VICE, DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

BY: BENJAMIN O. DULIPAS

 History

MEDIEVAL LURES OF DRUG ABUSE

• Marijuana was considered as the oldest cultivated plant antedating

the maize (corn) of the Ancient Peruvians. It was considered as a holy
tree by the Assyrians (Assyria (ancient Ashur, Ashshur, or Assur),
ancient country of Asia, extending from about the northern border of
present-day Iraq south to the mouth of the Little Zab River, in the
northern part of Iraq. About the size of the state of Kansas and roughly
triangular in shape, Assyria included the valley of the Tigris River. )
 • Soma rash, a ritual use of narcotics was mentioned in the Indian Aryan
Veda, where opium use was claimed to have started 4,000 years B.C. in
HISTORY the old kingdom of Samaria. (King Omri, who reigned from 876 to 869
B.C, made the city of Samaria, an ancient biblical settlement. Among the
antiquities that still exist on the ruined site of the old city are parts of a
colonnade from the age of Herod and remains of a temple to Augustus.)
Narcotics are also called opioid pain relievers.
 HISTORY
• The Hebrew Bible mentioned the story of
Samson and Delilah, where it mentioned about
how Delilah was paid 1,100 pieces of silver by
the Philistines in order to find the weakness of
Samson, who was lulled into sleep. Samson’s
hair (believed to be the source of his strength)
was shaved. He became prisoner of the
Philistines, and they engaged in a great feast to
celebrate their victory. Samson took advantage of
this opportunity and was able to kill 3,000 men
and women Philistines.
 HISTORY
Sodom and Gomorrah, the two sinful cities
that engaged in homosexuality.( Sodom and
Gomorrah, according to the Old Testament
(notably Genesis 18, 19), two ancient cities
near the Dead Sea. The Bible almost invariably
speaks of them together. With Admah, Zeboiim,
and Zoar, they formed the five “cities of the
plain,” all but the last-named of which are said
to have been destroyed by a rain of brimstone,
perhaps accompanied by an earthquake,
because of the wickedness of their inhabitants.
Some evidence indicates that they did exist,
were destroyed, and that their sites now lie
under the Dead Sea.
 HISTORY
• Mark Anthony and Cleopatra. Out of
desperation because of unrequited love to
Mark Anthony, Cleopatra drunk a wine laced
with narcotics then allowed herself to be
bitten by an asp (common name for a
venomous snake of the cobra family. Also
called the Egyptian cobra, it is found
throughout northern Africa. The asp was
worshiped in ancient Egypt and was used as
the symbol on the crown of the pharaohs.
The Egyptian queen Cleopatra is believed to
have killed herself with an asp.) from the
River Nile.
 HISTORY

• Emperor Nero, noted for his

cruelty, was claimed to be
responsible and was under
the influence of narcotics as
he watched Ancient Rome
burn into ashes as he sang
and played the lyre.
 HISTORY
• Black magic and oracles,
performed the ritual of
drinking a coca wine in
order to communicate with
supernatural beings to
predict the future, diagnose
illness or to ferret
evil-doers. The practitioner
was believed to be a
Shaman-an effective
instrument of the evil.
 HISTORY
•Ancient Peruvians and
the Mexican Incas
practiced the ritual use
of narcotics in religious
rituals. The ayuhuasca
was the narcotics used
by the yacaska-the high
priest.
HISTORY
• In contemporary South America, African-based religious systems retain many of
these healing functions. In modern Brazil, especially, Afro-Brazilian religions (see
African Religions in Brazil) such as Candomblé and Macumba have been adapted to
the treatment of a wide variety of health problems, from psychiatric illness to
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Indigenous religious beliefs have also
been incorporated into Amazonian Afro-Brazilian religious movements such as Santo
Daime, which uses the hallucinogenic drug ayahuasca to contact the spirit world,
often for healing purposes. Similarly, Afro-Caribbean religions such as Santería have
adapted themselves to contemporary social and medical conditions and have
emerged as important features of contemporary folk healing practices.
 HISTORY
Huaca was a religious rite of offering young virgins as a sacrifice to the sun god-Rah.
 HISTORY
• The calumet (a long-stemmed
ceremonial pipe used by some
Native American peoples) was
used by the American Incas to
narcotize their enemies through
the smoke produced by the pipe.
They also use the coca-chica, a
wine from corn and coca.
 PERSONALITIES
1. SHEN NUNG

– used marijuana for treating stomach disorders in 2700 BC.

