PRELIM

1. A type of power plant that contributed the largest electrical output in the Philippines. Coal-fired
Power Plant
2. Which is not considered as the Non-Conventional type of Power Plant? OTEC Power Plant
3. it is the power, which should always be available even under emergency conditions. Firm Power
4. the maximum demand on a power station is 100 MW. If the annual load factor is 40%, calculate
the total energy generated in a year. 350, 400, 000 KW-Hr
5. a generating station has a connected load of 43 MW and a maximum demand of 20 MW; the
total KW generated being 61.5 x 10^6 per annum. Calculate the load factor. 35. 1%
6. it is the curve for a plant showing the total time within a specified period, during which the load
equaled or exceeded the values shown. When the load elements of are arranged in the order of
descending magnitudes. Load Duration Curve
7. it is the ratio of the average loads on a machine or equipment to the rating of the machine or
equipment, for a certain period of time considered. It is computed as (Actual kWh
Produced)/(Maximum Energy that might have produced during the same period). Plant
Capacity Factor
8. A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours and is shut down for
the rest of each day. It is also shut down for maintenance for 45 days each year. Calculate its
annual load factor. 20.8%
9. A generating station is to supply four regions of load whose peak loads are 10 MW, 5 MW, 8
MW and 7 MW. The diversity factor at the station is 1-5 and the average annual load factor is
60%. Calculate the maximum demand on the station. 20, 000kw
10. A generating station is to supply four regions of load whose peak loads are 10 MW, 5 MW, 8
MW and 7 MW. The diversity factor at the station is 1-5 and the average annual load factor is
60%. Calculate the annual energy supplied by the station. 105.12 GW-Hr
11. It is defined as the ratio of the average load to the peak load during a certain prescribed period
of time. It should be high so that the total capacity of the plant is utilized for the maximum
period that will result in lower cost of the electricity being generated, it is always less than one.
Load factor
12. The ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands to the maximum demand of the total
group. Diversity Factor
13. A Solar Power Plant uses 1200 units of PV cells (@ 5 KW single capacity). In 2016, it generated a
total electricity energy of 18,255.7 MW-Hr. Calculate the plant capacity factor. 34.64%
14. It has the highest capacity factor among the different types of power plants. Nuclear Power
Plant
15. It is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to it connected load. Demand Factor
16. The Wing Power Plant, located in Southern America was awarded for its excellence in renewable
energy has a nameplate capacity of 290 MW and an actual average annual production of 740
GWh/year. Its capacity factor is. 29.13%
17. The projected number of years the oil-based fossil fuel will last for approximately 43 years
18. The largest solar farm in the Philippines with a total of 63.3-megawatt at a cost of US$120
million (PHP5.7 billion). It boasts of 200,000 solar panels that cover 160 hectares of land area.
Calatagan Solar Farm
19. The largest wind farm in the Philippines and the Southeast Asia with a capacity of 150 MW and
covers a total land area of 600 hectares which consists of 50 units of turbine each with a
capacity of 3MW. Burgos Wind Farm
20. The largest power plant in the Philippines with an installed plant capacity of 1,277 MW. Ilijan
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
21. A diesel power station is supplying energy to a community with 12-MW substation feeds six
distributing circuits with the following loads: 1,780 KW, 2.7 MW, 1500 KW, 2.5 MW and 3,400
KW, respectively. If the diversity factor is 1.25, calculate the load of the sixth circuit. 3,120 KW
22. These plants have high rated output, high capital cost and low operating costs. (Ex. Coal-fired,
Hydro-electric, Geothermal, Nuclear plants). More than 5000 full power-hrs per year (capacity
factor >57%) Reversed Power Plants
23. These plants are set up by the government or other public sectors and organizations for general
consumers. The capital costs are very high but operating costs are low. Localized Power Plants
24. The annual peak load on a 20-MW power plant is 14.5 MW. Two substations are supplied by this
plant. Annual energy dispatched through substation A is 38.8 GW-hr with a peak at 15, 900 Kw,
while 29,500 MW-hr are sent through B with a peak at 12,050 kw. Neglect line losses, find the
capacity factor of the power plant. 38.98%
MIDTERM EXAM

