Age estimates

oT Doundaries
Major Events
EPOCH
Holocene A 2 . 7 5 Ma, Quaternary ice age

Quaternary 0.9
(Q) Pleistocene Australopithecus aPpears

veogene
Pliocene-5 Herbs a
Large grazers diversify Modern
(N) Miocene Radiation
Or apes
0Gweeds Modern snakes
EE Grase
Grasses annans expana as songbirds
Z3 climates become d n Radiation reets
of dolphins
Uligocene 34 y miv
o r e s appear
Large coral ppee onk
PaleogeneEocene 56 Earliest horses a r e climbers
e int primates
ancestral olephants
esonychid Bats a p p e a r
Paleocene
66
, Coccolithophores
predators
diversiy
Coccolithophores
diaymas
predators65 Ma. End Cretaceouss.oxtinction
Crabs
swimming Rudists begin
Cretaceous epesA Foraminifera t o displace
K) reef corals Ammonoids
Flow te Diatoms
Snalls

-145 - plants radiate

Dinosaurs rise Coccoltnopnore First large
Feäthered
dinosaurs
Jurassic Mesozoic reefs
o 0ominance
Cycads
201 Dinotiagelates-200-220 Ma, End TriassiC mass ext
a n d seed ferns
Triassic Swimming reptiles ounaant
ecovery ot
reet-building
R Pterosaus v u r t Lystrosaurus
252 -251-245 Ma,Permo-Triassic mass oxtinction
Permian Pewars Gymno
spems

300
nerapsids pyo ch

* *260-360 Ma, Karoo ice age

APPEARANCE Giant
Coal swamps OF ARAGONITE insects
REEF BUILDERS
Agao Sponges Fixed
323
Eay reptiles

Seedess
vascular plants Life on land
and seed ferns adiatio
of crinoids
Amphibians
375-360 MaLt -
300Radiation of jawled fishes First First
rees f coral
Devonian armmonoids centipedes
First amphibians Forests strome r
Tee insects First
plants commun spiders
420 Earliest jawled fishes
Silurian
Jawless fishes YOY Early First
Land Aii peds
(S
-444-450-440 Ma, End Ordovician mass extincti Plants
-420-460 Ma, Andea-Saharan ice age
Ordovician Spores of earliest
OrdovicClan
tion
O *Stromatolites decline
as animals diversitv
and ptants? Coral-strome
reef community
485 Trilobite mass extinctions-Ostracoderms - -

Tommotian fauna {A 0
Cambrian Preuato Earliest Cambrian
nautiloids Few skeletal fossils S
(¬) radiationn
Archaeocyatnia reets Treptichnus pedum
541

Ediacaran
Small animal
fossils and embryos Small shells
* -584 Ma, Gaskiers glaciation
-635 -635 Ma, Marinoan glaciation ke
Cryogenian
- 7 2 0 * 717 Ma, Sturtian glaciation

Tonian
1,000
Stenian More complex acritarchs
1,200 1200-800 Ma, Maximum development of stromatolites
Ectasian

1,400
Prokaryotes still dominant
Calymmian Development of carbonate platforms -1800 Ma,
1,600
Red beds
Statherian become common
1,800
2000 Ma, Increasing stromatolites
Orosirian Multicellular algae Simple acritarchs
2,050 2100 Ma, Earliest multicellular fossils
Rhyacian (rancevillian Fossil) -2400-2000 Ma, Great Oxidation Event
2,300 -2450-2200 Ma, Huronian Glaciation
Siderian
2,500

2,800
Prokaryotes
(anaerobic)

3,200

3450 Ma, Oldest stromatolite, Pilbara (Australian)

S-3500 Ma, Oldest microfossils, Australian Apex chert e
3,600
3700 Ma,Oldestsedimentary rocks,
Greenland isua geenoneDe
isotopic evidence of life and possible stromatolite ? 3800-4100 Ma,
Late Heavy
4 0 3 1 Ma, Oldest Metamorphic Rocks, Canadian Acasta Gneiss | Bombardment

-4404 Ma, Australian Jack Hills Zircon

The first 100 million years|4600-4500 Ma, Formation of Solar System, Sun, Earth and Moon
B . Esrafili-Dizaj, 2021