 Simplified Method of Analysis for Noa-Presressed Continous Beams and ‘One-way Sia 406.6 First-order Analy . son . 406.7 Elastic Second-order Analysis. 406.8 — Inelastic Second-Order Analysis... 406.9 Acceptability of Finite Element Analysis. 13 Design Limits... 407.4 Required Strength 407.5 Design Strength... 407.6 Reinforcement Limits. 407.7 Reinforcement Detailing. Design Strength 408.6 Reinforcement Limits. 408.7 Reinforcement Detailing, 408.8 Nor reseed Two-Way Jost System 408.9 Lift-slab Construction. 408.10 Direct Design Method 408,11 Equivalent Frame Method SECTION 409 . Scope . 409.2 General 409.3 Design Limits 409.4 Required Strength 409.5 Design Strength 409.6 Reinforcement Li 3 Design Limits 410.4 Required Strength.. 410.5 Design Strength 4106 Reinforcement Limi ‘Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)CHAPTER 4~ Structural Concrete 4 410.7 Reinforcement Detailing SECTION 411... WALLS essen ALLL Scope. 4112 General ALL3 Design Limits ALLA Required Strength, 4115 Design Strength cons 411.6 — Reinforcement Limits, seats 411.7 Reinforcement Detailing . : 411.8 Alternative Method for Out-of-Plane Slender Wall Analysis SECTION 412. DIAPHRAGMS 412.1 Scope 412.2 General... 412.3 Design Limits 412.4 Required Strength 412.5 Design Strength. 412.6 Reinforcement Limits. 412.7 Reinforcement Detailing SECTION 413 ssenn FOUNDATIONS. 413.1 Scope... 413.2 General 4133 Shallow Foundations, 4134 Deep Foundations. SECTION 414. PLAIN CONCRETE. 414.1 Scope. 4142. General. 4143 Design Limits 414.4 Required Strength... 414.5 Design Strength. 414.6 Reinforcement Detailing. SECTION 415. BEAM-CONCRETE AND so SLAB-COLUMN JOINTS... AISA Scope... 4152 General ss . 4153. Transfer of Column Axial Force through the Floor System, 4154 Detailing of Joints. SECTION 416, CONNECTION BETWEEN MEMBERS... 416.1 Scope ven . 416.2 Connections of Precast Members... 4163 Connections to Foundations... 4164 Horizontal Shear Transfer in Composite Concrete Flexural Members National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume I, 7° Edition, 20154:4 CHAPTER 4 ~ Structural Conc 4165 Brackets and Corbels SBCTION 417. ANCHORING TO CONCRETE... 417.1 Scope... 417.2 General 4173. General Requirements for Strength of Anchor 417.4 Design Requirements for Tensile Loading... 417.5 Design Requirements for Shear Loading, 417.6 Interaction of Tensile and Shear Forces 4177 _ Required Edge Distances, Spacings, and Thicknesses to Preclude © Sliting Failure 417.8 Installation and Inspection of Anchors. SECTION 418 sono EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES .. 418.1 Scope .. 4184 Intermediate Moment Frames... 418.5 _ Intermediate Precast Structural Walls. 418.6 Beams of Special Moment Frames. 418.7 Columns of Special Moment Frames. 418.8 Joints of Special Moment Frames. 418.9 Special Moment Frames Constructed Using Precast Concrete. 418.10 Special Structural Walls... 418.11 Special Structural Walls Constructed 418.12 Diaphragms and THUSSeS..0o. 418.13 Foundations 418.14 Members Not Designated as Part ofthe Seismic-Force-Resisting System. SECTION 419, CONCRETE: DESIGN AND DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS. 419.1 Scope 419.2. Conerete Design Properties... 4193 Concrete Durability Requirement 4193.1 Exposure Categories and Classes 419.4 Grout Durability Requirements SECTION 420 ‘STEEL REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES, DURABILITY, AND EMBEDMENTS. A201 SCOPE vonron 4202 Non-Presiressed Bars and Wires. 420.3 Prestressing Strands, Wires, and Bars 420.5 Headed Shear Stud Reinforcement. 420.6 Provisions for Durability of Steet Reinforcement 420.7 Embedment os SECTION 421 119 123 123 125 127 128, 128 128. 129 13 131 131 131 139 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS ss 139 4211 Scope.. 139 SECTION 422 ssn 1a SECTIONAL STRENGTH senso 42 142 142 4221 Scope. i 422.2 Design Assumptions for Moment and Axial Strength, Association of Structural Engineers ofthe Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)422.3. Flexural Strength oo 143 422.4 Axial Strength or Combined Flexural and Axial Strength 143 422.5 One-way Shear Strength sn 144 422.6 Two-Way Shear Strength 147 422.7 Torsional Strength, 150 £228 Bearing, 152 422.9 Shea Frietion.. a cn SSN ES ces 1S SECTION 423 rose STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS 423.1 Scope 423.2 General ror 423.3 Design Strength 423.44 Strength of Struts 423.5 Reinforeement Crossing Bottle-Shaped Struts 423.6 Strut Reinforcement Detling. : 423.7. Strength of Ties nen 423.8 Tie Reinforcement Detailing 4239 Strength of Nodal Zones. SECTION 424... SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS. 424.1 Scope: 424.2 _Deflections Due to Service-Level Gravity Loads 424.3 Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement in One-Way Slabs and Beams. 424.4 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement, 424.5 Permissible Stresses in Prestressed Conerete Flexural Members... SECTION 42: REINFORCEMENT DETAILS. 425.1 ScOpE mre 425.2 Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement 425.3 Standard Hooks, Seismic Hooks, Crossties, and Minimum Inside Bend Diameters 425.4 Development of Reinforcement 425.5 Splice nn 425.6 Bundled Reinforcement. 425.7 Transverse Reinforcement. - 425.8 Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers... 425.9 Anchorage Zones for Post-Tensioned Tendons.. SECTION 426, CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS AND INSPECTION 426.1 Scope. 4262 Design Criteria 4263 Member Information... 4264 Concrete Materials and Mixture Requirements 4265 Concrete Production and Construction. 426.46 Reinforcement Materials and Construction Requitements.. 426.7 Anchoring to Concrete. 4268 Embedments, 426.9 Additional Requirements for Precast Concrete 426.10 Additional Requirements for Prestressed Concrete, 426.11 Formwork nn 426.12. Concrete Evaluati ‘and Acceptance National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume I, 2" Eeition, 2015HAPTER Conerote 4.5 422.3 Flexural Strength. 422.4 Axial Strength or Combi 4225 One-way Shear Strength. 422.6 ‘Two-Way Shear Strength 422.7 Torsional Strength soscu 22.8 Bearing su 422.9 Shear Friction id Flexural and Axial Strength 423.1 Scope. 423.2 General 423.3 Design Strength. 423.4 Strength of Struts... 423.5 Reinforcement Crossing Bott 423.6 Strut Reinforcement Delailing. 423.7 Strength of Ties 4238 Tie Reinforcement Detailing - 423.9 Strength of Nodal Zones. SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS.. 424.1 Scope... 424.2 _ Deflections Due to Service-Level Gravity Loads. 424.3 Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement in One-Way Slabs and Beams... 424.4 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement. 424.5 Permissible Stresses in Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members. SECTION 428, REINFORCEMENT DETAILS. 425.1 Scope. . 425.2. Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement... 425.3 Standard Hooks, Seismic Hooks, Crossties, an 425.4 Development of Reinforcement 425.5 Splices 4256 Bundled Reinforcement. 425.7 Transverse Reinforcement. smear 425.8 Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers. 425.9 Anchorage Zones for Post-Tensioned Tendon... SECTION 426 snnnnanono CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS AND INSPECTION ... 426.1 Scope. 4262 Design Criteria 4263 Member Information . 4264 Concrete Materials and Mixture Requirements 4265 Concrete Production and Construction... 426.46 Reinforcement Materials and Construction Requirements... 426.7 Anchoring to Conerete 4268 Embedments., 426.9 Additional Requirements for Precast Concrete 426.10 Additional Requirements for Prestressed Concrete. 42611 Formwork nn ' 426.12 Concrete Evaluation and Acceptance. National Structural Code ofthe Philippines Volume I, 7 Edition, 20154.6 CHAPTER 4 ~ Structural Concrete 426.13 Inspection SECTION 427. STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES. 427.1 Scope 4272 General. 7 4273 _Anulstical Strength Evaluation. 4274 Strength Evaluation by Load Test 4275 Reduced Load Rating .. ‘SECTION 428 o BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE THIN SHELLS. 428.1 Scope and Definitions... 428.2 Analysis and Design. 428.3 Design Strength 4284.1 Castinplace Non-Prestresed Concrete. 