1. A superheat steam Rankine cycle has turbine inlet condition of 9.1 million N/m2 and expand
in a turbine to 0.000091 KN/mm2. What is the pump work in KW if the efficiency of the pump
is 91%? The mass of steam is constant at 9.1 kg/s.
2. A steam power plant produces superheated steam at 103 bar and 533 degree Celsius. The
turbine extracted the steam at a pressure of 1.03 bar. Compute the Rankine cycle efficiency.
3. Compute the required volumetric flow of cooling water in gallons per minute that cools the
steam inside the condenser. The steam enters the condenser at wet condition at an exhaust
pressure of 0.754 bar. The cooling water was supplied at 3.84 kg/s and enters the condenser
at 23.5 degree Celsius and gained 35.4 degrees C after absorbing heat from the steam. the
steam was generated at 25.5 bar and 355 degrees C from the boiler
4. The steam enters a throttling calorimeter at a pressure of 31.25 bar. The calorimeter
downstream pressure and temperature are 1.9 bar and 131.5 degree C respectively. What is
the vapor percentage of the supply steam?
5. A steam generating plant consisting of a boiler, an economizer and super heater generates
superheated steam at a rate of 14 short tons per hour. The feed water enters the boiler at
8,750 kpa and 95 deg C compressed liquid. the steam leaves the super heater at 8.75 mpa
pressure with a temperature of 575 deg C. calculate the mass of fuel to be burned in kg/min
for a gross efficiency of 87.5%. The calorific value of fuel is 8750 per gram.
6. Three boilers of equal evaporative capacities generate steam at the same pressure of 82 bar
to a common pipeline. One boiler produces superheated steam at 382 deg C, the second boiler
at 296.79 deg C and the third at wet condition. The resulting mixture is dry and saturated,
compute the percentage moisture of the steam from the third boiler.
7. calculate the net work of a steam power cycle in MW that generates steam at 16.25 mpa and
620 deg C. the steam leaves the turbine at 360 deg C. the feedwater is supplied at 98.5 deg C
saturated for a total mass of 5625 metric ton for a 12-hour continuous operation in which it
has an evaporative efficiency of 88.5%
8. a steam cycle generates steam using a coal with a heating value of 15,000 BTU/lb. the
theoretical air-fuel ratio is 15 kg of air per kg of coal with an excess air of 15%. the boiler has
an efficiency of 85% and has a design pressure of 150 bar and 550 deg C and receives the
feedwater at 95 deg C with a rate of 15.0 kg/s. calculate the amount of air in metric ton
needed to burn the coal in a period of 1.5 hours.
9. determine the difference between the heat added to the boiler and the heat rejected from the
condenser in MW for the given data log sheet of a steam power station:
steam pressure from the boiler: 4,800 kpa
steam pressure exiting the boiler: 261.45 deg c
exhaust pressure: 100 kpa
mass of feedwater for a period of 8 hours: 70 metric tons
mass of blowdown water for 8-hour period: 1200 kilograms
1. determine the capacity of the jacket water in gallons per minute required to cool a diesel
engine with 8 cylinders, 16 in X 18 in, four stroke cycle with fuel consumption of 0.32 kg/kw-hr
at 520 rpm. the indicated mean effective pressure is 0.125 ksi and the fuel oil has 35 deg API. a
third of heat supplied to the engine was carried way with the jacket water that enters the
engine at 24 deg C and gained temperature rise of 41.5 deg Celsius.
ASSIGNMENT IN VARIABLE LOAD
Started: Nov 11 at 9:17am
Quiz Instructions
1. A generation station of 20 MW supplied a region which has the following
demands:

From To Demand(KW)
12 midnight 4 a.m, 2000
4 a.m. 10 a.m. No Load
10 a.m. 3 p.m. 400
3 p.m. 5 p.m. No Load
5 p.m. 8 p.m. 15000
8 p.m. 10 p.m. 12000
10 p.m. 12 a.m. 600

Neglect transmission line losses, find the following:

1.Daily Load Curve and the Load Duration Curve
2.Load factor, reserve capacity, plant capacity factor, plant use factor, the hours the
plant has been off, and the utilization factor.
 2. A Wind Power station of 40 MW capacity supplied two regions (A and B) which
have the following demands:
Region A

From To Demand (KW)

Midnight 9 a.m. 2400

9 a.m. 12 noon 10000

12 noon 5 p.m. 3200

5 p.m. 6 p.m. 20000

6 p.m. 7 p.m. No Load

7 p.m. Midnight 1600

Region B

From To Demand (KW)

Midnight 8 a.m. 3200

8 a.m. 1 p.m. 20000
1 p.m. 2 p.m. 3200
2 p.m. 5 p.m. 20000
5 p.m. Midnight 3200

Plot the load curve and load duration curve

Find the following:
a.) The average load
b.) The load factor
c.) The reserved capacity
d.) The plant capacity factor
e.) The plant use factor
f.) The diversity factor
3.) A coal-fired station has to meet the following demand of the different types of
consumers:
1. Residential: 7500 KW from 6 a.m. to 10 a.m., and 12,500 KW from 6 p.m. to 12 a.m.
2. Industrial: 25,000 KW from midnight to 6 a.m. and 30,000 KW from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m.
3. Commercial: 10,200 KW from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m. and 14,500 KW from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m.

Plot the daily load curve and load duration curve and determine (i) diversity factor (ii)
units generated per day (iii) load
factor.
 4.) A 480MW hydro power station meets the daily load cycle below:
150 MW from midnight to 5 am.
280 MW from 5 a.m. to 9 a.m.
110 MW from 9 a.m. 12 noon
210 MW from 12 noon to 5 p.m.
370 MW from 5 p.m. to 11 p.m.
200 MW from 11 p.m. to 12 a.m.
Plot the load curve and load duration curve
Determine the following:
a.) Daily Load Factor
b.) Plant Capacity Factor
5. A Diesel Power plant uses Bunker oil (SG = 0.85) to supply fuel in generating three
units with a capacity of 25 MW, 30 MW and 35 MW respectively.

Consumers Demand (KW) From To

A 50,000 8 a.m. 3 p.m.
B 30,000 10 a.m. 4 p.m.
C 70,000 2 p.m. 10 p.m.
D 40,000 2 a.m. 6 a.m.

Plot the load curve and load duration curve.

Calculate the following:
1. Plant Load Factor
2. Plant Capacity Factor
3. Volume of Bunker Diesel oil in Liters required to fuel the three units. Use 32 degree
API at standard temperature. The average amount of heat to produce one KW-H of
energy is 12,000 Kilojoules.
The following data were obtained from a boiler test:

Heating Surface 15,200 ft2 Total Feed Water 850,000 lb

Steam Pressure 200 psig Time of Test 12 Hr

Steam Temperature 500 F @ 214.7 psia and 500 F: h=1268 BTU/lb

Feed Water
230 F @230 F: hf=198.32 BTU/lb
Temperature

Calculate the following:

a.) Rated Boiler Hp
b.) Operating Boiler Hp
c.) Percentage Rating
d.) Equivalent Evaporation)