2. HIPPOCRATES

– considered as the father of medicine. He recommended the use of opium as treatment to different types
of sickness. He prescribed the juice of the white poppy plant as early as 5000 BC in the belief that it can
cure many illnesses both in the internal and external use.

3. PARACELUS

– introduced the use of Laudanum, a tincture of opium into the practice of medicine.

4. LOUIS HERBERT

– he is first to harvest the first crops (cannabis hemp) that was sown by a European on Canadian soil.
PERSONALITIES
5. THOMAS SYDENHAM – presented the Victorian cure-all, a mixture of
Laudanum and alcohol.
6. JOHN ROLF – the husband of the American Indian princess Pocahontas, he
was the first to ship tobacco from James Town, Virginia to England.
7. MICHAEL FEDEROVITCH – a Russian who executes people to which tobacco
was found during the 17th Century.
8. CHINESE CHING EMPEROR– first to ban the sale of opium in China
9. THOMAS DOVER – he started prescribing diaphoretic powder as medication.
(Dover’s Powder)
10. NAPOLEON’S ARMY – while returning from Egypt, introduces cannabis
(hashish marijuana) into France.
 PERSONALITIES
11. FRIEDRICH ADAM WILHELM SERTURNER – first to
isolate and describe the drug morphine in 1806. He is a
German pharmacist who discovered Morphine, the first
derivative of opium. He called the new drug “Morphium” and
later changed to ‘Morphine’ after the Greek God of dream,
Morpheus.
12. ALEXANDER WOOD – introduced hypodermic needle/
syringe.
PERSONALITIES
13. ADOLF BAEYER – first to synthesize barbiturate acid
14. ALDER WRIGHT – a British Chemist who discovered Heroin
(Diacetylmorphine) in 1896 which was synthesized from the drug morphine.
15. ALBERT HOFFMAN – discovered LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
16. DON CHEPE (Gilberto Rodriguez Oraquela) – the Cali Cartel became
the most notorious criminal organization in the world under his rule. He is
famously known as the “Chess Player.”
17. HEINRISH DRESSEN – discovered the method of creating ‘Heroin’ out
of Morphine in 1980.
18. WALTER RALEIGH – first to introduce the smoking of tobacco.
THE GLOBAL DRUG SCENE
The First Important Drug Traffic Route
a. Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest
b. Turkey – preparation for distribution
c. Europe – manufacture
d. United States - marketing
 3 primary sources
of illegal drugs
1. Golden Triangle

