Act5 - ES

Cortes, Rejie Boy B.
August 30, 2021

BSEM - III Engr. Nathaniel D. Tiu
Activity 5: Matter and Energy

1. What was the initial working hypothesis for how plants gained mass?
- That plants grew by "eating" soil through their roots.
2. Describe the results of Van Helmont’s experiment.

- Soil did not decrease in mass as the tree grew.
a. Change in tree mass: The mass of a tree is primarily carbon. The carbon comes from carbon
dioxide used during photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants convert the sun's energy into
chemical energy which is captured within the bonds of carbon molecules built from atmospheric
carbon dioxide and water
b. Change in soil mass: A soil mass containing magnetic materials will have an induced as well
as a remnant magnetization.
3. Define each term:

a. Matter – Any physical substance that has mass and occupies space.
b. Mass – Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to
acceleration when a net force is applied.
c. Volume – Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for
example, the space that a substance or 3D shape occupies or contains. Volume is often
quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre.
d. Energy – Anything that has the ability to do work.
4. All matter in the universe is made of atoms. What is an atom?

- An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element. Every
solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are
extremely small, typically around 100 picometers across.
5. Define each part of an atom and label them on the diagram. a. Protons
b. Neutrons - The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n⁰ , which has a neutral charge,
and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of
atoms
c. Electrons - The electron is a subatomic particle, whose electric charge is negative one
elementary charge.
6. What is a molecule? - A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held
together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical
charge.
7. Describe the results of Priestly’s experiments:

a. Lit candle in a sealed jar: When the burning candle was inside the sealed jar there would be
no air for the mouse to breathe. After a little while, the candle went out leaving behind smoke
b. Mouse in a sealed jar: But when the jar was not enclosing the candle in a sealed
environment, the candle stayed lit much longer. Joseph concluded that the fire needed some
type of airborne in order to burn. He resulted in the fact that it was the air, or oxygen, that was
keeping the candle's fire going.
c. Mouse in a jar with a plant: When he concluded that Oxygen was the reason the mouse
could survive in the jar with only a plant in it or occasionally opening the jar for fresh air, he
found that the plant was giving the mouse "strength" or air.
8. What molecule did Priestly discover?

-oxygen
9. Give the chemical formula and percent composition of each of these molecules found in air:
Molecule Chemical Formula Percent Composition
Nitrogen N2 78%
Oxygen O2 21%
Water H2O 0.02%
Carbon CO2 0.03%
10. Describe the result of Ingenhousz’s experiments with plants:

- Jan Ingenhousz further experimented by observing underwater plants in sunlight and in
near-darkness.
a. Plant left in shade: plants in darkness released no gases
b. Plant placed in sun: the plants in light released bubbles of oxygen, demonstrating that energy
is needed for the process to occur.
11. What is photosynthesis?

- Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy
into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the
organism's activities.
12. Define potential energy – potential energy is the energy held by an object because of its
position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
a. What is an example? - A rock sitting on the edge of a cliff. If the rock falls, the potential
energy will be converted to kinetic energy, as the rock will be moving. A stretched elastic string
in a longbow.
13. Define kinetic energy – the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to
its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its
stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic
energy unless its speed changes.
a. What is an example? - Moving cars possess some amount of kinetic energy. This is because
they have some mass and velocity. Recalling the formula of kinetic energy, we now know that
while comparing a truck and a car moving on a road with the same velocity, we will come to the
conclusion that the truck will have higher kinetic energy because of its large size. Since kinetic
energy is directly proportional to the mass of the moving object, therefore, a truck will have more
kinetic energy than a car.
14. What type of energy makes up the electromagnetic spectrum?

- Electromagnetic energy travels in waves and spans a broad spectrum from very long
radio waves to very short gamma rays. The human eye can only detect only a small
portion of this spectrum called visible light.
15. Define each of the three types of electromagnetic energy released by the sun:
a. Ultraviolet – Ultraviolet is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm to
400 nm, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in
sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun.
b. Visible – The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to
the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or
simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 380 to about 750
nanometers
c. Infrared – Infrared, sometimes called infrared light, is electromagnetic radiation with
wavelengths longer than those of visible light. It is therefore invisible to the human eye. IR is
generally understood to encompass wavelengths from the nominal red edge of the visible
spectrum around 700 nanometers, to 1 millimeter.
16. What wavelengths of energy do plants use?- Visible light ranges from low blue to far-red
light and is described as the wavelengths between 380 nm and 750 nm, although this varies
between individuals. The region between 400 nm and 700 nm is what plants use to drive
photosynthesis and is typically referred to as Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR).
17. Where do plants get most of their mass from? - The mass of a tree is primarily carbon. The
carbon comes from carbon dioxide used during photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants
convert the sun's energy into chemical energy which is captured within the bonds of carbon
molecules built from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water.
18. Give the full equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
19. Explain how cell respiration helps animals and fungi get energy.
- Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food
molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions. Cellular respiration takes place in the
cells of animals, plants, and fungi, and also in algae and other protists. It is often called
aerobic respiration because the process requires oxygen (the root aer comes from the
Greek word for “air”). In the absence of oxygen, cells can get energy by breaking down
food through the process of fermentation, or anaerobic respiration. Of the two processes,
cellular respiration is more efficient, yielding considerably more energy than that
released through fermentation.
- https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/cellular-respiration/603291
20. Give the full equation for cellular respiration.

- C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP is the complete balanced chemical
formula for cellular respiration.
21. Write the two Laws of Thermodynamics:

First Law: The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot
be created or destroyed in an isolated system.
Second Law: The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system
always increases.
22. What does a food chain diagram show?

23. Label each of the levels of the food chain shown.
24. What do each of these use as a source of energy?
a. Producers - they absorb energy from the sun.
b. Consumers - A consumer in a food chain is a living creature that eats organisms from a
different population. A consumer is a heterotroph and a producer is an autotroph. Vons are
organisms that obtain energy from other living things
c. Decomposers - consume dead and decaying matter from all trophic levels.
25. What does the 10% rule estimate?
- The 10% rule estimates that only 10% of energy from one trophic level is
incorporated into the next.
a. What happens to the rest (the other 90%)?
- about 90% of the energy is lost in the form of heat. The total energy passed from one
level to the next is only about one-tenth of the energy received from the previous
organism. This means that an animal eating a plant will only get about ten percent of the
energy that is stored in the plant.

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Cortes, Rejie Boy B.

August 30, 2021

Activity 5: Matter and Energy

2. Describe the results of Van Helmont’s experiment.

3. Define each term:

4. All matter in the universe is made of atoms. What is an atom?

7. Describe the results of Priestly’s experiments:

8. What molecule did Priestly discover?

Water H2O 0.02%

Carbon CO2 0.03%

10. Describe the result of Ingenhousz’s experiments with plants:

11. What is photosynthesis?

14. What type of energy makes up the electromagnetic spectrum?

20. Give the full equation for cellular respiration.

21. Write the two Laws of Thermodynamics:

22. What does a food chain diagram show?

24. What do each of these use as a source of energy?

a. Producers - they absorb energy from the sun.

25. What does the 10% rule estimate?

a. What happens to the rest (the other 90%)?

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