428.42. Cast-in-place Prestressed Concrete. {Rts Precast Non Presiessed or Preiresed Conerete ‘Manufactured Under Plat Conditions. 42844 Specified Concrete Cover Requirements for Corrosive Environments 4285 Shell Reinforcement ve " 428.6 Construction . SECTION 429 ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD .. 429.1 Notations. 429.2 Seope 4293 General 429.4 Permissible Service Load Stresses... $208 Development and Splices of Reinforcement... 429.7 Compression Members With or Without Flexure.. Shear and Torsion. APPENDIX. ‘Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc, (ASEP)SECTION 401 SGENERAL REQUIREMENTS 401.4 Scope 401.1.1 This section addresses (a) to (h) a. General requirements of this Chapter; b. Purpose of this Chapter, cc. Applicability of this Chapter; 4d. Interpretation of this Chapter; ¢. Definition of building official and the licensed design professional; £. Construction documents; g. Testing and inspection; hh, Approval of special systems of design, construction, or alternative construction materials, 401.2 General 401.21 Chapter 4 refers to the structural concrete provision of the National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume I (NSCP Vol. 1), 7" Edition and may be cited as such, and will be referred to herein as “this Code”, 401.22 This chapter provides minimum requirements for the design and construction of structural concrete elements of any building or other structure under requirements of the National Building Code of the Philippines of which this chapter of the National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1, forms a part. This chapter also covers the strength evaluation of existing conerete structures For sttural concrete, fot be les than 17 MPa No maximum value of f' shall apply unless restricted by « specific code provision 401.23 This chapter isin English, with SI units, published by the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. 401.2.4 In case of conflict between this edition and other carlier versions, this latest version govern. 401.2.8 This chapter provides the minimum requirements for the materials, design, construction, and strength aluation of structural concrete members and systems in any structure designed and constructed under the requirements ofthe general building code, 401.2.6 Modifications to this Code that are adopted by @ particular government agency or local government are part of that organization's requirements, but are not part of this Code. 401.2.7 This chapter provides the minimum requirements for the materials, design, construction, and strength evaluation of structural concrete members and systems in any structure within this Code. 4013 Purpose 4013.1 The purpose of this chapter is to provide for public health and safety by establishing minimum requirements for strength, stability, serviceability, durability, and integrity of concrete structures 4013.2 This chapter does not address all design 401.33 Construction means and methods are not addressed in this section. 401.4 Applicability 401.4.1 This chapter shall apply to concrete structures ‘designed and constructed under the requirements of the general building code ag 4014.2 Applicable provisions of this chapter shall be permitted (0 be used for structures not governed by the ‘general building code. 401.43 The design of thin shells and folded plate ‘concrete structures shall be in accordance with Section 428. 401.44 Design and construction of structural concrete slabs cast on stay-in-place, non-composite steel deck are governed by this chapter. 40148 Design and construction of one- and two- family dwellings snd multiple single-family dwellings (ownhouses) and their accessory structures may be designed until such time provisions of the National Structural Code ofthe Philippines, Volume IL, Housing is published. National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume 1, 7" Edition, 201548 CHAPTER 4— Struct 4014.6 This chapter does not apply to the design and installation of concrete piles, drilled piers, and caissons imbedded ground except as provided in (8) or (a a. For portions in air or water, or in soil incapable of providing adequate lateral restraint to prevent buckling throughout their length. See also Sect. 418,13.1.2. b. For structures in region of high seismic risk or assigned to high seismic performance or design ‘categories 4014.7 This chapter docs not govern design and construction of slabs-on-ground, unless the slab transmits vertical loads or lateral forces from other portions of the structure tothe soil, 401.48 For unusual structures, such as arches, tanks, reservoirs, bins and silos, blast-resistant structures, and chimneys, provisions of this section shall govern where applicable. For tanks and reservoirs refer also to ACI 350, ACI 334.1, and ACI 372R. 4014.9 This chapter does not govern the composite design of structural concrete slabs _castin-place, composite steel form deck. Conerete used in the construction of such slabs shall be governed by Sections 401 to 406 of this chapter, where applicable. Portions of such slabs designed as reinforced concrete are governed by this chapter. 401.5 Interpretation 401.5.1 The principles of interpretation in this Section shall apply to this Chapter as @ whole unless otherwise stated 401.52 This Chapter consists of sections and appendices, including text, headings, tables, figures, footnotes to tables and figures, and referenced standards. 401.53 This Chapter shall be interpreted in @ manner that avoids conflict between or among its. provisions. Specific provisions shall govern over general provisions, 401.54 This chapter shall be interpreted and applied in accordance with the plain meaning of the words and terms used. Specific definitions of words and terms in this section shall be used where provided and applicable, regardless of whether other materials, standards, or Tesourees ouside of this sevtion provide diferent 40155 The following words and terms in this section shall be interpreted in accordance with (a) through (e); B a, The word “shall” is always mandatory; b. Provisions of this section are mandatory even if the word “shall” is not used; ©. Words used in the present tense shall include the future; 4. The word “and” indicates that all of the connected items, conditions, requirements, or events shall apply; ©. The word “or” indicates that all of the connected items, conditions, requirements, or events are alternatives, atleast one of which shall be satisfied 401.56 In any case in which one or more provisions of this Chapter are declared by an appropriate court to be invalid, that ruling shall not affect the validity of the remaining provisions of this Chapter, which are severable, ‘The ruling of the court shall be effective only in that court’s jurisdiction, and shall not affect the content of interpretation of this Chapter in other jurisdictions. 4015.7 If conflicts occur between provisions of this ‘code and standards and documents referenced in Section 403, this Chapter shall apply. 401.6 Building Official 401.6.1 All references in this chapter to the building official shall be understood to mean the persons who administer and enforce this Code. 401.62 Actions and decisions by the building official affect only the specific jurisdiction and do not change this Code. 401.63 The building official shall have the right to order testing of any materials used in concrete construction to determine if materials are of the quality specified 401.7 Licensed Design Professional 401.7.1. All references in this Code tothe licensed design professional shall be understood to mean the person who is licensed and responsible for, and in charge of, the sructural design or inspection Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)401.8 Construction Documents and Design Records A018. The licensed design professional shall provide in the construction documents the information required in Section 426 and that required by the jurisdiction, 401.82 Calculations pertinent to design shall be filed with the construction documents if required by the building official. Analyses and designs using computer programs shall be permitted provided design assumptions, User input, and computer-generated output are submitted Model analysis shall be permitted to supplement calculations. 401.9 Testing and Inspection 4019.1 Concrete materials shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of Section 426. 