Transverse Fetal Lie
Transverse Fetal Lie
Transverse Fetal Lie
fetal lie
Official reprint from UpToDate®
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Transverse fetal lie
Disclosures: Robert A Strauss, MD Nothing to disclose. Charles J Lockwood, MD, MHCM Consultant/Advisory Boards:
Celula [Aneuploidy screening (Prenatal and cancer DNA screening tests in development)]. Vanessa A Barss, MD, FACOG
Nothing to disclose.
Contributor disclosures are reviewed for conflicts of interest by the editorial group. When found, these are addressed by vetting
All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete.
Literature review current through: Nov 2015. | This topic last updated: Jul 17, 2015.
INTRODUCTION — Transverse lie refers to a fetal presentation in which the fetal longitudinal axis lies
perpendicular to the long axis of the uterus. It can occur in either of two configurations:
● The curvature of the fetal spine is oriented upward (also called "backup" or dorsosuperior), and the fetal
small parts and umbilical cord present at the cervix.
● The curvature of the fetal spine is oriented downward (also called "backdown" or dorsoinferior), and the
fetal shoulder presents at the cervix (figure 1).
(Note: Lie refers to the long axis of the fetus relative to the longitudinal axis of the uterus; it can be longitudinal,
transverse, or oblique. Presentation refers to the fetal part that directly overlies the pelvic inlet; it is usually
vertex [head] or breech [buttocks], but can be a shoulder, compound [eg, head and hand], or funic [umbilical
cord]. Position is the relationship of a nominated site of the presenting part to a denominating location on the
maternal pelvis, eg, right occiput anterior.)
PREVALENCE — Approximately one in 300 fetuses is in a transverse lie at delivery [1,2]. It is most common
early in gestation [3].
NATURAL HISTORY — Transverse lie is unstable: Most fetuses in transverse lie early in pregnancy convert
to a cephalic (or breech) presentation. In one report, transverse lie was detected in 146 fetuses at 24 to 28
weeks and 15 percent persisted to term [4]. In another report of 29 fetuses in transverse lie at 37 weeks of
gestation, 24 fetuses (83 percent) spontaneously converted to a longitudinal lie with either vertex (15/24) or
breech (9/24) presentations in labor [5]. Transverse lie persisted in the five (17 percent) remaining patients.
Overall, the cesarean delivery rate was 13 of 29 (45 percent); indications were breech presentation in eight
cases and transverse lie in five cases.
PATHOGENESIS AND RISK FACTORS — A number of theories have been proposed to explain fetal
presentation and the eventual cephalic presentation of most fetuses as pregnancy reaches term. Gravity and
fetal comfort may play important roles [6]. Early in pregnancy when the volume of amniotic fluid is relatively
large in relation to the volume of the fetus, the fetus is less constrained by the size of the uterus and is often
found in a noncephalic presentation. As pregnancy continues and the volume of amniotic fluid diminishes
relative to fetal size, the fetus is usually found in a longitudinal lie with the greatest mass of the fetus (the
buttocks and flexed thighs) in the fundus. The longitudinal lie presents a body axis posture along the line of
gravity and with the least constriction to overall fetal movement.
Prematurity is the most common risk factor for transverse lie. Other risk factors include high parity, placenta
previa, contracted pelvis, uterine anomalies or tumors, polyhydramnios, fetal anomaly, and multiple pregnancy
[1,7,8]. The site of the placental implantation site, distortion of the uterus by anatomical factors, and uterine
distension modify the configuration of space within the uterine cavity and likely affect fetal position by this
mechanism.
COMPLICATIONS — In developing countries where placental imaging, urgent cesarean delivery, and neonatal
intensive care are not readily available, the maternal and perinatal mortality/morbidity associated with
transverse lie in labor can be high. As an example, a report from the Korle Bu Hospital in Accra, Ghana
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described 152 patients in labor with transverse lie from 1996 to 1998: Pregnancy outcome included two
maternal deaths due to sepsis and hemorrhage, 25 stillbirths, and 37 infants requiring hospital care [9].
Fetal/newborn complications included asphyxia, prematurity, and septicemia.
Even though modern perinatal care has reduced much of the morbidity and mortality associated with this
condition, these pregnancies are, nevertheless, at increased risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity as
compared with pregnancies in which the fetus is a cephalic or breech presentation. In developed countries,
placenta previa, prolapse of the umbilical cord, fetal trauma, fetal anomalies, and prematurity contribute to
morbidity from transverse lie [5,10]. In developing regions, uterine rupture from prolonged labor in a transverse
lie is also a major reason for maternal/perinatal mortality and morbidity [11]. (See "Umbilical cord prolapse".)
