Digital Image Processing

Lecture # 2
( Dr M Mohsin Riaz )
 Course Outline
• Digital Image Fundamentals
• Image sensing and acquisition
• Image sampling and quantization
• Pixel level operations

• Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain

• Grey level transformation
• Histogram processing and equalization
• Smoothing and spatial filtering

• Image Enhancement in Frequency Domain

• Smoothing frequency domain filter
• Sharpening frequency domain filters
• Homogeneous filtering
 Course Outline
• Image Restoration
• Degradation and noise models
• Periodic noise filtering
• Degradations functions
• Inverse filtering and Wiener filtering
• Constrained least square filtering

• Color Image Processing

• Pseudo‐color image processing
• Full color image processing
• Color models
 Course Outline
• Wavelet Analysis
• Multi‐resolution analysis
• Pyramid decomposition
• Filter banks

• Image Compression
• Compression models and information theory
• Error free and lossy compression
• Image compression standards
 Course Outline (Optional)

• Morphological Operations
• Feature identification and extraction
• Clustering and classification
• Deep-learning
 Course Outline

• Assignments (4) = 10 Marks

• Quizes (4) = 15 Marks
• Mid-term Exam = 25 Marks
• Final Exam = 50 Marks
Image Formation (Eye)
Image Formation
 Digital Image
• A grid of squares, each of which contains a single color
• Each square is called a pixel (for picture element)

1 pixel
 Image Formation

projection onto discrete

sensor array digital camera

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 Image Formation

 Digital Image is an approximation of a real

world scene

Sampling
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 Image Formation

sensors register average

color
sampled image

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 Image Formation

 Digital Image is an approximation of a real

world scene

Quantization
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Image Formation

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 Sampling and Quantization

pixel grid

real image sampled quantized sampled &

quantized

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 Sampling and Quantization

 Digital Image is an approximation of a real

world scene

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 Sampling and Quantization

 Sampling:
◼ Digitization of the spatial coordinates (x,y)
 Quantization:
◼ Digitization in amplitude (also known as gray level
quantization)

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 Sampling and Quantization

 Quantization
◼ 8 bit quantization: 28 =256 gray levels (0: black, 255: white)
◼ 1 bit quantization: 2 gray levels (0: black, 1: white) – binary
 Sampling
◼ Commonly used number of samples (resolution)
⚫ Digital still cameras: 640x480, 1024x1024
⚫ Digital video cameras: 640x480 at 30 frames/second (fps)

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Digital Image Representation

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 Digital Image Representation

 a11 a1n 
 
A= 
a amn 
 m1

Divided into
8x8 blocks

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 Digital Image Representation

 Number of intensity levels – An integer power of 2

L=2 k

 Intensity levels

0, L − 1
 Dynamic range – Range of values spanned by the gray
scale

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 Digital Image Representation

 Image Size
◼ Number of bits required to store an image

b = M  N k
◼ Image having 2k intensity levels
⚫ k – bit image
⚫ 256 intensity levels – 8 bit image

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 Spatial Resolution

 The spatial resolution of an image is determined by

how sampling was carried out
 Three measures we come across when talking about
Image Size/Resolution
◼ Pixel count - e.g 3000x2000 pixels
◼ Physical size - e.g. 8" x 10"
◼ Resolution - e.g. 240 pixels per inch (PPI)

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Spatial Resolution

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Spatial Resolution

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 Intensity Level Resolution

 Intensity level resolution refers to the number of

intensity levels used to represent the image
◼ The more intensity levels used, the finer the level of detail
discernable in an image
◼ Intensity level resolution is usually given in terms of the
number of bits used to store each intensity level

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Intensity Level Resolution

Number of Intensity
Number of Bits Examples
Levels
1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
4 16 0000, 0101, 1111
8 256 00110011, 01010101
16 65,536 1010101010101010

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 Intensity Level Resolution

16 million colors
16 colors

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Intensity Level Resolution

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 Intensity Level Resolution
256 grey levels (8 bits per pixel) 128 grey levels (7 bpp) 64 grey levels (6 bpp) 32 grey levels (5 bpp)

16 grey levels (4 bpp) 8 grey levels (3 bpp) 4 grey levels (2 bpp) 2 grey levels (1 bpp)
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 Intensity Level Resolution

8 bits 256 levels 7 bits 128 levels 6 bits 64 levels 5 bits 32 levels

4 bits 16 levels 3 bits 8 levels 2 bits 4 levels 1 bit 2 levels

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 Resolution: How much is enough?

 How many samples and gray levels are required

for a good approximation?
◼ Quality of an image depends on number of pixels and gray-
level number
◼ The more these parameters are increased, the closer the
digitized array approximates the original image
◼ But: Storage & processing requirements increase rapidly as a
function of N, M, and k

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 Resolution: How much is enough?

 Depends on what is in the image and what you

would like to do with it

The picture on the right is fine for counting the number of cars, but not for
reading the number plate

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Questions??

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 Internship Opportunity Available (CAST)
◼ 4- Months
◼ Android App Development

◼ Image and Video Processing

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