401.92 Concrete construction shall be inspected in accordance with the general building code and in accordance with Sections 417 and 426. 401.93 Inspection records shall include information tequired in Sections 417 and 426. 401.10 Approval of Special Systems of Design, Construction, or Alternative Construction Materials 401.10.1 Sponsors of any system of design, construction, or alternative construction materials within the scope of this Chapter, the adequacy of which has been shown by suecessful use or by analysis or test, but which does not conform to or is not covered by this Chapier, shall have the right to present the data on which their design is based to the building official or to a committee ‘of competent structural engineers appointed by the building official. This committee shall have the authority to investigate the data so submitted, require tests, and formulate rules governing design and construction of such systems to meet the intent ofthis Code. These rules, winen approved by the building official, and promulgated, shall be of the same force and effect as the provisions of this Code. 401.11 Provisions for Earthquake Resistance 401.11.1 In regions of moderate (seismic zone 2) or high seismic risk (seismic zone 4), provisions of Section 418 shall be saistied National Structural Code of the Philippines Voium falConcrete 49 SECTION 402 NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY 402.1 Scope 4021.1 This section defines notation and terminology used in this chapter. 402.2 a = shear span, distance between concentrated load and face of supports, mm, a depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, mm. a, shear span, equal to distance from ‘center of concentrated load to either: (2) face of suppor for continuous of cantilevered members, or (b) center ‘of support for simply supported members, mm, A area of that part of cross section between flexural tension face and center of gravity of gross section, Ay ~ Ateg of an individual bar or wire, Arg = tet bearing area of the head of stud, anchor bolt, or headed deformed bars, Ac = area of concrete, section resisting shear transfer, mm. aréa of contact surface being investigated for horizontal shear, mom? Ag greater gross cross-sectional area of the slabsbeam strips of the two orthogonal equivalent frames intersecting at a column of a two-way slab, mm? An = cross-sectional area of a member measured 10 the outside edges of transverse reinforcement, mm Aen area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross section, mm Aes cross-sectional area at one end of a strut in @ strut-and-tie model, taken perpendicular o the axis of the strut, mom? Ace = area of that part of cross section between the flexural tension face and centroid of gross section, mm? 1, ?" Edition, 20154-10. CHAPTER 4 ~ Structural Conerete Aw Ava Avo Ane gross area of concrete section bounded by web thickness and length of section in the direction of shear force considered in the case of walls, ‘and gross area of conerete section in the case of diaphragms, not to exceed the thickness times the width of the diaphragm, mm. area of concrete section of an individual pier, horizontal _ wall segment, or coupling beam resisting shear, mm’. ‘area of reinforcement in bracket or ‘corbel resisting design moment, mm {gross area of concrete section, mm’. For a hollow section, Ay is the arca of the conerete only and does not include the area of the void(s). total area of shear reinforcement parallel to primary tension reinforcement in a corbel or bracket, mint, effective cross-sectional area within a joint in a plane parallel to plane of ‘beam reinforcement generating shear in the joint, mm’. total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion, mm’. minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion, mm’. area of reinforcement in bracket or corbel resisting factored tensile force Nuc, mam area of a face of a nodal zone or a section through a nodal zone, mm’. projected influence area of @ single adhesive anchor or group of adhesive anchors, for calculation of bond strength intension, mm’, projected influence area of a single adhesive anchor, for calculation of bond strength in tension if not limited bby edge distance or spacing, mm’. projected concrete failure arca of a single anchor or group of anchors, for calculation of strength in tension, mm’, projected concrete failure area of a single anchor, for calculation of strength intension if not limited by ‘edge distance or spacing, mm? _gross area enclosed by torsional shear flow path, mm’. sex Au Ay Ava area enclosed by centerline of the ‘outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement, mm” total area occupied by duct, sheathing, and prestressing reinforcement, mn. area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone, mm. total area. of_—_prestressing reinforcement, mim area of non-prestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement, mm. area of compression reinforcement, mm’ area’ of primary te reinforcement in a corbel or bracket, mnt effective cross-sectional area of anehor intension, mm effective cross-sectional area of anchor in shear, mm’. total cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement, including crossties, within spacing sand perpendicular to dimension Bg, mm*, total area of surface reinforcement at spacing s; in the éh layer crossing a strut, with reinforcement at an angle tothe axis ofthe strut, mm. minimum — area, of flexural reinforcement, mm. total area of non-prestressed longitudinal reinforcement bars or steel shapes, and» excluding prestressing reinforcement, mm” area of stel shape, pipe, or tubing in ‘ composite section, mm’. area of structural stel shape, pipe ot tubing in a composite section, mm" total area of_—_longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion, mm. area of prestressing reinforcement in atic, total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement within spacing s that crosses the potential plane of spliting through the reinforcement being developed, mn area of non-prestressed reinforcement inate, mm’. area of shear reinforcement within spacing s, mm’ total area of reinforcement in each group of diagonal bars in a diagonally reinforced coupling beam, ‘Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)be area of shear fiction reinforcement, area of shear reinforcement parallel fo flexural tension reinforcement, within spacing s2, ma? ‘minimum area of shear reinforcement within spacing s, mm’. Projected concrete failure area of a single anchor or group of anchors, for calculation of strength in shear, mm. projected concrete failure area of a single anchor, for calculation of strength in shear, if not limited by comer influences, spacing, or ‘member thickness, mm? loaded area for consideration of bearing strength, mm’, ‘maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is, geometrically similar to and concentric with the loaded area the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge contained wholly within. the support and having its upper base equal to the loaded area, The sides of the pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge shall be sloped one vertical to two horizontal, mm? width of compression fice of ‘member, mm, cross-sectional dimension of member ‘core measured to the outside edges of the transverse reinforcement ‘composing area Ayp, mma. Effective flange width of T section, perimeter of critical section for two- ‘way shear in slabs and footings, mm. width of a strut, mm, the effective ‘slab width resisting ¥/Moe width of that part of cross section containing the closed stirrups resisting torsion, mm, width of cross section at contact surface being investigated for horizontal shear, mm, web width or diameter of circular section, mm. dimension of the critical section by ‘measured in the direction of the span for which moments are determined, dimension of the critical section by ial Structural Code of the Philippines Vol ce ena ae measured inthe direction perpendicular to by, mm, ‘nominal bearing strength, N. factored bearing load, N distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm, critical edge distance required to develop the basic strength as controlled by conerete breakout or bond of a post-installed anchor in tension in uneracked concrete without