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS — Not infrequently, the gravida suspects transverse lie
because of an abnormal configuration of her abdomen or discomfort associated with the position of the fetal
head in her flank.
The diagnosis can be made by abdominal palpation utilizing Leopold's maneuvers (figure 2) [12]. Transverse lie
should be suspected when the firm resistance typical of the fetal head is not appreciated upon palpation of the
uterus above the symphysis pubis. Additional palpation will detect the fetal head in one of the mother's flanks,
confirming the diagnosis. The location of the fetal back up or down is more difficult to determine, especially if
the patient is obese.
The sensitivity of abdominal palpation for detecting noncephalic presentations (breech, oblique, or transverse
lie) at 35 to 37 weeks of gestation is about 70 percent. Although abdominal palpation is more likely to correctly
identify a transverse lie than a breech presentation, the sensitivity of abdominal examination for detecting
transverse lie is not known because the prevalence of this abnormal presentation is too low to conduct a robust
study [7].
Ultrasound examination is used to confirm the diagnosis and determine the precise position of the fetus. In
addition, a survey of maternal pelvic and fetal anatomy should be performed when transverse lie is identified to
look for abnormalities or conditions associated with this unstable position, such as placenta previa (see
'Pathogenesis and risk factors' above). If transverse lie is suspected by abdominal palpation and placenta
previa has not been excluded by ultrasound examination, a vaginal examination should not be performed until
the absence of previa is ascertained.
MANAGEMENT OF DELIVERY — Most fetuses in transverse lie are delivered by cesarean. The route of
delivery depends upon the clinical circumstances at the time the diagnosis is made. Important factors to
consider include the positions of the placenta and umbilical cord, fetal age and viability, whether labor has
begun or membranes have ruptured, and whether the transverse lie is a second twin.
Transverse lie, intact membranes, live fetus
Before onset of labor — When the diagnosis of singleton fetus in transverse lie is made before the onset
of labor and in the absence of contraindications to a vaginal delivery, we suggest external version to cephalic
presentation at 38 to 39 weeks of gestation, followed by artificial rupture of the membranes while the vertex is
held in position, and induction of labor [10].
If the vertex is high in the pelvis when membranes are to be ruptured, the procedure should be performed in a
delivery room by puncturing the membranes with a long 20 gauge needle (eg, needle used for spinal or
pudendal anesthesia) rather than an amniohook to control the flow of amniotic fluid and reduce the risk of cord
prolapse. The rationale for induction of labor rather than expectant management is that successful external
cephalic version of a transverse lie is frequently followed by spontaneous reversion to an unstable lie. This is in
contrast to successful external version in breech presentation, where reversion to breech presentation is
uncommon. (See "External cephalic version".)
If the version is unsuccessful, cesarean delivery is performed.
Only one study has compared active management (external version plus elective induction of labor at term)
with expectant management of transverse lie [13]. Among the 102 patients managed actively, there was one
prolapsed umbilical cord and no perinatal deaths, while among the 50 patients managed expectantly, there
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were 10 cord prolapses, four arm prolapses, and one perinatal death related to delivery of a fetus with arm
prolapse. Three other perinatal deaths in the expectant management group were associated with major
congenital malformations. The incidence of cesarean delivery was lower among women managed actively (11
versus 40 percent). Based on these limited data, it appears that active intervention at ≥38 weeks of gestation
may result in fewer perinatal deaths and cord prolapse from spontaneous rupture of membranes than expectant
management, and also offers the mother, who is often a multiparous patient, a higher likelihood of vaginal
delivery. In a populationbased study, the risk that an infant born at 38 weeks of gestation by scheduled
cesarean delivery will develop respiratory morbidity of any severity was 3.5 percent, and the risk of neonatal
death was less than 1 in 1500 [14]. These risks are lower than the risk of prolapse of the umbilical cord or arm
after 37 weeks, which may be as high as 28 percent in patients who are managed expectantly [13].
