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    Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Topic 7: Chemical Reactions

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    ayaan
    This document discusses reversible chemical reactions and chemical equilibrium. It explains that some reactions can go in both directions by changing conditions like heat, water, concentration, pressure, or temperature. As an example, it describes the reversible hydration of copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride. It also outlines how changing concentrations, pressure, and temperature affects the position of equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's principle. For example, if concentration of reactants increases, the equilibrium shifts right to produce more products until equilibrium is re-established. The document provides tables summarizing these effects.

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    Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Topic 7: Chemical Reactions

    Uploaded by

    ayaan
    160 views3 pages
    This document discusses reversible chemical reactions and chemical equilibrium. It explains that some reactions can go in both directions by changing conditions like heat, water, concentration, pressure, or temperature. As an example, it describes the reversible hydration of copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride. It also outlines how changing concentrations, pressure, and temperature affects the position of equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's principle. For example, if concentration of reactants increases, the equilibrium shifts right to produce more products until equilibrium is re-established. The document provides tables summarizing these effects.

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    7.3. Reversible Reactions

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    This document discusses reversible chemical reactions and chemical equilibrium. It explains that some reactions can go in both directions by changing conditions like heat, water, concentration, pressure, or temperature. As an example, it describes the reversible hydration of copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride. It also outlines how changing concentrations, pressure, and temperature affects the position of equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's principle. For example, if concentration of reactants increases, the equilibrium shifts right to produce more products until equilibrium is re-established. The document provides tables summarizing these effects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    160 views3 pages

    Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Topic 7: Chemical Reactions

    Uploaded by

    ayaan
    This document discusses reversible chemical reactions and chemical equilibrium. It explains that some reactions can go in both directions by changing conditions like heat, water, concentration, pressure, or temperature. As an example, it describes the reversible hydration of copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride. It also outlines how changing concentrations, pressure, and temperature affects the position of equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's principle. For example, if concentration of reactants increases, the equilibrium shifts right to produce more products until equilibrium is re-established. The document provides tables summarizing these effects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Cambridge​ ​IGCSE​ ​Chemistry

    Topic​ ​7:​ ​Chemical​ ​reactions


    Reversible​ ​reactions

    Notes

    www.pmt.education
    Understand​ ​that​ ​some​ ​chemical​ ​reactions​ ​can​ ​be​ ​reversed​ ​by​ ​changing​ ​the
    reaction​ ​conditions​ ​(Limited​ ​to​ ​the​ ​effects​ ​of​ ​heat​ ​and​ ​water​ ​on​ ​hydrated
    and​ ​anhydrous​ ​copper(II)​ ​sulfate​ ​and​ ​cobalt(II)​ ​chloride)​ ​(Concept​ ​of
    equilibrium​ ​is​ ​not​ ​required)

    ● In​ ​some​ ​chemical​ ​reactions,​ ​the​ ​products​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​can​ ​react​ ​to​ ​produce
    the​ ​original​ ​reactants
    o These​ ​are​ ​called​ ​reversible​ ​reactions
    o The​ ​direction​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​can​ ​be​ ​changed​ ​by​ ​changing​ ​the​ ​conditions
    ● Dehydration​ ​of​ ​hydrated​ ​copper(II)​ ​sulfate
    o Anhydrous​ ​copper(II)​ ​sulfate​ ​+​ ​water​ ​⇌​ ​hydrated​ ​copper(II)​ ​sulfate
    o White​ ​solid​ ​turns​ ​blue​ ​in​ ​presence​ ​of​ ​water
    o Forward​ ​reaction​ ​add​ ​water
    o Reverse​ ​reaction​ ​heat​ ​the​ ​hydrated​ ​copper(II)​ ​sulfate​ ​(water​ ​evaporates)
    The​ ​above​ ​is​ ​exactly​ ​the​ ​same​ ​with​ ​hydrated​ ​and​ ​anhydrous​ ​cobalt(II)​ ​chloride
    (Extended​ ​only)​ ​Predict​ ​the​ ​effect​ ​of​ ​changing​ ​the​ ​conditions​ ​(concentration,
    temperature​ ​and​ ​pressure)​ ​on​ ​other​ ​reversible​ ​reactions

    ● The​ ​relative​ ​amounts​ ​of​ ​all​ ​the​ ​reacting​ ​substances​ ​at​ ​equilibrium​ ​depend​ ​on​ ​the
    conditions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction.
    ● If​ ​a​ ​system​ ​is​ ​at​ ​equilibrium​ ​and​ ​a​ ​change​ ​is​ ​made​ ​to​ ​any​ ​of​ ​the​ ​conditions,​ ​then
    the​ ​system​ ​responds​ ​to​ ​counteract​ ​the​ ​change.
    o Effects​ ​of​ ​changing​ ​conditions​ ​on​ ​a​ ​system​ ​at​ ​equilibrium​ ​can​ ​be
    predicted​ ​using​ ​Le​ ​Chatelier’s​ ​Principle.