supplementary reinforcement 10 control splitting, mm, maximum distance from center of an anchor shaft to the edge of concrete, minimum distance fiom center of an anchor shaft to the edge of concrete, distance from the center of an anchor shaft to the edge of concrete in one direction, mm. If shear is applied to anchor, 94 is taken in the direction of the’ applied shear. If tension is applied to the anchor, ¢qy is the minimum edge distance, Where anchors subject to shear are located in narrow sections of limited thickness, See Section 417.5.2.4. limiting value of €a1 where anchors are located less than 1.5¢q1 from three or more edges, min, distance from center. of an anchor shaft to the edge of concrete in the direction perpendicular to ¢qy, mm. lesser of: (a) the distance from center of a bar or wire to the nearest concrete surface, and (b) one-half the center-to-center spacing of bars or wires being developed, mm. clear cover of reinforcement, mm. projected distance from center of an anchor shaft on one side of the anchor required to develop the full bond strength of a single adhesive anchor, min, distance from the interior face of the column t0 the slab edge measured parallel to cy, but not exceeding ¢4, dimension of rectangular. or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or bracket measured in the direction of the span for which ‘moments are being determined, mm, dimension of rectangular or ne |, 7" Edition, 2015412 CHAPTER 4 ~ Structural Concrete equivalent rectangular column, capital, or bracket measured in the direction perpendicular to cy, mm. cross-sectional constant to define torsional properties of slab and beam. compressive force acting on a nodal zone, N. a factor relating actual_moment diagram to an equivalent uniform moment diagram. distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension reinforcement, mm. distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal ‘compression reinforcement, mm. outside diameter of anchor or shaft diameter of headed stud, headed bolt, ‘or hooked bolt, mm. value substituted for dg if an oversized anchor is used, ram. Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate, mm. nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm. distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed forcement, mm. diameter of pile at footing base, mm, distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, dead loads or related ‘moments and forces. effect of service dead load distance from the inner surface of the shaft of @ J- or L-bolt to the outer tip, of the J- or L-bolt, mm. Gistance between resultant tension Toad on a group of anchors loaded in tension and the centroid of the group ‘of anchors loaded in tension, mm; ex" is always positive. distance between resultant shear load ‘on a group of anchors loaded in shear in the same direction, and the centroid of the group of anchors loaded in shear in the same direction, mm; ey is always positive cffect ‘of horizontal and vertical carthquake-induced forces. modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa, modulus of elasticity of beam concrete, MPa. ‘modulus of elasticity of slab Fem fet fa Sac Soe Toe Tos conerete, MPa. flexural stiffness of member, N-mm?, Effective flexural stiffness of ‘member, N-mm* modulus of elasticity of prestressing reinforcement, MPa, modulus of elasticity of reinforcement and structural stel, excluding prestressing reinforcement, MPa, specified compressive strength of ‘concrete, MPa, square root of specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa. effective compressive strength of the cconerete in a strut or a nodal zone, MPa, ‘compressive strength of conerete at time of intial prestress, MPa. square root of specified compressive strength of concrete at time of inital presiress, MPa. ‘measured average compressive strength of concrete, MPa average splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete, MPa, stress due to unfactored dead load, at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads, MPa. decompression stress; stress in the prestressing steel when stress is zero in the concrete at the same level as the centroid of the prestressing stel, MPa, compressive siress in concrete, after allowance for all prestress losses, at centroid of cross section resisting externally applied loads or at junction cof web and flange where the centroid lies within the flange, MPa. In @ composite member, fe is resultant compressive stress at centroid of composite section, or at junction of web and flange where the centroid lies within the flange, due to both presiress and moments resisted by precast member acting alone. compressive stress in conerete due to effective prestress forces, after allowance for all prestress loses, at extreme fiber of section if tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads, MPa. stress in prestressing steel at nominal flexural strength, MPs. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)Fou Soy fs fu fe uta fy Tyo Soe specified tensile strength of prestressing reinforcement, MPa, specified yield strength of prestressing reinforcement, MPa, = modulus of rupture of concrete, MPa tensile stress in reinforcement at service loads, excluding prestressing reinforcement, MPa, = compressive stress in reinforcement under factored loads, excluding restressing reinforcement, MPa. effective stress in prestressed reinforcement (after allowance for all prestress losses), MPa, = stress in the /h layer of surface reinforcement, MPa. = extreme fiber stress in tension in the pre-compressed tensile zone calculated at service loads. using ‘gross section properties after allowance of all prestress_ losses, MPa, specified tensile strength of anchor steel, MPa specified yield strength of non- prestressed reinforcement, MPa, = specified yield strength’ of anchor steel, MPa = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement, MPa, effect of service lateral load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights. = nominal strength at face of a nodal zone, N. nominal strength of a strut, nominal strength ofa tie, N. = factored force on the face of a node, N, = factored compressive force in a strut, N, = factored tensile force in a tie, N, overall thickness of member, mm, = thickness of shell or folded plate, mm, = thickness of member in which an anchor is located, measured parallel to anchor axis, mm. dimension of anchorage device or single group of closely spaced devices in the direction of bursting being considered, onm. = effective embedment depth of anchor, = limiting value of hey where anchors are located less than 1.5hgy from CHAPTER 4~ Structural Concrete 4-13, three or more edges, min. = storey height for storey x = laterally unsupported height at extreme compression of wall or wall pier, mm., equivalent to @, for ‘compression members, mm, = depth of shear head cross section, hheight of entire wall from base to top, of clear height of wall segment or wall pier considered, mm. = maximum center to center horizontal spacing of hoop or crosstie legs on all faces ofthe column, mm, = effect of service load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk materials, N = moment of inertia of section of beam about the centroidal axis, mm! = moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross section of beam, mm = moment of inertia of eracked section transformed to concrete, mm" = effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection, mm, = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about —centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement, mm = moment of inertia about of slab about centroidal axis, mm*, = moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member + cross section, mm! = moment of inertia of structural steel shape, pipe or tubing about eentroidal axis of composite member cross seetion, mm, effective length — factor for compression members. = coefficient for basic concrete breakout strength in tension = coellicient for pry out strength. ‘concrete strength factor. = confinement effectiveness factor. ‘wobble friction coefficient per mm of prestressing tendon, = torsional stiffness of torsional ‘member; moment per unit rotation, = transverse reinforcement index, mm. = coefficient associated with the 5% fractile span length of beam or one-way slab; clear projection of cantilever, mm. additional