Early labor — For patients in early labor with a singleton fetus in transverse lie, intact membranes, and a
live fetus, we suggest external version to cephalic presentation followed by artificial rupture of the membranes
while the vertex is held in position, as described above. In the only study of this approach, 12 women in labor
with a transverse lie were given tocolysis and then underwent external version [15]. Successful version to a
longitudinal presentation (nine cephalic, one breech) was achieved in 10 patients and six patients were
delivered vaginally. Conversely, if external cephalic version is unsuccessful, we perform a cesarean delivery.
Active labor — For patients who present in active labor with a singleton fetus in transverse lie, we perform
a cesarean delivery.
Transverse lie with ruptured membranes — If membranes have ruptured and gestational age is ≥34 weeks,
we perform a cesarean delivery. If gestational age is <34 weeks, expectant management is a reasonable
option as long as the ability to perform cesarean delivery promptly is available, given the increased risk of cord
prolapse.
In some circumstances between 28 and 34 weeks, delivery rather than expectant management may result in a
better neonatal outcome. In such settings, we suggest administering a course of antenatal corticosteroids and
monitoring the mother and fetus continuously for 48 hours, with intervention if clinically indicated (eg, signs of
infection, abnormal fetal heart rate tracing). After completion of the course of corticosteroids, further
management is decided on a casebycase basis. We may deliver pregnancies with a funic cord presentation
and a dilated cervix, particularly if we believe the patient might be in the latent phase of labor. Lack of local
neonatal intensive care unit resources and 24hour anesthesia availability if emergency delivery is required are
other examples of situations where delivery may be preferable to expectant management.
We avoid external cephalic version in patients with ruptured membranes, in agreement with most clinical
guidelines [16]. Version is less likely to be successful and the risk of maternal and fetal complications is
probably increased.
Transverse lie of second twin after delivery of first twin — After delivery of the first twin, the second twin
may assume a transverse lie, regardless of its original position in the uterus. We perform internal podalic
version to breech presentation and breech extraction of the nonvertex second twin (figure 3AB) [17]. This
procedure is accomplished promptly after delivery of the first twin while the cervix is fully dilated and the
membranes of the undelivered twin are still intact [17]. Such a delivery should be attempted only by an
obstetrician who has experience with this maneuver because of the risks of uterine rupture and fetal trauma.
An alternative maneuver is external cephalic version using ultrasound to monitor the procedure and the
ultrasound transducer to assist with the version, as illustrated in the figure (figure 4) [18].
There are no prospective trials that provide strong evidence of the relative merits of internal versus external
version or cesarean delivery for managing the delivery of the second twin in transverse lie. Based on level of
training and experience, the provider should recommend the approach he/she is most comfortable with. (See
"Twin pregnancy: Labor and delivery", section on 'Second twin'.)
Transverse lie with fetal demise or previable fetus — In cases of fetal demise or previable fetus in
transverse lie before labor or in early labor, we suggest external version to achieve a longitudinal lie followed by
induction of labor or augmentation, if appropriate. If the fetus is in transverse lie during active labor, internal
podalic version by an experienced practitioner is an option in the second stage [1921]. Uterine rupture is a
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concern.
If the fetus is extremely small (<600 to 800 grams) and dead, the body may collapse and double up on itself
(conduplicato corpore) during labor, thus allowing the head and thorax to simultaneously pass through the
pelvis and deliver vaginally. This is unlikely to occur if the fetus is alive and at a viable gestational age [22].
If dystocia due to malpresentation occurs, we perform cesarean delivery.
Transverse lie with coexistent placenta previa or umbilical cord prolapse — A coexistent placenta previa
or umbilical cord prolapse requires delivery by cesarean. (See "Clinical features, diagnosis, and course of
placenta previa" and "Management of placenta previa" and "Umbilical cord prolapse".)
PROCEDURE FOR CESAREAN DELIVERY
Dorsosuperior (back up) transverse lie — For the backup transverse lie in women with a welldeveloped
lower uterine segment, we make a low transverse hysterotomy using an accentuated curvilinear incision to
reduce the risk of extension into the broad ligament. The surgeon standing on the same side as the fetal head
then attempts to grasp the fetal feet and perform a footling breech extraction. If difficulty is encountered, a
vertical incision is made to form an invertedT. In one series of 66 patients who underwent cesarean delivery
for transverse lie, 92 percent were successfully delivered through the low isthmic transverse uterine incision;
conversion of this incision to an invertedT was necessary in 8 percent of cases [23]. Of note, 27 of the 66
fetuses were dorsoinferior and 20 were preterm with an overall mean gestational age of 33.9±2.5 weeks. A
second report included 80 term patients in which cesarean delivery for singleton fetuses in transverse lie was
accomplished in 79 using a transverse curvilinear incision in the lower uterine segment, with no extensions of
the uterine wound [24]. Neonatal morbidity consisted of a fractured femur in one infant and torticollis in another,
and no serious maternal morbidity occurred related to the method of delivery.
