Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Esneyder Alexander Quevedo Garcia

Group 203058_86
CC: 1070922089

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2022 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open
propagation medium?

Electromagnetic waves are those that do not need a material medium to

propagate, including, among others, visible light and radio, telephone, and
television waves, all propagate in a vacuum at a speed of 3000000Km/s but
not infinite, we define medium a as a set of oscillators capable of entering into
vibration by the action of a force
When speaking of a medium, I don't know what it means otherwise, it refers to
the air insofar as this is the most common medium for propagating sound in
acoustic systems between human beings, either through speech or music, for
example.
The air as a medium has other important characteristics for the propagation
The propagation is linear, which means that different waves can propagate
through the same space at the same time without affecting the hardness.
-It is a non-dispersive medium since the waves propagate at the same speed
regardless of their frequency and amplitude.
-it is also a homogeneous medium, so that sound, for example, spreads
spherically in all directions, forming what is known in this case as a sound field.
2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “Loss
Tangent”?

Loss tangent: refers to the parameter that depends on the characteristics of the medium and the frequency
of the signal and determines the relationship between the driving current and the displacement.

tan (δ)=
σ
ωϵ
Donde:
ϵ=permitividad eléctrica

ϵ=ϵrϵ0
 ϵ

σ=conductividad

ω= 2πf frecuencia angular.

3. How is the propagation medium classified according to the value

of the “Loss Tangent”?

- tan (δ ) ≥10→Well-conducting

- tan (δ )<0.01→Good insulator

- 0.01<tan( δ)<10→Dielectricdissipative

- tan (δ )=0→Dielectricperfect

- tan (δ )→∞→Perfect conductor.

4. Define the propagation parameters for waves traveling through a

medium (they are different from the wave parameters).

The amplitude: It is the maximum elongation or what is the same the

maximum distance of any point of the wave measured with respect to its
equilibrium position its unit A, it is expressed in units of length (m).
-The wavelength: It is the distance between two successive points that are in
the same state of vibration (same elongation, speed and acceleration)
It is symbolized by the Greek letter λ (lambda) expressed in units of (m).
Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light when they propagate in a
vacuum when these waves advance through metallic transmission lines, the
speed depends largely on the type of cable, the electromagnetic wave traveling
slower
5. Key properties in electromagnetic waves:
1-the wave is transverse; both E´ and B´ are perpendicular to the direction of
wave propagation, the electric and magnetic fields are also perpendicular to
each other, the direction of propagation is the direction of the vector product E
´ x B´.
2-There is a defined ratio between the magnitudes of E' and B': E=cB 3-The
wave travels in a vacuum with defined and invariable speed.
4-Unlike mechanical waves that need oscillating particles of a medium such as
air or water, to transmit these waves they do not need a medium, what
undulates within them is an electric and magnetic field.
Act 5: individually, depending on the exploration carried out, solve the 5 steps
of the application exercise, using the chosen means of propagation, the
procedures carried out must be shown.
Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity σ and electrical permittivity ε rof some media.

Media σ [S /m] εr [ ]
1. Copper 5.80 x 10
7
1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Air 5.5 x 10
−15
1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00 x 10−2 14
5. Dry soil 1.00 x 10−4 3
6. Sweet water 1.00 x 10
−3
80
7. Vacuum 0 1
−12 2 2
ε =ε r ε o ; ε o =8.8542 x 10 C /N m

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E
of frequency f =(CCC+10) MHz . Note that CCC are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o

Identification number: 1070922089, then CCC=089

Then: f =( 089+10 ) MHz=099 MHz=99 x 107 Hz

Selected propagation medium: Sea water

Conductivity: σ =4 S /m

Electrical permittivity: ε r=80

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation editor.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

Presentation example:
Equation editor (values and units)
σ 4 S /m
tan ( δ )= = =1. 2806
2 πf ε r ε o 2 π∗99 x 10 Hz∗80∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 /N m2
7

Calculator evidence

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the

chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect (Not dissipative) Tan(δ)=0 δ=0°
dielectrics
2. Good (Lost low 0<Tan(δ)<=0,1 0°< δ<=6°
insulators dielectric)
3. Dissipative (Dielectrics with 0,1<Tan(δ)<=10 6°< δ<=84°
dielectrics losses)
4. Good (Good conductors) Tan(δ)>10 84°< δ<90°
conductors
5. Perfect (Perfect Tan(δ)>>>10 δ =90°
conductors conductors)
Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

The loss tangent allows me to identify that the propagation medium has
parameters that define it as Dielectrics with losses.
 3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown
below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
γ jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
α 0 ση/2 ℜ¿) √ πf σ μ o
β ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
η √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/(σ + j ωε) √ jω μo /σ
−6
μ=μ r μ o ; μ r=1 ( non−magnetic media ) ; μ o=1.2566 x 10 T m/ A

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Note that

ω=2 πf , μ=μ r μ o and ε =ε r ε o

γ= √ jωμ(σ + j ωε)=√ j 2 πf μ r μ o (σ + j 2 πf ε r ε o)=...

√ 7
γ= j 2 π∗99 x 10 Hz∗4
S
m
−6
∗1.2566 x 10 T m/ A=¿

Y =¿
 α =√ πf σ μ o

√
α = π∗99 x 107 Hz∗4
S
m
∗1.2566 x 10−6 T m/ A=¿

β=√ πf σ μ o

√ 7
β= π∗99 x 10 Hz∗4
S
m
−6
∗1.2566 x 10 T m/ A

γ=125 .0319651163801(45 ° )
α =125.031 9651163801 Np/ m
 β=125.0319651163801 rad /m
Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following
equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed v p .
b. Wavelength λ .
c. The penetration depth of the δ pwave in the medium.

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the
operation on the report, then write the result including the units.

ω 2 πf 2 π∗99 x 107 Hz
V p= = =
β β 125.0319651163801 rad /m

2π 2π
λ= =
β 125.0319651163801rad /m
 1 1
δ p= =
|α | 125.0319651163801 Np/ m

Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

V p=49750105 m/s=49.75 km/ s
10
λ=19.89 m=1.989 x 10 nm
9
δ p=0. 007997 9547556 m=7997954755.6 m=7.9979547556 x 10 nm

Interpretation
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain in your own words the meaning
and the result obtained for: tan ( δ ) , V p , λ and δ p.

V_p For the calculations made, we can explain that Sea water has a
propagation speed of 49.75km/s, which is why it is concluded that Sea water
is not a good propagation medium.
λ The results obtained in the wavelength determines that it is proportional to
the frequency data of step 1, because Sea water is not a good conductor.
δ_p Because Sea water is not a good conductor at a frequency of 99Mhz, it has
a wave depth in the propagated medium of 1.989x10^10 nm.

Application example

Example:
We call a radio wave a class of electromagnetic radiation whose frequency is
received in what we call the radioelectric spectrum that goes from the
frequency 0 to 300 gigahertz. From that frequency we start talking about
infrared, visible, ultraviolet...

The electromagnetic field is a wave process like when one throws a stone into
a pond and a wave is formed that has highs and lows (peaks and valleys) and
varies. In the same way, although we do not see it, the electromagnetic field
varies; it has values that are higher first, then lower, and so on, undulating.

Video link

URL:

References

Reference 1:

 Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations

to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year
Undergraduates. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 46-
60). https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press. (pp.

513-519). http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed

Broadband Wireless. (pp. 25-70). http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

 Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

 Leyton L., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic waves in

open media. [Video]. https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/30439