embedment length beyond centerline of support or point of National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume |, 7" Eeition, 20154-14 CHAPTER 4 ~ Structural Concrete tac tan inflection, mm. length along which anchorage of a tie ‘must occur, mm, ‘width of bearing, mm, length of a compression member in a fame, measured center-to-center of the joints, mm, development length in tension of deformed bar, deformed wie, plain and deformed welded "wire reinforcement, or pretensioned strand, mm. development length in compression of deformed bars and deformed mm. development length in tension of deformed bar or deformed wire with a standard hook, measured from outside end of hook, point of tangency, toward critical section, mo. Joad bearing length of anchor for shear, mm, length of clear span measured face- to-face of supports, mm, length, measured’ from joint face along’axis of member, over which special transverse reinforcement must be provided, mm. compression lap spice length, mm, tension lap splice length, mm. span of member under load test, taken asthe shorter span for two-way slab systems, mm, Span is the lesser of: (@) distance between centers of supports, and (b) clear distance between supports plus thickness fof member. Span for a cantilever shall be taken as twice the distance from the face of supporto cantilever end. transfer length of prestressed reinforcement, mm. unsupported length of column or wall, mm Jengih of shear head arm from centroid of concentrated load ot reaction, mm. length of entire wall, or length of wall segment or wall pier considered indirection of shear force, mm length of prestressing tendon element fom jacking end to any point x, mm. length of span in direction that moments are being determined, measured center-oweenter of supports, mm. fy grote Me length of span indirection perpendicular to €), measured center. to-center of support, mm, effect of sevice live load. development length, mm. effect of service roof live load. design moment ‘maximum unfactored moment due to service loads including Pa effects moment acting on anchor or anchor group, N-mam. ‘maximum moment in member due to service loads at stage deflection is calculated, N-mm. moment at the face of the joint, corresponding tothe nominal flexural strength of the column framing into ‘that joint, calculated forthe factored axial force, consistent with the direction of the lateral forces considered, resulting in the lowest flexural strength. factored moment amplified for the effects of member curvature used for design of compression member, N- mm. cracking moment, N-mm. ‘moment causing flexural cracking at section due to externally applied Toads, N-min ‘moment at the face of the joint, corresponding to the nominal flexural strength of the girder including slab Where in tension, framing, into that joint Tactored moment modified to account for effect of axial compression, N- ‘maximum factored moment t section due to externally applied loads, N- nominal flexural strength at section, Nemm, nominal flexural strength of beam including slab where in tension, ‘aming int joint, N-mm. nominal flexural strength of column framing into joint, calculated for factored axial Torce, consistent with the direction of lateral forces considered, resulting in lowest flexural strength, N-mm. total factored static moment, N-mra. required plastic moment strength of shearhead eross section, N-mm probable flexural strength of [Association of Structural Engineers ofthe Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)CHAPTER Structural Concrete 4 members, with or without axial load, n= modular ratio of elasticity, but not determined using the propeties ofthe less than 6 member at the joint faces assuming a = B/E tensile strength in dhe longitudinal n = inmber of items, such as, bars, wires, bars of at least 1.25f, and a monostrand anchorage devices, strength-redction factor @ of 1.0, N- anchors or shearhead aris mmm. nm = number of longitudinal bars around M, = maximum moment in wall due to the perimeter of a column core with service loads, excluding Py effects, rectilinear hoops that are. laterally N-mm supported by the corner of hoops or Mee = factored slab moment that is resisted by seismic hooks. A bundle of bars by the column at a joint, Nam, is counted as a single bar Mow portion of slab factored “moment N= design axial Toad normal to. cross balanced by support moment, N-mm section occurring _sinultancously My = factored moment at section, Nom. with Vs to be taken as postive for Man = moment at the mid-height section of compression, negative for tension, the wall due to factored lateral and and to include effects of tension due eccentric vertical loads, not including to creep and shrinkage Py effects, Nem, = number of bars in a layer being m moment resistance contributed by spliced or developed at a critical shearhead reinforcement, N-mm, section. My = ‘lesser facioned end) moment on a N= ‘tension force acting on anchor or compression member, to be taken as anchor group, N. Positive if member is bent in single Ng = nominal bond strength intension of @ curvature, negative iF bent in double single adhesive anchor, N. curvature, Nem. Nag = nominal bond strength intension of « Ming = factored end moment on a group of adhesive anchors, N. compression member at the end at M basic concrete breakout strength in which My acts, due to loads that tension of a single anchor in eracked cause nd appreciable sidesway, concrete, N caleulated using first-order elastic Noa Basie bond strength in tension of @ frame analysis, N-mm, single adhesive anchor, = factored end moment on compression Ne the resultant tensile force acting on member at the end at which M, acts, * the portion of the concrete cross dlue to loads that cause appreciable section that is subjected to tensile sidesway, calculated using. a first siresses due fo the combined effects order elastic frame analysis, N-mm of service loads and. effective Mz = greater factored end moment on prestress, N compression member. If transverse Ne = nominal concrete breakout strength in loading occurs between supports, tension ofa single anchor, N. Mz is taken as the largest moment Neo nominal eonerete breakout strength in occurring in member. Value of Mz tension of a group of anchors, N. is always positive, Nm, No basic conerete pryout stength of Memin —~ minimum value of Ma, Nem. single anchor, N. ‘Maye ~ factored end moment on compression Negy = ‘basic concrete pryout strength of member at the end at which Mf act, group of anchors, N. due to Toads tha cause no appreciable N, sominal strength in tension, N. sideswoy, caloulatod using a. fist. Ny = pullout strength in tension ofa single ‘anchor in cracked concrete, N. N, = nominal pullout strength in tension of single anchor, N N, nominal strength of a single anchor ‘or individual anchors in a group of anchors in tension as governed by the steel strength, N. order elastic frame analysis, N-mm. ‘Mz, = factored end moment on compression member at the end at which My acts, due to loads that cause appreciable sidesway, calculated using @ first= order elastic frame analysis, N-mm, National Structural Cade of the Philippines Volume l, 74:16 CHAPTER 4 ~ Structural Concrete Nop = side-face blowout strength ofa single P& ——-= secondary moment due 10 individual anchor, N. member slenderness, N-mm. Nig = sde-face blowout strength of a group Pb secondary moment due to lateral of anchors, N. defletion, N-mm. 1M, = Tactored axial force normal to cross P, = prestressing tendon force at any point section occurring simultaneously x with Vy or Ty; to be taken as dou factored dead load per unit area, KPa positive, for ‘compression and Gia = factored live load per unit area, KPa. negative for tension, N. Ge factored load per unit area, KPa. Nua = factored tensile force applied to Q stability index for a storey. anchor or individual anchor in a r radius of gyration of eross section of group of anchors, N. « compression member, mm. Nuag ‘total factored tensile force applied to R reaction, N. anchor group, N. R cumulative load effect of service rain Myat = factored tensile force applied to most load. highly stressed anchor in a group of s = spacing of shear reinforcement in anchors, N. direction parallel to longitudinal Muar Factored sustained tension load, N. reinforcement, mm. Nac