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    Deflection, Compound

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    Nheilbert
    Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Let the common tangent length be x 2) Use the chord length formula: C = 2Rsin(θ/2) 3) θ = 2π(120/2R) 4) x = Rθ 5) Solve the equations to get R = 60 and x = 30 6) PRC station = 3+420 + 30 = 3+450 So the common tangent length is 30 m, the equal radius is 60 m, and the PRC station is 3+450.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Deflection, Compound

    Uploaded by

    Nheilbert
    22 views27 pages
    Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Let the common tangent length be x 2) Use the chord length formula: C = 2Rsin(θ/2) 3) θ = 2π(120/2R) 4) x = Rθ 5) Solve the equations to get R = 60 and x = 30 6) PRC station = 3+420 + 30 = 3+450 So the common tangent length is 30 m, the equal radius is 60 m, and the PRC station is 3+450.

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    deflection, compound

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    Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Let the common tangent length be x 2) Use the chord length formula: C = 2Rsin(θ/2) 3) θ = 2π(120/2R) 4) x = Rθ 5) Solve the equations to get R = 60 and x = 30 6) PRC station = 3+420 + 30 = 3+450 So the common tangent length is 30 m, the equal radius is 60 m, and the PRC station is 3+450.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views27 pages

    Deflection, Compound

    Uploaded by

    Nheilbert
    Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Let the common tangent length be x 2) Use the chord length formula: C = 2Rsin(θ/2) 3) θ = 2π(120/2R) 4) x = Rθ 5) Solve the equations to get R = 60 and x = 30 6) PRC station = 3+420 + 30 = 3+450 So the common tangent length is 30 m, the equal radius is 60 m, and the PRC station is 3+450.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 27

    DEFLECTION ANGLES

    AND CHORDS
    GENG 133c
    LAYING OUT OF CURVES

    Can be done by simply a matter of


    locating the center of a circle and
    swing a tape to form an arc
    What if working with a radius of 1000
    m or more? It would be impractical to
    swing such radii with a tape.
    PRACTICAL METHODS IN LAYING
    OUT CURVES
     Deflection angles
     Coordinates
     Tangent offsets
     Chord offsets
     Middle ordinates
     Ordinates from long chord
    CIRCULAR CURVE DEFLECTIONS

     A common method (using a steel tape and a


    theodolite) of locating a curve in the field is
    by deflection angles
    DEFLECTION ANGLE

     Stakeout of a long-radius curve involves a


    combination of turning deflection angles
    and measuring the length of the chords
    DEFLECTION ANGLE

     Layout by deflection angles has been the


    standard approach
    LAYOUT OF A CURVE BY
    DEFLECTION ANGLE

    Incremental chord method


    Total chord method
    LAYOUT OF A CURVE BY DEFLECTION
    ANGLE (INCREMENTAL CHORD METHOD)

    1. Each full station is to be marked


    along the curve
    LAYOUT OF A CURVE BY DEFLECTION
    ANGLE (INCREMENTAL CHORD METHOD)

    2. Instrument is set up at PC, a backsight is


    taken on the PI with zero set on the
    instrument’s horizontal circle
    3. Deflection angle δa to station 63 + 00 is
    then turned and two tape person
    measure chord ca from the PC and set 63
    + 00 at the end of the chord on the
    instrument’s line of sight.
    LAYOUT OF A CURVE BY DEFLECTION
    ANGLE (INCREMENTAL CHORD METHOD)

