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Theories of Learning

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Angelika Mae Balisbis
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35 views26 pages

Theories of Learning

Uploaded by

Angelika Mae Balisbis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THEORIES OF LEARNING

FPPT.com
Main Theories are
• Behaviorism
• Cognitivism
• Constructivism
• Experientialism
• Social
BAHAVIORISM

• This theory implies that the learner


responds to environmental stimuli
without his/her mental state being a
factor in the learner’s behavior.
Two Types of Conditioning

Operant Classical
Two Types of Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
by Burrhus Frederic
Skinner
Operant Conditioning
• Learner is able to make a connection with the
consequences associated with his/her behavior
through positive and negative reinforcement
and punishment.
Operant Conditioning
• Positive • Negative – • Punishment – decrease
reinforcement reinforcements – the chances of negative
–offering a relinquishing a behavior happening
rewarding factor to negative factor to again.
increase a response. increase a response.

A child is spanked by
Words of encouragement A teen cleans his room
his/her parent after
or physical rewards after being nagged by
behaving inappropriately.
his mom.
Classical Conditioning

by Ivan Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
• Natural reflex that occurs in response to a stimulus

• A naturally occurring stimulus is placed with a neutral


stimulus allowing the neutral stimulus in time, evoke a
natural reflex.

• Techniques of classical conditioning are used today in


treatment of phobias and anxiety.
Two Types of Behavior
Respondent behaviors

Operant behaviors
Respondent behaviors Operant behaviors
• Are those under our
• Are those that occur
automatically and reflexively, conscious control. Some may
such as pulling your hand back occur spontaneously and
from a hot stove or jerking others purposely, but it is the
your leg when the doctor taps consequences of these
on your knee. You don't have
to learn these behaviors. They actions that then influence
simply occur automatically whether or not they occur
and involuntarily. again in the future.
Cognitivism
• This theory is based on the idea that
not only the experience is necessary for
learning, but the mental process are a
primary concern too.
Cognitivism
• And proposes that learning comes from mental
activity such as memory, motivation, thinking
and reflection. Cognitivism focuses on the
transmission of information from someone
who knows (such as an ‘expert’ as opposed to
facilitators) to learners who do not know.
Constructivism
Learning is not a stimulus-response phenomenon as described
by Behaviourism, rather it requires self-regulation and the
building of conceptual structures through reflection and
abstraction.

The learner takes an active role in constructing his own


understanding rather than receiving it from someone who
knows, learning through observation, processing and
interpretation.
Experientialism
One of the key theorists of experiential learning is David Kolb
who developed his experiential model, as opposed to a purer
cognitive which formally recognized that people learn from
experience and described learning as following a cycle of
experiential stages.
Experientialism

THREE MODELS OF EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROCESS


1. Lewinian Model
2. Dewey’s Model of Experienctial Learning
3. Peiaget’s Model of Learning and Cognitive Development
Experientialism

1. Lewinian Experiential
Learning Model
Experientialism

2. Dewey’s Model of
Experiential Learning
Experientialism

3. Peiaget’s Model of Learning


and Cognitive Development
ON T E X T UA L
CI A L A N D C
SO
Learning is a shared process which takes place through
observing, working together and being part of a larger group,
which includes colleagues of varying levels of experience, able
to stimulate each other’s development.
FPPT.co
Other Theories
of Learning
✔ Learning is always purposive and
goal-directed.
Sign Theory
✔ Learning often involves the use of
environmental factors to achieve a
goal (e.g., means-ends-analysis) Edward Tolman
✔ Organisms will select the shortest or
easiest path to achieve a goal.
Other Theories
✔
of
The highest level of observational learning is
Learning
achieved by first organizing and rehearsing the
modeled behavior symbolically and then enacting it SOCIAL LEARNING
overtly. Coding modeled behavior into words, labels THEORY
or images results in better retention than simply
observing.

✔ Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled Albert Bandura


behavior if it results in outcomes they value.

✔ Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled


behavior if the model is similar to the observer and
has admired status and the behavior has functional
value.
Other Theories
of Learning
✔ The learner should be encouraged to
discover the underlying nature of a topic or Gestalt Theory
problem (i.e., the relationship among the THEORY
elements).

✔ Gaps, incongruities, or disturbances are an Max Wertheimer


important stimulus for learning

✔ Instruction should be based upon the laws


of organization: proximity, closure,
similarity and simplicity
Other Theories
✔ The most general ideas of a subject
of Learning
should be presented first and then
progressively differentiated in terms of Subsumption
Theory
detail and specificity.

✔ Instructional materials should attempt to David Ausubel


integrate new material with previously
presented information through
comparisons and cross-referencing of
new and old ideas.
Other Theories
1. Instruction must be concerned with of Learning
the experiences and contexts that
make the student willing and able to Constructivist
learn (readiness). Theory
2. Instruction must be structured so
that it can be easily grasped by the
student (spiral organization). Jerome Bruner
3. Instruction should be designed to
facilitate extrapolation and or fill in
the gaps (going beyond the
information given).

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