factored horizontal tensile force s = center-to-center spacing of items, applied at top of bracket or corbel such as longitudinal reinforcement, acting simultaneously with Vy; 0 be transverse reinforcement, endons, of taken as positive for tension, N. anchors, mm, Pep = outside perimeter of the concrete s Standard deviation, MPa. ‘ross seetion, mm. 5 = centerto-center spacing of Px = perimeter of centerline of outermost feinforcements in the ith layer closed transverse—_torsional ‘adjacent to the surface of the reinforcement, mm. ‘member, mm. Pe = critical bucking load, N. S_ = centerto-center spacing of transverse P, = nominal axial compressive. strength reinforcements within the length ‘ofa member, N. ym. Pamax = maximum nominal axial compressive Se sample standard deviation, MPa strength of member, N, sy spacing of wire to be developed or = nominal axial tensile strength of spliced, mm. member, N. Sy = clear distance between adjacent webs, = Maximum nominal axial tensile mm. strength of member, N. $2 —-= conterto-center—spuciig of P, = nominal axial load strength at zero longitudinal shear or torsional ‘eccentricity, N. reinforcement, mm. Pyy = prestressing force at jacking end, N. s = elastic section modulus of section Pye = ‘faclored~—prestressing force at S_ = moment, shear or axial foroe at anchorage deviee, N. connection corresponding to Pyy = prestressing force evaluated at development of probable strength at distance ps from the jacking end, N intended yield locations, based on the P, = prestessing tendon foree at jacking governing mechanism’ of inelastic tnd Tateral deformation, considering both P, = unfactored axial load at the design, gravity and earthquake load effects, ‘mid-height section including effects Sm clastic section modulus; mm’. of self-weight, N. Sa = nominal moment, shear, axial, Pu factored post-tensioned tendon force torsional, or bearing strength. atthe anchorage device S, = yield strength of connection, based P, = factored axial load at given ‘on fy, for moment, shear, oF axial cocentticity, < Pq. force, MPa. P, = Factored axial foree; to be taken as t = wall thickness of hollow section, mm. positive for compression and ty = thickness of flange, mm. negative for tension, N. ‘Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, inc. (ASEP)cumulative effects of service temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, and shrinkage compensating concrete, tension force acting on a nodal zone ina strut-and-tie model, N cracking torsional moment, N-mm. total test load, N. threshold torsional moment, N-mm. factored torsional moment at section, N-mm. strength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces in such combinations as stipulated in this Code. design shear stress, MPa. Stress corresponding to nominal two- way shear strength provided by concrete, MPa equivalent concrete stress corresponding to nominal two-way shear strength of slab or footing, MPa equivalent concrete stress corresponding to nominal two-way shear strength provided by reinforcement, MPa. Maximum factored two-way shear stress calculated around the perimeter ofa given critical section, MPa factored shear stress on the slab critical section for two-way action due to gravity loads without moment transfer, MPa. design shear force at section shear force acting on anchor or anchor group, N. applied shear perpendicular to the edge, N. applied shear parallel tothe edge, N basic concrete breakout strength in shear of a single anchor in cracked conerete, N. nominal shear strength provided by ‘concrete, N. nominal conerete breakout strength in shear ofa single anchor, N. nominal conerete breakout strength in shear of a group of anchors, N. nominal shear strength provided by concrete where diagonal cracking results from combined shear and ‘moment, N. ‘nominal conerete pryout strength of a single anchor, N. CHAPTER 4 Structural Conerete 4-17 nominal concrete pryout strength of a ‘group of anchors, N. nominal shear strength provided by onerete where diagonal cracking resus from high principal tensile stress in web, N. shear force at section due to _unfactored dead load, N. Design shear force for load combinations including earthquake effects, N. permissible horizontal shear stres, MPa, factored shear force at section due to externally applied loads occurring simultaneously with Myyaas Ne nominal shear strength, N nominal horizontal shear strength, N vertical component of effective prestress force at section, N. nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement, N. nominal strength in shear of a single anchor or group of anchors as governed by the see strength, N. factored shear force at section, N. factored shear force applied to a single anchor or group of anchors, N {otal factored shear force applied to anchor group, N, factored shear force applied 1 most highly stressed anchor in a group of anchors, N. Factored shear force along horizontal interface in composite concrete Aexural member, N. factored horizontal shear in a storey, N. density, unit weight, of normal- weight’ concrete oF equilibrium density of lightweight concrete, ky/ im’ factored live load per unit area. factored load per unit length of beam or one-way slab, Nim, ‘width of a strat perpendicular to the axis ofthe strut, mm. effective height of concrete concentric with a tie, used 10 dimension nodal zone, mm. maximum effective height of conerete concentric with a tie, mm, ‘maximum water-cementtious materials ratio. effect of wind oad, service-level wind load, N. National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume I, 7° Edition, 2015a % am ay an a as a Bo Be [ER 4 ~ Structural Concrete = shorter overall dimension of rectangular part of eross section, mm Tonger overall dimension of rectangular part of eros section, mm distance fom centroidal axis of gross Section, neglecting reinforcement, 10 tension face, mm. = langle between inlined stimups and longitudinal axis of member. = angle defining. the orientation of reinforcement. = {otal angular change of prestessing tendon profile in radians from tendon Jacking end to any point x. = boefficient defining the relative Contribution of conercte strength 10 romina wall shear strength = fatio of flexural. stitfess of beam fection to flexural stifness of a width ff slab bounded laterally by enterlines of adjacent panels, if any, fon each side ofthe beam. _ Baal Bole = average value of ay for al beams on edges ofa panel = a indirection of €. yin direction of €2- = ale between the axis ofa strat and the bars in the ith layer of reinforcement crossing that stat = (otal angular change of tendon profile from tendon jacking end to point under considerations, radians constant used to compute Ve and footings. ratio of flexural stiffness of shear heed arm to surrounding composite slab section. crientation of distributed reinforcement ina strut trientation of reinforcement tnthogonal to cy in strut ratio of long to short dimensions lear span for two-way slabs, sides of| column, concentrated load or reaction area; or sides of footing ratio of area of reinforcement cut off to total area of tension reinforcement at section. ratio of long side to short side of concentrated load or resetion area slabs Bas Bans Bn Bs Be Be By Yr Yp % Ys Ye the ratio of maximum factored sustained shear within a storey tothe maximum factored shear in. that storey associated with the same load combination ratio used to account for reduction of stiffness of columns due to sustained axial loads. factor used to account for the effect of the anchorage of ties on the effective compressive strength of a nodal zone. factor used to account for the effect of cracking and confining reinforcement on the effective compressive strength of the concrete ina stn ratio of torsional stiffness of edge ‘beam section to flexural stiffness of a ‘width of slab equal to span length of beam, center-to-center of support. Eyl Eels factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block to depth of neural axis. factor used to determine the fraction ‘of Mge transferred by slab flexure at slab-column connections. factor for type of prestressing reinforcement. 0.55 for Fyy/ Fyn not less than 0.80. 0.40 f0F Fyy/ Fyn Hot less than 0.85. 0.28 for fyy/f pu 20t Less than 0.90. factor used to determine the portion of reinforcement located in center band of footing. factor used to determine the fraction fof Msg transforred by eccentricity of shear at slab-column connections. 