Dorsoinferior (back down) transverse lie — The dorsoinferior (back down) transverse lie is more difficult to
deliver than the back up transverse lie because the fetal feet are difficult to grasp. If the fetal membranes are
intact, we perform an intraabdominal version to convert the transverse lie to a cephalic or breech presentation
before making the hysterotomy, thus facilitating delivery through the low segment accentuated curvilinear
transverse incision [25].
One hand is placed on the fetal head and the other hand is placed on the buttocks. The fetal pole that will
become the presenting part is very gently manipulated toward the pelvic inlet while the other pole is guided in
the opposite direction. Although either cephalic or podalic version can be performed, we have found that breech
extraction is technically easier. After the version has been completed, an assistant holds the fetus in the
longitudinal position so it will not revert to its original position (figure 5AB), the hysterotomy is made, and the
fetus is delivered.
Some experts recommend a vertical uterine incision for the back down transverse lie [26], which is also a
reasonable approach. We believe a vertical hysterotomy, even if mostly confined to the lower segment, is less
desirable than a transverse incision as it may increase the risk of uterine rupture in a subsequent pregnancy,
but it may be necessary if the lower uterine segment is poorly developed. If the fetus is large, especially if
membranes are ruptured and the shoulder is impacted in the birth canal, a classical incision may be necessary
[27].
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
● The fetus is in a transverse lie when its longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the long axis of the uterus.
The back may face toward or away from the cervix (called "back down" and "back up" transverse lie,
respectively). (See 'Introduction' above.)
● Most fetuses in transverse lie early in pregnancy convert to a cephalic (or breech) presentation by term.
(See 'Natural history' above.)
● In developed countries, prolapse of the umbilical cord, fetal trauma, and prematurity are the major adverse
outcomes associated with transverse lie. In developing regions, uterine rupture from prolonged labor in a
transverse lie is also a major cause of maternal/perinatal mortality and morbidity. (See 'Complications'
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above.)
● For patients with transverse lie prior to the onset of labor and in the absence of contraindications to a
vaginal delivery, we perform external version to cephalic presentation at 38 to 39 weeks of gestation,
followed by artificial rupture of the membranes while the vertex is held in position, and induction of labor.
(See 'Before onset of labor' above.)
● For patients in early labor with a singleton fetus in transverse lie and intact membranes, we attempt
external version to cephalic presentation followed by artificial rupture of the membranes while the vertex
is held in position. (See 'Early labor' above.)
● For patients with a transverse lie in active labor or with ruptured membranes, we perform a cesarean
delivery. (See 'Active labor' above and 'Transverse lie with ruptured membranes' above.)
● For patients with a transverse lie of the second twin after delivery of the first twin, we perform internal
version to breech presentation and breech extraction of the nonvertex second twin. External version is
also a reasonable approach. (See 'Transverse lie of second twin after delivery of first twin' above.)
● For patients with a fetal demise in transverse lie before labor or in early labor, we perform external version
to achieve a longitudinal lie followed by induction of labor or augmentation, if appropriate. If the fetus is in
transverse lie during active labor, internal podalic version by an experienced practitioner is an option in the
second stage If dystocia due to malpresentation occurs, we perform cesarean delivery. (See 'Transverse
lie with fetal demise or previable fetus' above.)
● For the dorsosuperior (back up) transverse lie at cesarean delivery, we perform a low transverse
accentuated curvilinear uterine incision and extract the fetus as a footling breech. (See 'Dorsosuperior
(back up) transverse lie' above.)
● For the dorsoinferior (back down) transverse lie at cesarean delivery, we perform an intraabdominal
version to convert the transverse lie to a breech presentation before making the hysterotomy, if
membranes are intact. We perform a low transverse accentuated curvilinear uterine incision and extract
the fetus as a footling breech. (See 'Dorsoinferior (back down) transverse lie' above.)
● If labor occurs with a previable fetus or dead fetus very early in gestation and placenta previa has been
ruled out, vaginal delivery can be attempted as the small, collapsed fetal body can often pass through the
birth canal. (See 'Transverse lie with fetal demise or previable fetus' above.)
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