1. Burma (Myanmar)
2. Laos
3. Thailand
• *Second biggest producer of OPIUM
worldwide
 2.Golden
Crescent
a. Iran

b. Afghanistan

c. Pakistan
d. India
• *Major exporter of Heroin according to Drug
Enforcement agency
 3. Latin American
Countries
a. Peru & Columbia-world’s biggest
producer of cocaine.
b. Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, El
Salvador, and Costa Rica- cocaine
suppliers worldwide.
Two Sources of Illegal Drugs in Asia
1. Southeast Asia (Golden triangle producing marijuana and opium
worldwide.)
-Quadrangle composes of Laos Myanmar, (second producer of opium),
Thailand and Shan State Province.
-Shan State is probably the biggest producer of opium worldwide.
-The “Golden Triangle” approximately produced 60% of opium in the
world. 90% of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially
acknowledge source of Southeast Asian Heroin.
Two Sources of Illegal Drugs in Asia
2. Southwest Asia
-The “Golden Crescent” is the major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and
Heroin products in the western part of Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90% of
all illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.
-The center of the world’s biggest producer of legal opium and formerly
composing of the French Connection (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and
Turkey).
– the Becka Valley of Lebanon is the biggest producer of cannabis in the
Middle East, Lebanon is also considered as the transit country for cocaine
from South America to European markets.
OTHER SOURCES OF ILLEGAL DRUGS
1. Spain – major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in
Europe known as “the paradise of the drug users in Europe”.
2. South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the
sources of all cocaine supply ion the world.
3. Mexico – the number one producer of cannabis in the world.
4. Philippines – the major transshipment point for the worldwide
distribution of illegal drugs such as shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and
South America. The second world’s supplier of MJ and the drug
paradise of drug abusers in Asia.
 OTHER SOURCES OF ILLEGAL DRUGS
5. India – center of the world’s drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its
people.
6. Indonesia – Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis
growing area in Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs
en route to Australia and New Zealand.
7. Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand – the most favorable sites of drug
distribution from the “golden Triangle” and other parts of Asia.
8. China – the transit route for heroin from “Golden Triangle” to H.K.
9. Hong Kong – the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.
10. Japan – the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from U.S. and Europe.
 • NATIONAL:

❖ PHILIPPINES-the number 2 producer of marijuana worldwide and a major

transshipment point of Shabu.

• LOCAL:

❖ CORDILLERA-the number 1 producer of marijuana in the region.

 THE DRUG CHAIN

• To have a good grasp of and a comprehensive framework for

analyzing the nature and dynamics of the drug menace, it
should be conceptualized and viewed as a “Drug Chain”.
• It should be links; namely: Production, Processing,
Trafficking, Financing, Retailing and Consumption. Each
link is made up of several nefarious activities and concomitant
problems spread over vast geographical areas.
THE DRUG CHAIN
1. The drug problem starts with the first link, which is PRODUCTION. This pertains to the planting,
growing and harvesting of plants, which are the sources of raw materials in the manufacture of
precursors and/or dangerous drugs, such as marijuana, ephedrine, coca and opium poppy.
2. The second link is PROCESSING which comes into play after harvesting the plants in the Production
link.
3. TRAFFICKING is the third link, which pertains to the surreptitious movement and delivery of
dangerous drugs from the clandestine laboratories to the wholesale markets.
4. The fourth link is FINANCING which pertains to the surreptitious movement and delivery of dangerous
drugs in big amount of cash.
5. RETAILING is the fifth link which involved the selling or “pushing” of drugs in small quantities to the
end-users at the street or grass root level.