    4. With station 63 + 00 set, the tapeperson


    next measure the chord length c from it
    and stake station 64 + 00, where the line
    of sight of the instrument, now set to
    δ64, intersects the end of that curve
    5. Process is repeated until the entire curve
    is laid out
    LAYOUT OF A CURVE BY DEFLECTION
    ANGLE (TOTAL CHORD METHOD)
    1. Instrument is set up at the PC, backsight
    on PI, and zero indexed on the hor. circle
    LAYOUT OF A CURVE BY DEFLECTION
    ANGLE (TOTAL CHORD METHOD)
    2. To set station 63 + 00, deflection angle δa is
    turned with the instrument, the tape is taut
    and aligned until its distance from the
    instrument is ca and the stake set
    3. To set station 64 + 00, deflection angle δ64
    is turned, the tape is taut and aligned until
    its distance (total chord) from the
    instrument to 64 + 00 is obtained and the
    stake set
    4. Procedure is repeated until the entire
    curved is staked.
    COMPUTING DEFLECTION
    ANGLES AND CHORDS
     Deflection angles:
    1. Compute the deflection angles for the three
    required arc distances
    a) PC to first even station – subdeflection angle
    b) Even station interval
    c) Last even station
    2. Prepare a list of appropriate stations and
    cumulative deflection angles
    A fundamental theorem of geometry helpful
    in circular curve computation and stakeout is
    that the angle at a point between a tangent
    and any chord is equal to half the central angle
    subtended by the chord.
    COMPUTING DEFLECTION
    ANGLES AND CHORDS
     Chord distance:
     Subchords – odd distances, and full station
     Long Chord
    EXAMPLE: DEFLECTION

     PI station = 62 + 17.08
     PT station = 66 + 37.08
     R = 2864.79 ft.
     Degree of curve = 2°
     Prepare a data for layout: full station is 100 ft. of an
    arc. (station, incremental chord, deflection increment,
    deflection angles, total chord)
    EXAMPLE: COORDINATES

     PI station = 62 + 17.08
     PT station = 66 + 37.08
     R = 2864.79 ft.
     Degree of curve = 2°
     Prepare a data for layout: full station is 100 ft. of an
    arc. (station, northing, easting)
     Bearing PC-PI is N 45° E
    COMPOUND AND
    REVERSE CURVES
    COMPOUND CURVES

     Compound and reverse curves are


    combinations of two or more circular
    curves.
     They should be used only for low-speed
    traffic routes, and in terrain where simple
    curves cannot be fitted to the ground
    without excessive construction costs since
    the rapid change in curvature causes unsafe
    driving conditions
    COMPOUND CURVES

     A compound curve can


    be staked with
    instrument setups at the
    beginning PC and ending
    PT, or perhaps with one
    setup at the point of
    compound curvature
    (PCC) where the two
    curves join. Reverse
    curves are handled in
    similar fashion.
    REVERSE CURVES

     Reverse curves are seldom used in highway or


    railway alignment.
     The instantaneous change in direction occurring at
    the point of reverse curve (PRC) would cause
    discomfort and safety problems for all but the
    slowest of speeds.
    REVERSE CURVES

     because the change in curvature is instantaneous, there


    is no room to provide superelevation transition from
    cross slope right to cross slope left. Reverse curves can
    be used to advantage, however, when the instantaneous
    change in direction poses no threat to safety or comfort.
    REVERSE CURVES

     The reverse curve is particularly pleasing to


    the eye and is used with great success for
    park roads, formal paths, waterway channels,
    and the like.
    REVERSE CURVES

     Nonparallel tangents
    REVERSE CURVES

     Parallel tangents
    EXAMPLE

    A turn around pattern which fits with the topography


    is provided in a highway by connecting four tangents
    with a compound curve consisting of three simple
    curves. The azimuths of AB = 220-15, BC = 264-30, CD
    = 320-24 and DE = 32-58. the radius of the last curve is
    four times sharper than the first curve. The distance
    BC = 303 m. sharper than the first curve. The distance
    CD = 200 m.
     Compute the radius of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd curve
    EXAMPLE

    Two parallel tangents 10 m. apart are connected by a


    reversed curve. The chord length from the PC to the
    PT equals to 120 m. compute the length of the
    common tangent. Determine the equal radius of the
    reversed curve. Compute the stationing of the PRC if
    the stationing of A at the beginning of the common
    tangent is 3 +420.

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