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Control Systems Control Systems Masons Gain Formula-Www-Tutorialspoint-Com

Mason's gain formula is used to calculate the transfer function or gain between the input and output nodes of a signal flow graph. It sums the product of each forward path gain and the corresponding Δ term, which accounts for loops touching that path. Δ is calculated as 1 minus the sum of all individual loop gains plus the sum of products of gains of non-touching loops. The example demonstrates calculating Δ terms and determining the transfer function T for a sample signal flow graph using Mason's formula.

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223 views6 pages

Control Systems Control Systems Masons Gain Formula-Www-Tutorialspoint-Com

Mason's gain formula is used to calculate the transfer function or gain between the input and output nodes of a signal flow graph. It sums the product of each forward path gain and the corresponding Δ term, which accounts for loops touching that path. Δ is calculated as 1 minus the sum of all individual loop gains plus the sum of products of gains of non-touching loops. The example demonstrates calculating Δ terms and determining the transfer function T for a sample signal flow graph using Mason's formula.

Uploaded by

shrikris
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mason's Gain Formula

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Let  us  now  discuss  the  Mason’s  Gain  Formula.  Suppose  there  are  ‘N’  forward  paths  in  a
signal flow graph. The gain between the input and the output nodes of a signal flow graph is
nothing but the transfer function of the system. It can be calculated by using Mason’s gain
formula.
Mason’s gain formula is

C
N
(s) Σ Pi Δi
i=1
= =
R Δ

(s)

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Where, Policy.
C(s) is the output node
Agree
R(s) is the input node

Learn more
T is the transfer function or gain between   and 
Learn more
T is the transfer function or gain between  R(s)  and  C(s)

Pi is the ith forward path gain

= 1

(sum of all individual loop gains)

(sum of gain products of all possible two nontouching loops)

(sum of gain products of all possible three nontouching loops)+. . .

Δi is obtained from Δ by removing the loops which are touching the ith forward path.
Consider  the  following  signal  flow  graph  in  order  to  understand  the  basic  terminology
involved here.

Path
It  is  a  traversal  of  branches  from  one  node  to  any  other  node  in  the  direction  of  branch
arrows. It should not traverse any node more than once.

Examples −  y2  and  y5

→ y3 → y4 → y5 → y3 → y2

Forward Path
The path that exists from the input node to the output node is known as forward path.
The path that exists from the input node to the output node is known as forward path.

Examples −  y1  and  y1 .
→ y2 → y3 → y4 → y5 → y6 → y2 → y3 → y5 → y6

Forward Path Gain
It is obtained by calculating the product of all branch gains of the forward path.

Examples −  abcde   is  the  forward  path  gain  of  y1   and


→ y2 → y3 → y4 → y5 → y6

abge is the forward path gain of  y1 .
→ y2 → y3 → y5 → y6

Loop
The path that starts from one node and ends at the same node is known as loop. Hence, it
is a closed path.

Examples −  y2  and  y3 .
→ y3 → y2 → y5 → y3

Loop Gain
It is obtained by calculating the product of all branch gains of a loop.

Examples  −  bj   is  the  loop  gain  of  y2   and  gh   is  the  loop  gain  of 
→ y3 → y2

y3 .
→ y5 → y3

Non­touching Loops
These are the loops, which should not have any common node.

Examples − The loops,  y2  and  y4  are non­touching.


→ y3 → y2 → y5 → y4

Calculation of Transfer Function using Mason’s Gain Formula
Let us consider the same signal flow graph for finding transfer function.
Number of forward paths, N = 2.

First forward path is ­  y1 → y2 → y3 → y4 → y5 → y6 .

First forward path gain,  p1 = abcde .

Second forward path is ­  y1 → y2 → y3 → y5 → y6 .

Second forward path gain,  p2 = abge .

Number of individual loops, L = 5.

Loops  are  ­  y2 → y3 → y2 ,  y3 → y5 → y3 ,  y3 → y4 → y5 → y3 , 

y4 → y5 → y4  and  y5 → y5 .

Loop gains are ­  l1 = bj ,  l2 = gh ,  l3 = cdh ,  l4 = di  and  l5 = f .

Number of two non­touching loops = 2.

First non­touching loops pair is ­  y2 → y3 → y2 ,  y4 → y5 → y4 .

Gain product of first non­touching loops pair,  l1 l4 = bjdi

Second non­touching loops pair is ­  y2 → y3 → y2 ,  y5 → y5 .

Gain product of second non­touching loops pair is ­  l1 l5 = bjf

Higher  number  of  (more  than  two)  non­touching  loops  are  not  present  in  this  signal  flow
graph.
We know,

= 1

(sum of all individual loop gains)

(sum of gain products of all possible two nontouching loops)

(sum of gain products of all possible three nontouching loops)+. . .

Substitute the values in the above equation,

= 1

(bj

+ gh + cdh + di + f ) + (bjdi + bjf ) − (0)

⇒ Δ

= 1

(bj

+ gh + cdh + di + f ) + bjdi + bjf

There is no loop which is non­touching to the first forward path.

So,  Δ1 .
= 1

Similarly,  Δ2 . Since, no loop which is non­touching to the second forward path.
= 1

Substitute, N = 2 in Mason’s gain formula

C
2
(s) Σ Pi Δi
i=1
= =
R Δ

(s)

(s) P1 Δ1 + P2 Δ2
= =
R Δ

(s)

Substitute all the necessary values in the above equation.

(s) (abcde)1 + (abge)1


= =
R 1

(s) −

(bj

+ gh + cdh + di + f ) + bjdi + bjf

⇒ T

(s) (abcde) + (abge)


= =
R 1

(s) −

(bj

+ gh + cdh + di + f ) + bjdi + bjf

Therefore, the transfer function is ­

(s) (abcde) + (abge)


= =
R 1

(s) −

(bj

+ gh + cdh + di + f ) + bjdi + bjf

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