1-¥y ‘Moment megnification factor used t0 reflect effects of member curvature between ends of compression member. moment magnification factor for frames not braced against sideways, to reflect lateral drift resulting from lateral and gravity loads. design displacement, mm. computed, out-of-plane deflection at mid-height of wall corresponding 10 cracking moment, My, maximum — deflection measured during the second test relative to theype ype Seu position of the structure at the beginning of the second test, mm. increase in stress in prestressing reinforcement due ( factored loads, MPa, siress in prestressing reinforcement at service loads less decompression siress, MPa. difference between the stress that can be developed in the strand at the section under consideration and the stress required to resist. factored bending moment at section, My/@, MPa. ‘measured maximum deflection, mm. = caleulated, out-of-plane deflection at inid-height of wall corresponding to ‘nominal flexural strength, My, mm. relative lateral deflection between the top and bottom of a storey due to Vyss mm. residual deflection measured 24 hou after removal of the test load. For the first load test, residual deflection is, ‘measured relative to the position of the structure at the beginning of the first load test. For the second load test, residual deflection is measured relative to the position of the structure at the beginning of the second load test, mm, measured residual deflection, mm, ‘maximum deflection at or near ‘midheight due to service loads, mm out-ofeplane deflection due to service loads, mm, calculated out-of-plane deflection at mid-height of wall due to factored Toads, mm. design storey drift of storey x, mm, maximum deflection, during first load test, measured 24 hours after application of the full test load, mm, maximum deflection, during second load test, measured 24hours after application of the full test load Deflection is measured relative to the position of the structure at the beginning of second Jond test, mm, ‘maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber. net tensile strain in extreme layer of longitudinal tension reinforcement at nominal strength, excluding. strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage, and temperature, fy > Pp Ps mm Po Pv Pw % value of net tensile strain in the extreme layer of longitudinal tension reinforcement used 1 define a ccompression-controlled section angle between axis of strut, compression diagonal, or ‘compression ficld and the tension ‘chord of the members correction factor related to unit weight of concrete. ‘modification factor to reflect the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete relative 10 normal-weight concrete of the same compressive strength, modification factor to reflect the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight conerete in certain cconerete anchorage applications, ‘multiplier used for additional deflection due to long-term effects coefficient of friction number of identical arms of shearhead, posttensioning curvature fiction coefficient. time-dependent factor for sustained load ratio. of non-prestressed tension reinforcement. Ad (lw) ratio of A, to bd ratio of compression reinforcement, A’, to bd. reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions ratio of area of distributed longitudinal reinforcement to gross conerete area perpendicular to that reinforcement. ratio. of prestressed reinforcement, Apsto bdy, ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to total volume of core confined by the spiral, measured out- to-out of spirals, ratio of area of distributed transverse reinforcement to gross concrete area perpendicular to that reinforcement ratio of tie reinforcement area to area of contact surface, Ay bs ratio of tension reinforcement, Ay to bud. strength-reduction factor. National Structural Cove of the Philippines Vokume 1, 2" Eailon, 20454-20 oe Ter We Wen Yoon Wepma Dep doy We Doon Veena Wee Wean Weay Pry CHAPTER 4 stiffness reduction factor. characteristic bond stress of adhesive anchor in cracked concrete, MPa. ‘characteristic bond stress of adhesive anchor in uncracked concrete, MPa. factor used to modify development length based on cover. factor used to modily tensile strength ‘of anchors based on presence or absence of cracks in concrete. factor used to modify tensile strength, of post-installed anchors intended for use in uncracked concrete without supplementary reinforcement 10 account for the splitting tensile stresses due to installation, factor used to modify tensile strength of adhesive anchors intended for use in uncracked concrete without supplementary reinforcement to account for the splitting tensile stresses due to installation, factor used to modify pullout strength fof anchors based on presence or absence of eracks in concrete. factor used to modily shear strength fof anchors based on presence or absence of cracks in conerete and presence or absence — of supplementary reinforcement. factor used to modify development fength based on reinforcement coating, factor used to modify tensile strength ‘of anchors based on eccentricity of applied loads. factor used to modify tensile strength of adhesive anchors based on eccentricity of applied loads. factor used to modify shear strength of anchors based on eccentricity of applied loads. factor used to modify tensile strength of anchors based on proximity to edges of concrete member. factor used to modify tensile strength of adhesive anchors based on proximity to edges of concrete ‘member. factor used to modify shear strength fof anchors based on proximity to edges of concrete member. factor used to modify shear strength of anchors located in concrete members with fig <1-5¢q1 factor used to modify development length based on confining. reinforcement. Ws = factor used to modify development length based on reinforcement size. he = factor used to modify development length for casting location intension, e = factor used to modify development length for welded deformed wire reinforcement in tension. = amplification factor to account for overstrength of the seismic-force- resisting system determined in accordance with the general building code. Wy, yy, 0%, = reinforcement indices for flanged sections computed as for a, p and ‘' except that b shall be the web width, and reinforcement area shall be that required to develop ‘compressive strength of web only. 4023 Terminology ADHESIVE are chemical components formulated from “organic polymers, or a combination of organic polymers ‘and inorganic materials that cure if blended together. ADMIXTURE is a material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of conerete and, added (0 concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties. AGGREGATE is @ granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stoné and iron blast-fumace slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic ‘cement conerete or mortar. AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT is an aggregate meeting the requirements of ASTM C330 and having a bulk density with a dry, lose weight of 1120 kg/m" or Jess, determined in accordance with ASTM C29. In some standards, the term lightweight ageregate is being replaced by the term low-density aggregate ANCHOR is a steel element either cast into concrete or post-installed into a hardened concrete member and used to transmit applied loads to the comerete ANCHOR, CAST-IN is a headed bolt, headed stud, or hooked bolt (J- or L-bolt) installed before placing ‘concrete. ANCHOR, HEADED BOLT is a cast-in steel anchor that develops its tensile strength from the mechanical interlock provided by either a head or nut at the embedded cend of the anchor. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)ANCHOR, HOOKED BOLT is @ castin anchor ‘anchored mainly by bearing of the 90-degree bend (L- bolt) oF 180-degree bend (-bolt) against the concrete, at its embedded end, and having a minimum ey equal to 3dy ANCHOR, HEADED STUD is a steel anchor conforming to the requirements of AWSDI.IM and affixed (0 a plate or similar steel attachment by the stud are welding process before casting. ANCHOR, HORIZONTAL OR UPWARDLY. INCLINED jis an anchor installed in a hole drilled horizontally or in a hole drilled at any orientation above horizontal ANCHOR, POST-INSTALLED, is an anchor installed in hardened conerete; adhesive, expansion, and undercut, anchors are examples of post-installed anchors. ANCHOR, ADHESIVE is a post-installed anchor, inserted into hardened conerete with an anchor hole diameter not greater than 1Stimes the anchor diameter, that transfers loads to the concrete by bond between the anchor and the adhesive, and bond between the adhesive and the concrete ANCHOR, ADHESIVE-STEEL ELEMENTS ate steel elements for adhesive anchors include threaded rods, deformed reinforcing bars, or internally threaded steel sleeves with external deformations, ANCHOR, EXPANSION jis a post-installed anchor, inserted into hardened concrete that transfers loads to oF from the conerete by direct bearing or friction or both. ANCHOR, UNDERCUT is a post-installed anchor that ‘develops its tensile strength from the mechanical interlock provided by undercutting of the concrete at the embedded ‘end of the anchor. Undercutting is achieved with a special drill before installing the anchor or altematively by the anchor itself during its installation. ANCHOR GROUP is 2 umber of similar anchors hhaving approximately equal effective embedment depths with spacing ¢ between adjacent anchors such that the protected areas overlap ANCHOR PULLOUT STRENGTH is the strength eorresponding to the anchoring device or a major ‘component of the device sliding out from the conerete without breaking out a substantial portion of the surrounding concrete. National Structural Gade of the Philippines Volume CHAPTER 4.~ Structural Co 42s ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioned members, the hardware used to transfer force from prestressed ‘reinforcement to the concrete. ANCHORAGE DEVICE, BASIC MONOSTRAND is fan anchorage device used with any single strand or a single 16mm. or smaller diameter bar that is in accordance with Sections 425.8.1,425.8.2 and 425.9.3.1a ANCHORAGE DEVICE, BASIC MULTISTRAND is fan anchorage device used with multiple strands, bars, or ‘wires, or with single bars larger than 16 mm diameters ‘that satisfies Sections 425.8,1, 425.8.2 and 425.9.3.1b, ANCHORAGE DEVICE, SPECIAL is an anchorage ‘device that satisfies tests required in Section 425.9.3.1. ANCHORAGE ZONE. in post-ensioned members, portion of the member through which the concentrated prestressing force is transferred to the concrete and distributed more uniformly aeross the section; its extent is ‘equal to the largest dimension of the cross section; for anchorage devices located away from the end of a member, the anchorage zone includes the disturbed regions ahead of and behind the anchorage device. ATTACHMENT is a structural assembly, extemal to the surface of the concrete that transmits loads to oF receives Toads from the anchor. B-REGION js a portion of a member in which it is reasonable to assume that strains due to flexure vary linearly through section. BASE OF STRUCTURE is a level at which the horizontal earthquake ground motions are assumed to be imparted to a building. This level does not necessarily coincide with the ground level BEAM is a member subjected primarily to flexure and shear, with or without axial force or torsion; beams in a ‘moment frame that forms part of the lateral-force-resisting system are predominantly horizontal members; a girder is abeam, BOUNDARY ELEMENT js a portion along wall and diaphragm edge, including edges of openings, strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. BUILDING OFFICIAL jis a term used in @ general building code to identify the person charged with administration and enforcement of provisions of the building code. Such term as building inspector is a variation of the title, and the term “building official” as Edition, 20154:22 CHAPTER 4 ~ Structural Con used in this Code, is intended to include those variations, aspell as others that are used inthe same sense, CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are materials that have cementing value if used in concrete cither by themselves, such as portland cement, blended hydraulic cements, and expansive cement, or such materials in combination with fly ash, raw or other calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, and slag cement, COLLECTOR is an clement that acts in axial tension or compression to transmit forces between a structural diaphragm and a vertical element of the seismic-force- resisting system. COLUMN is a member, usually vertical or predominantly vertical, used primarily to support axial compressive load, but that ean also resist moment, shear, or torsion, Columns used as part of a lateral-force-tesisting system resist ‘combined axial load, moment, and shear. Refer to moment frame. COLUMN CAPITAL is an enlargement of the top of a concrete column located directly below the slab or drop panel that is east monolithically with the column. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS _ is a construction- related Code requirements directed to the contractor to be incorporated into construction documents by the licensed design professional, as applicable. COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS are conerete flexural members of precast or cast-in-place ‘concrete elements, constructed in separate placements but ‘connected so that all elements respond to loads as a unit. COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a ctoss section in which the net tensile strain inthe extreme tension reinforcement at nominal strength is less than or equal to the compression-contolled strain limit COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is ‘a net tensile strain at balanced strain conditions. CONCRETE are mixture of portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and ‘water, with or without admixtures CONCRETE, ALL-LIGHTWEIGHT is a lightweight concrete containing only lightweight coarse and fine aggregates that conform to ASTM C330. CONCRETE, LIGHTWEIGHT is a concrete containing lightweight aggregate and an equivalent density, as determined by ASTM C567, between 1440 and 1840 kg/m’, CONCRETE, NON-PRESTRESSED is a reinforced concrete with at least the minimum amount of none prestressed reinforcement and no prestressed, reinforcement; or for two-way slabs, with less than the minimum amount of prestressed reinforcement, CONCRETE, NORMALWEIGHT is a concrete containing only aggregate that conforms to ASTM C33, CONCRETE, PLAIN is a concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement than the ‘minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete. CONCRETE, PRECAST is a concrete element cast ‘elsewhere than its final position in the structure CONCRETE,PRESTRESSED is concrete in which intemal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from service loads. CONCRETE, REINFORCED is a concrete reinforced with at least the minimum amounts of non-prestressed or prestressed reinforcement required by this Code. CONCRETE, SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT is 2 concrete containing only normal weight fine aggregate that conforms to ASTM C33M_and lightweight coarse aggregate that conforms to ASTM C330M. CONCRETE, STEEL FIBER-REINFORCED is a concrete containing a prescribed amount of dispersed, randomly oriented, discontinuous deformed steel fibers. CONCRETE STRENGTH, —_—_ SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE. is a compressive strength of concrete used in design and evaluated in accordance with provisions ofthis Code, MPa, Whenever the quantity is under a radical sign, square root of numerical value only is intended, and result has units of MPa CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH. is a strength corresponding to a volume of concrete surrounding the ‘anchor of group of anchors separating from the member, CONCRETE PRYOUT STRENGTH — is a strength corresponding to formation of a concrete, spall. behind short, stiff anchors displaced in the direction opposite to the applied shear force. CONNECTION is a region of a structure that joins two ‘oF mote members; a connection also refers to a region that joins members of which one or more is precast CONNECTION, DUCTILE is a connection that ‘experiences yielding as a result of the earthquake design displacements. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, inc. (ASEP)