ANS: 1520 Hp, 2263.45 Hp, 148.9%, 78112.37 lb/hr

2. A steam boiler on a test generates 885,000 lb of steam in a 4-hr period. The average
steam pressure is 400 psia, the average steam temperature is 700°F and the average
temperature of the feedwater supplied to the boiler is 280°F. If the boiler efficiency for
the period is 82.5% and if the coal has a heating value of 13850 BTU/lb as fired, find the
average amount of coal burned in short tons per hour and the equivalent specific
evaporation.
@ 400 psi and 700°F: h=1362.7 BTU/lb
@ 280 F: hf=249.1 BTU/lb
ANS: 10.78 s.ton/hr, 11.7792
1. Steam is admitted to the cylinder of an engine in such a manner the average pressure
is 120 psi. The diameter of the piston is 10 in. and the length of the stroke is 12 in. What
is the horsepower of the engine when it is making 300 rpm?
ANS: 171.4 Hp
2. During a test on a single-cylinder steam engine, the mean effective pressure was 405
kPa when running at 3 rev/s. The brake load was 1.9 kN acting at an effective radius of
1.2 m. If the cylinder has a dimension of 0.275 m. x 0.4 m., calculate the mechanical
efficiency.
ANS: 74.44%
1. A 12 x 18 in. four-cylinder four-stroke single acting diesel engine is rated at 200 BHp
at 260 rpm. Fuel consumption at rated load is 0.42 lb/BHp-hr with a heating value of
18,920 BTU/lb. Compute the brake mean effective pressure (psi) and the brake thermal
efficiency.
ANS: 74.8164 psi, 32.0271%
2. A four cylinder, 4-stroke cycle, 20 cm x 25 cm x 550 rpm diesel engine has a mean
effective pressure of 150 psi. Calculate the brake power in kW if mechanical efficiency is
88%.
ANS: 131.01 kW
3. A four-stroke, 6 cylinder diesel engine with bore and stroke of 9 inches and 12 inches,
respectively and speed of 950 rpm has a brake mean effective pressure of 164 psi. If the
mechanical efficiency is 85%, determine the indicated mean effective pressure (psi) and
the friction power.
ANS: 192.9412 psi, 159.0093 Hp
Problem No. 1
A single acting 8-cylinder, 4-stroke cycle engine with a bore and stroke of 12 cm x 15 cm
operates at 1,250 rpm. The load on the brake arm at 3 feet is 1.25 kip. Calculate the
brake mean effective pressure in bar.
Problem No. 2
Compute the volumetric efficiency of a diesel engine with one piston acting at a speed of
1,800 rpm. The piston has a diameter of 18 inches and travels in the cylinder from top
dead center to bottom dead center at 1.8 feet. The engine has 8 cylinders which is a
standard four stroke cycle. The air is being drawn into the engine at 8 cubic meter per
second.
Problem No. 3
A four-stroke, 12 cylinder Diesel engine has a cylinder diameter of 275 mm and operates
at 750 rpm. It develops an indicated mean effective pressure of 12.75 bar. Compute the
thermal efficiency if it has a brake specific fuel consumption of 0.275 kg/KW-hr. The
piston travels a distance of 375 mm. The Diesel fuel used has a heating value of 139,000
BTU per one gallon and has a specific gravity of 0.875. Use a mechanical efficiency of
87.5%.
Problem No. 4
A diesel power plant has a given data specifications (Typical to each diesel engine):
No. of Diesel Engines = 4
No. of cylinders per Diesel Engine = 8
Bore x Stroke = 1.24 ft x 1.74 ft
No. of strokes = 4
Fuel consumption = 0.4 kg/Kw-hr per diesel engine
Heating Value = 140,000 BTU/gallon
Specific gravity = 0.84
Engine speed = 400 rpm
Indicated mean effective pressure = 14.0 bar
Calculate the required volumetric flow rate of cooling water in gallons per
minute if 34% of the heat supplied to four Diesel engines is being carried a jacket water
that has an increase temperature of 140 degrees C.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS!
1. A wet mixture with 80% quality at 500 kPa is heated isothermally until
its pressure is 300 kPa. Find the heat added during the process.
ANS: 534.42 kJ/kg

2. A 2.5 kg of steam with 3% moisture is heated at a constant pressure of

240 kPa until the final condition of 80°SH. Find the quantity of heat
received by the steam.
ANS: 578.49 kJ

3. A steam power plant produces superheated steam at 13.5 mpa and

630°C. The turbine extracted the steam at a pressure of 1.35 bar. Compute
the Rankine cycle efficiency.
ANS: 35.24%

4. The following coal has the following ultimate dry analysis by weight: C =
77.5%, H = 10.5%, O = 2.5%, N = 0.5%, S= 6.5%, Ash = 2.5%. The steaming
capacity of the boiler using this coal is 50,000 kg/hr, Calculate the volume
of air need in m3/s at 100 kpa and 30°C with an excess air of 30%. The
boiler efficiency is 80%. Steam pressure at the boiler is 10.0 mpa with a
temperature of 500°C. The condenser pressure is 150 kpa.
ANS: 17.5 m3/s