6. The six and last link is CONSUMPTION, which refers to the actual use of the drugs by the end-users
through injection, ingestion, inhalation, or smoking.
ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE GLOBAL
DRUG SCENE
Columbian Medellin Cartel
• Founded during the 1980’s by Colombian drug lords in the name of
Pablo Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses Jose Ganzola Rodriguez
Gacha and the top aid cocaine barons Juan David and the Ochoa
Brothers.
• The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s
drug trafficking network. The Columbian government succeeded in
containing the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender,
and arrest of the people behind the organization. This further resulted
to the disbandment of the Cartel led to its downfall.
ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE GLOBAL
DRUG SCENE
Cali Cartel
The downfall of the Columbian Medellin cartel is the rise of the call
Cartel – the newly emerged cocaine monopoly. Gilberto Rodriguez
Orajuela – don Chepe – “the chess player” heads the syndicated
organization. Under him, the call cartel was considered the most
powerful criminal organization in the world.
• The Cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this, it
was called the best and the brightest of the modern underworld. “They
are professionals of the highest order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative,
and nearly impenetrable” – US – Drug enforcement Agency.
ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE
GLOBAL DRUG SCENE
The Chinese Triad
•The Chinese Triad is also called the Chinese Mafia –
the oldest and biggest criminal organization in the
world. It is believed to be the controller of the
“Golden triangle”.
ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE
GLOBAL DRUG SCENE
Drug Syndicates in the Philippines
• The Binondo-based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the
nucleus of the Bamboo Gang is the influence of the Green Gang of the
Chinese Triad while the 14k is the newest among the triads families
established only in 1947.
• The syndicates are famously involved in marijuana cultivation and
other drug smuggling including drug manufacture.
• Their most common modus operandi – posing as fishermen’s.
International Organized Groups
1. The Sicilian Mafia-Called as the “Turkish Mafia” based in
Italy, referred to as Kosha Nostra, preceded by Jewish and
Irish domination.
2. La Cosa Nostra-Originated in the U.S similar with the
Turkish Mafia.
3. Chinese Triad-China based operation that expanded
throughout the world.
4. Yakuza-Japanese-oriented syndicate.
International Organized Groups
5. Octopus Napolitan Camora-The most notorious organized crime group in
Europe.
6. Columbian Medellin Cartel-Originated in South America, the most notorious
drug syndicate in the world.
-Chief/Founder-Pablo Escobar Gaviria
-Drug Boss-Jose Carlo Rodriguez Gacha
7. Cali Cartel -Influenced by the Medelin Cartel
-Chief/Founder-Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela known as Don Chepe, whose
nickname is “the chess player.”
 Dangerous Drugs
Smokeable Cocaine Base
Methamphetamine
Prohibited
Drugs-These are
different types of
drugs in which the
government does not
allow to be sold.

Cannabis
Sativa-L
(Marijuana)
Drug Addiction- a state of
periodic or chronic
intoxication produced by
the repeated
consumption of a drug.
 MDMA - Ecstasy

Chemical-any
substance taken
into the body
that alters the
way the mind
and body work.
CHEMICAL
ABUSE – an
instance when
the use of
chemical has
produced
negative or
harmful
consequences.
DRUGS – traditionally,
these are synthetic
chemicals used as
medicine or in making
medicines, which affects
the body and mind and
have potential for abuse.
- criminologically, refers to
substances other than
food and water that is
intended to be taken or
administered for the
purpose of altering,
sustaining, or controlling
recipient’s physical,
mental or emotional state.
Marijuana Cultivation- Outdoor
…And Indoor
DRUG DEPENDENCE – the state of psychic or physical
dependence or both on dangerous drugs following the
administration or use of that drug.
- according to the World Health Organization, it is the
periodic, continuous, repeated administration of a drug.
a. PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE – an adoptive state caused
by repeated drug use that reveals itself by development of
intense physical symptoms when the drug is stopped.
b. PYSCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE – an attachment to
drug use which arises from a drug ability to satisfy some
emotional or personality needs of an individual.
 TREATMENT

•a medical service rendered to a client for

the effective management of his total
condition related to drug abuse. It deals
with the psychological and physiological
complications arising from drug abuse.
REHABILITATION
a dynamic process directed towards the
changes of the health or a person to
prepare from his fullest life potentials
and capabilities and making him law
abiding and productive member of the
community without abusing the drugs.
TOLERANCE
The tendency to increase dosage
of drugs to maintain the same
effect in the body.
MEDICAL USE
1. ANALGESICS- These are drugs that relieve pain.
However, may produce opposite effects on somebody who
suffers from peptic ulcer of gastric urination.

2. ANTIBIOTICS- Are drugs that combat or control infectious

organisms. Ingesting the same antibiotics for a long time can
result in allergic reactions and cause resistance to the drugs.
 MEDICAL USE
3. ANTIPYRETICS- those that can lower body temperature or fever due to
infection.
4. ANTIHISTAMINES - Those that control or combat allergic reactions.
People who are on antihistamine therapy must not operate or drive vehicles
since these drugs can cause drowsiness.
5. CONTRACEPTIVES - Drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg cell and
sperm cell or prevent the ovary from releasing egg cells. Pregnant women
must not take birth control pills to avoid congenital abnormalities.
 MEDICAL USE
6. DECONGESTANTS - those that relieve congestion of the nasal passages.

