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Basic Integration Formulas

This document introduces 5 basic integration formulas: 1. ∫ = �� + �� 2. ∫( �� + ��) = ∫ �� + ∫ �� 3. ∫ = �� ∫ �� 4. ∫ =+1 �� + 1+ ��, �� ≠ −1 5. ∫ ��= ln �� + �� It also provides proofs of these formulas through differentiation of the right side of the equations and shows that this equals the differential expression on the left side. An example problem demonstrates using the formulas to evaluate the integral of a sum of functions.

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49 views

Basic Integration Formulas

This document introduces 5 basic integration formulas: 1. ∫ = �� + �� 2. ∫( �� + ��) = ∫ �� + ∫ �� 3. ∫ = �� ∫ �� 4. ∫ =+1 �� + 1+ ��, �� ≠ −1 5. ∫ ��= ln �� + �� It also provides proofs of these formulas through differentiation of the right side of the equations and shows that this equals the differential expression on the left side. An example problem demonstrates using the formulas to evaluate the integral of a sum of functions.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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TOPIC 2

Basic Integration Formulas

As discussed in the preceding section, finding the integral of a function f(x) requires our ability to guess another function
F(x) whose derivative is f(x) or whose differential is f(x) dx. For instance, we can easily guess that

∫ 2�� ���� = ��2 + ��

Since ������(��2 + ��) = 2�� ���� ��(��2 + ��) = 2�� ����. But we cannot expect to be always right in our
guesswork. To reduce the amount of guesswork, standard integration formulas are set up for our use. The first five basic
formulas are given below. In these formulas, u and v are differentiable functions of x. The letters a, n, and C are
constants.

1. ∫ ���� = �� + ��

2. ∫( �� + ��)���� = ∫ �� ���� + ∫ �� ����

3. ∫ �������� = �� ∫ �� ����

4. ∫ �������� =����+1

�� + 1+ ��, �� ≠ −1
����
5. ∫ ��= ln �� + ��
To verify any of these formulas, it is necessary merely to show by differentiation that the differential of the right member
of the equation is equal to the differential expression after the integral sign of the left member. In fact, we shall see that,
basically, there is an integration formula corresponding to each differentiation formula.

Proof of the 1st formula:

Differentiating the right member of the formula, ��( �� + �� ) = ���� + 0 = ����. This completes the proof.

Proof of the 2nd formula:

We must show that the differential of the right member is (�� + ��)����. Hence, differentiating the right member,

Integral Calculus | Instructor: Engr. Novel Keith T. Solis 1


�� ∫ �� ���� + ∫ �� ���� = �� ∫ �� ���� + �� ∫ �� ����

�� ∫ �� ���� + ∫ �� ���� = �� ���� + �� ����

�� ∫ �� ���� + ∫ �� ���� = (�� + ��) ����

Proof of the 3rd formula:

Differentiating the right member,

�� [ �� ∫ �� ���� ] = �� [ �� ∫ �� ����]

�� [ �� ∫ �� ���� ] = ���� ����

Proof of the 4th formula:

Differentiating the right member,

��+1
�� [��
��+1
�� + 1+ ��] = �� [��
�� + 1] + ����

��+1
�� [��
��+1−1
�� + 1+ ��] =(�� + 1)��
�� + 1+ 0

��+1
�� [��
��
�� + 1+ ��] = ��

Proof of the 5th formula:

Differentiating the right member,

Case (1) If �� > 0 ∶ ��(ln �� + ��) = �� ln �� + ����

��
= ������ + 0
����
= ��

Case (2) If �� < 0 ∶ �� [ln(−��) + �� ] = d ln(-u) +dC

1
= − ��(−����) + 0
����
= ��

Integral Calculus | Instructor: Engr. Novel Keith T. Solis 2

Since �� = |��| ���� �� > 0 ������ |��| = −�� ���� �� < 0,��ℎ����
���� ������ℎ���� ��������, �������������� ℎ��������.

Important Remarks:

1. Formula 2 can be extended to the sum of any finite number of differentials.


2. Formula 3 tells us that a constant may be moved across the integral sign. (Note: You can
not do this to a variable.)
3. Formula 4 is used for finding integral of a power of a function. Note that it holds for any
real number n except n=-1 . Note further that if u=x, 4 simplifies to
∫ �������� =����+1

�� + 1+ ��

EXAMPLE 1:

Evaluate ∫(5��4 + 3��2 + 6)����

SOLUTION:
∫(5��4 + 3��2 + 6)���� = ∫ 5��4���� + ∫ 3��2���� + ∫ 6����
�������������� 2

∫(5��4 + 3��2 + 6)���� = 5 ∫ ��4���� + 3 ∫ ��2���� + 6 ∫ ����


�������������� 3
3�� 3
5+ ��1 + 3 + ��2 + 6�� + ��3 �������������� 4 ������
�������������� 1
∫(5��4 + 3��2 + 6)���� =5��5

∫(5��4 + 3��2 + 6)���� = ��5 + ��3 + 6�� (��1 + ��2 + ��3)

∫(5��4 + 3��2 + 6)���� = ���� + ���� + ����

EXAMPLE 2:

���������������� ∫(3�� + 4)2���� = ∫(9��2 + 24�� + 16) ����

∫(3�� + 4)2���� =9��3


2
3+24��
2+ 16�� + ��
∫(3�� + 4)2���� =9��3
2
3+24��
2+ 16�� + ��

∫(3�� + 4)2���� = 3��3 + 12��2 + 16�� + ��

REFERENCE: Differential & Integral Calculus by Feliciano and Uy

Integral Calculus | Instructor: Engr. Novel Keith T. Solis 3

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