    ● Effect​ ​of​ ​changing​ ​concentration:


    ● If​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​one​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reactants​ ​or​ ​products​ ​is​ ​changed,​ ​the
    system​ ​is​ ​no​ ​longer​ ​at​ ​equilibrium​ ​and​ ​the​ ​concentrations​ ​of​ ​all​ ​the
    substances​ ​will​ ​change​ ​until​ ​equilibrium​ ​is​ ​reached​ ​again.
    ● If​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​reactants​ ​is​ ​increased​:​ ​position​ ​of​ ​equilibrium​ ​shifts
    towards​ ​products​ ​(right)​ ​so​​ ​more​ ​product​ ​is​ ​produced​​ ​until​ ​equilibrium​ ​is
    reached​ ​again
    ● if​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​products​ ​is​ ​increased​:​ ​position​ ​of​ ​equilibrium​ ​shifts
    towards​ ​reactants​ ​(left)​ ​so​ ​more​ ​reactant​ ​is​ ​produced​​ ​until​ ​equilibrium​ ​is
    reached​ ​again

    ● Effect​ ​of​ ​changing​ ​pressure:


    ● In​ ​gaseous​ ​reactions,​ ​an​ ​increase​ ​in​ ​pressure​ ​will​ ​favour​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​that
    produces​ ​the​ ​least​ ​number​ ​of​ ​molecules​ ​as​ ​shown​ ​by​ ​the​ ​symbol
    equation​ ​for​ ​that​ ​reaction.

    www.pmt.education
    if​ ​a​ ​reaction​ ​produces​ ​a.. ...larger​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​gas ...smaller​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​gas
    (more​ ​moles​ ​on​ ​product (fewer​ ​moles​ ​on​ ​product
    side) side)

    an​ ​increase​ ​in​ ​pressure... decreases​ ​yield​ ​of increases​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​reaction-
    reaction-​ ​equilibrium​ ​shifts equilibrium​ ​shifts​ ​right
    left

    a​ ​decrease​ ​in​ ​pressure... increases​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​reaction- decreases​ ​yield​ ​of
    equilibrium​ ​shifts​ ​right reaction-​ ​equilibrium​ ​shifts
    left

    ● Effect​ ​of​ ​changing​ ​temperature:


    ● If​ ​temperature​ ​is​ ​increased​:​ ​equilibrium​ ​moves​ ​in​ ​the​ ​direction​ ​of​ ​the
    endothermic​ ​reaction​​ ​(e.g.​ ​if​ ​forwards​ ​reaction​ ​is​ ​endothermic​ ​and
    temperature​ ​is​ ​increased,​ ​equilibrium​ ​shifts​ ​right​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​more
    product)
    ● If​ ​temperature​ ​is​ ​decreased​:​ ​equilibrium​ ​moves​ ​in​ ​the​ ​direction​ ​of​ ​the
    exothermic​ ​reaction
    ● For​ ​the​ ​forwards​ ​being​ ​exo/endothermic​ ​and​ ​yield​ ​meaning​ ​the​ ​amount
    of​ ​product​ ​from​ ​the​ ​forwards​ ​reaction:
    Exothermic Endothermic
    An​ ​increase​ ​in Decreases​ ​yield​ ​of Increases​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​reaction-
    temperature... reaction-​ ​equilibrium equilibrium​ ​moves​ ​right
    moves​ ​left
    A​ ​decrease​ ​in Increases​ ​yield​ ​of Decreases​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​reaction-
    temperature... reaction-​ ​equilibrium equilibrium​ ​moves​ ​left
    moves​ ​right

    (Extended​ ​only)​ ​Demonstrate​ ​knowledge​ ​and​ ​understanding​ ​of​ ​the​ ​concept


    of​ ​equilibrium

    ● When​ ​a​ ​reversible​ ​reaction​ ​occurs​ ​in​ ​a​ ​closed​ ​system,​ ​equilibrium​ ​is​ ​reached
    when​ ​the​ ​reactions​ ​occur​ ​at​ ​exactly​ ​the​ ​same​ ​rate​ ​in​ ​each​ ​direction.

    www.pmt.education

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