7. EXPECTORANTS - Those that can ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and
throat. They are not drugs of choice for the newborn that does not know how to cough and phlegm out.

8. LAXATIVES - those that stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movement.

9. SEDATIVES AND TRANQUILIZERS- are those than can calm and quiet the nerves and relieve
anxiety without causing depression and clouding of the mind.

10. VITAMINS- Those substances necessary for normal growth and development and proper
functioning of the body.
 JARGONS

1. “Opiate” - Narcotic

2. “On-the-nod/” Nodding” - the state produced by opiates like being suspended on the edge of sleep.

3. “Mainline’/”to shoot” - injecting a drug into the vein

4. “A Hit” - the street slang for injection of drugs

5. “Work” - an apparatus for injecting a drug

6. “A Fix” - one injection of opiate

7. “Juni” -heroin

8. “Junkie” -an opiate addict

9“Skin popping” - to inject a drug under the skin.

 JARGONS
10. “A Bag” - a pocket of drug

11. “Cold Turkey”- the withdrawal effect that occurs after a repeated
opiate use.

12. “Track” - scars on the skin left from the repeated injection of opiate

13“Overdose”- death occurs because the part of the brain that controls

breathing becomes paralyzed.

JARGONS
• “Speed” - amphetamines

• “Speed Freaks” - amphetamine addicts

• “Uppers” - street slang for amphetamines

• “Rush” - the beginning of a high

• “High” - under the influence of drugs

• “Coke” - street slang for cocaine

• “Flashback” - user can be thrown back into the drug experience months

after the original use of the drug.

 JARGONS
• “Acid” - slang term for LSD

• “Acid Head” - LSD user

• “Drop” - taking drug orally

• “Joint” - an MJ Cigar

• “Roach” - butt end of a joint

• “Stoned” - the intoxicating effect of a drug

• “Trip” - the name for the reaction that is caused by drugs

• “Head” - drug user

• “Downer” - street slang for depressant

DANGEROUS DRUG

“Yaba”
“Shabu”
 Heroin Packaged for Concealment
DRUG ABUSE
NATURAL DRUGS
Coca Plant
Harvesting Coca Leaves
Industrial Hemp- Rope,
Cloth, Etc.
Mainly from South Asia
Illicit Marijuana
(Recreational Hemp)
Marijuana Eradication

Cut &
Burn
SYNTHETIC/ARTIFICI
AL DRUGS
 Ephedrine and
Pseudoephedrine
 DRUG CATEGORY
A. THE PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS
These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to
allow a purchase. They are prescribed according to the individual’s
age, weight and height and should not be taken by anyone else.
B. THE OVER – THE – COUNTER DRUGS (OTC)
These are non-prescription medicines, which may be purchased
from any pharmacy or drugstore without written authorization
from a doctor. They are used to treat minor and short-term illnesses
and any persistent condition should be immediately referred to a
physician.
C. VOLATILE SUBSTANCES
They are sometimes called solvents or Inhalants like glue, gasoline,
ether, paint, thinner etc.
The “Self-medication Syndrome”
The “Self-medication” syndrome is found in users and would be
users of drugs whose sources of information are people or
literature other than doctors, pharmacists and health workers.
 Drug Dosage:
1. Minimal dose – amount needed to treat or heal that
is, the smallest amount of a drug that will produce a
HOW DRUGS therapeutic effect.
WORK? 2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will
produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any
accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
3. Toxic dose – amount of drug that produces
untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning.
4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side
effects and action desired by an individual who
improperly uses it.
5. Lethal dose – amount of drug that will cause death