5. A boiler burns diesel fuel (specific gravity of 0.88) at a rate of 8.80

gallons per minute to convert water into superheated steam at 1,880
BTU/lb. The boiler efficiency is 88.0%. Compute the heat content of the
feedwater in BTU/lb with a mass flow rate of 880 lb/min supplied to the
boiler if the heating value of the fuel is 8,880 kcal/kg.
ANS: 847.28 BTU/lb
6. Three boilers are being supplied by a Diesel bunker oil with HHV =
25,000 kJ/kg. The three boilers have the same steaming capacity of 2,500
kg/hr and the same steaming pressure of 2.5 mpa saturated. Also, the
feedwater temperature for the three boilers are the same at 95ºC saturated
liquid. What must be the total amount of the supply fuel in Metric Tons for
30-day operation 24 hours a day? The three boilers have the same boiler
efficiency at 95%.
ANS: 546.85 m.ton

7. The cylinders of a triple-expansion steam engine are 600, 950, and 1500
mm diameter and the stroke is 1050 mm. when running at 1.8 rev/s, the
mean effective pressures in the cylinders are 517, 207, and 83 kPa
respectively. Calculate the total indicated power of the engine.
ANS: 1661.60 kW

8. Steam is admitted to the cylinder of an engine in such a manner the

average pressure is 15.5 bar. The diameter of the piston is 155 mm and the
length of stroke is 255 mm. Compute the indicated horsepower of the
engine when it is making 550 rpm. Neglect the piston rod.
ANS: 183.3 Hp

9. A diesel engine with a mechanical efficiency of 88% has a brake heat rate
of 10,500 kJ/kW-hr. It uses fuel with a relative density of 0.85 at 40ºC and
produces 1,000 kW at the engine cylinders. Calculate the number of days it
would take to consume 100 bbl of fuel oil at the given performance.
ANS: 2.78 days

10. A four-stroke, 8 cylinder diesel engine with bore and stroke of 9 inches
and 12 inches, respectively and speed of 950 rpm has a brake mean
effective pressure of 164 psi. The specific fuel consumption is 0.39 lb/Bhp-
hr and the fuel heating value is 18,500 BTU/lb. Determine the combined
specific fuel consumption if the engine has a mechanical efficiency of 80%
generator efficiency of 93%.
ANS: 0.4194 lb/Hp-hr

1. Air enters the compressor of an ideal air-standard brayton cycle at 100 kPa, 300 K,
with a volumetric flow rate of 0.5 m3/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 10. The turbine
inlet temperature is 1400 K. Compute the (a) QA, QR in kW; (b) WC, WT in kW; (c) rk, rbw ;
(d) e; and (e) mep.
ANS: 479.471 kW, 248.3408 kW, 163.1022 kW, 394.2324 kW, 5.1795, 0.4137,
48.2053%, 207.8492 kPa
Problem No.1 Compute the air flow rate in an air-standard Brayton cycle if the inlet temperature
is 70 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.65 psi. At the inlet of the turbine, the temperature of the hot
gas is 1,250 degrees Fahrenheit and its pressure was increased by 27.47 psi. the turbine
developed 5.25 MW with a heat loss of 9.55%. Use an air-fuel ratio of 14.
Problem No. 2 Calculate the mass flow rate of air in kg/s if the net power of an air-standard
Brayton cycle is 1,225 KW. The air enters the compressor at 35 degrees Celsius and leaves the
high-temperature heat exchanger at 715 degrees Celsius. The air then leaves the turbine at 295
degrees Celsius.
Problem No. 3. Determine the mean effective pressure at the turbine of an air-standard Brayton
cycle in psi that receives air at 427 cu.ft per sec at standard atmospheric pressure and 90.2
degrees Fahrenheit. The compression ratio is 4.8 with turbine inlet temperature of 1,158.4
degrees Fahrenheit. The exit pressure of the turbine is also atmospheric.