Scribd
Upload
208 views5 pages

Aerodynamics of Aicraft I: Technical University of Munich Chair of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

1. The document discusses the aerodynamic analysis of a new long-range aircraft to carry 212 passengers up to 12,500 km or 440 passengers for high-capacity transport. 2. Key aircraft parameters and environmental conditions are provided, including a takeoff weight of 260,000 kg, empty weight of 130,000 kg, and cruise speed of Mach 0.82 at 33,000 ft. 3. A series of tasks are outlined to determine the cruise conditions, travel time, lift and drag coefficients, required fuel and payload, maximum range, and potential for increased empty weight from drag-reducing modifications. Comparable long-range aircraft specifications are also presented.

Uploaded by

kaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
208 views5 pages

Aerodynamics of Aicraft I: Technical University of Munich Chair of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

1. The document discusses the aerodynamic analysis of a new long-range aircraft to carry 212 passengers up to 12,500 km or 440 passengers for high-capacity transport. 2. Key aircraft parameters and environmental conditions are provided, including a takeoff weight of 260,000 kg, empty weight of 130,000 kg, and cruise speed of Mach 0.82 at 33,000 ft. 3. A series of tasks are outlined to determine the cruise conditions, travel time, lift and drag coefficients, required fuel and payload, maximum range, and potential for increased empty weight from drag-reducing modifications. Comparable long-range aircraft specifications are also presented.

Uploaded by

kaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH

Chair of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

AERODYNAMICS OF AICRAFT I
WS 2021/2022
Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Breitsamter

1 Mission Analysis

A new long-range aircraft shall be developed. The requirement analysis has shown that the
range for a comfortable three-class configuration (212 passengers) should be 12500 km.
For a high–capacity configuration 440 passengers are to be carried.
The aircraft should fly with a cruise Mach number of Mcruise = 0.82 in FL 330. From a first
estimation, values for the weights and the wing surface are available. The necessary engine
data is provided by the manufacturer. In the following, steady level flight is considered.
Take-off, landing, climb, descent, holding and evasion maneuvers as well as fuel reserves
are not considered.

General:
1 ft = 0.3048m;

ICAO-Standard Atmosphere (ISA; static, polytropic atmosphere-model ):


p0 = 1.013 · 105 N/m2 ,
ρ0 = 1.225 kg/m3 ,
T0 = 288 K,
g = 9.81 m/s2 ,
dT /dz = −0.0065 K/m for z < 11000 m,
dT /dz = 0 for 11000 m < z < 20000 m,
κ = 1.4;

Aircraft data: Engine data:


mstart = 260000 kg, Tcruise,total = 120 kN ,
mempty = 130000 kg, bcruise = 0.60 kg/(daN · h);
Swing = 362 m2 ;
1 MISSION ANALYSIS 2

1. Determine the environment conditions pcruise , ρcruise and Tcruise in cruise altitude
(FL 330) according to the ICAO standard atmosphere.

2. How long does the aircraft travel with 212 passengers under the given conditions?

3. Calculate the lift coefficient cL and the drag coefficient cD for the cruise flight
configuration (mA/C = 230000 kg). Specify the glide ratio/aerodynamic efficiency
cL /cD .

4. How much fuel has to be carried and how big is the resulting payload, assuming
cL
· Vcruise = const.?
cD bcruise ·g
Evaluate whether the payload is sufficient for the desired number of passengers.

5. Determine the range in the high–capacity configuration (same weight per passenger
as in the previous sub-task). Assume that ccDL · bVcruise
cruise
·g
= const.

6. Illustrate the relation between payload and range in a diagram. Determine the
maximum range of the aircraft.
(mpayload,max. = 47000 kg, mf uel,max. = 113000 kg)

7. Constructive modifications of the aircraft reduce the drag coefficient, resulting in a


5% improvement of the glide ratio in cruise flight. Determine the possible increase
of the empty weight caused by the modifications for the same range of 12500 km.
The remaining conditions are assumed to be identical.
1 MISSION ANALYSIS 3

Important Relations

Ideal gas law:


p=ρ·R·T (1)

Polytropic relation:
p
= konst. (2)
ρn

Basic equation of aerostatics applied to polytropic atmosphere model:


dT n−1 g
=− · (3)
dz n R

T n−1 z R · T0
=1− · mit H0 = (4)
T0 n H0 g

Speed of sound, Mach number:


√ V
c= κ · R · T, M = (5)
c

Lift coefficient, drag coefficient, glide ratio/aerodynamic efficiency cL /cD :

L D
cL = ρ , cD = ρ (6)
2
·V2·S 2
·V2·S

Steady level flight (unaccelerated, horizontal flight):

L = G, D = T (7)

Specific fuel consumption:


1 dmf uel ṁf uel
b=− · = (8)
T dt T

Breguet range equation:


dR cL V
=− · (9)
dm cD b · m · g

cL V mstart cL V
R= · · ln with · = const. (10)
cD b · g mstart − mf uel cD b · g
1 MISSION ANALYSIS 4

Figure 1: Airbus A340-300 (source: Airbus)

Figure 2: Boeing B777-200 (source: Boeing)


Long range aircraft data
General:
Manufacture Typ Range Passengers Max. flight level Cruise Mach number max. Mach number
Airbus A340-300 12 400 km 375 12 500 m 0.82 0.86
Boeing B777-200IGW 11 000 km 305 13 100 m 0.84 0.87
1 MISSION ANALYSIS

Iljuschin Il-96M 11 500 km 312 13 000 m 0.78 0.86


Weights:
Manufacture Typ Empty weight Take-off weight Max. payload Max. fuel
Airbus A340-300 130 000 kg 260 000 kg 47 000 kg 113 000 kg
Boeing B777-200IGW 142 000 kg 263 000 kg 55 000 kg 136 000 kg
Iljuschin Il-96M 132 000 kg 270 000 kg 58 000 kg 118 000 kg
Dimensions:
Manufacture Typ Length Diameter Span Wing surface Height
2
Airbus A340-300 63.7 m 5.64 m 60.3 m 362 m 16.7 m
Boeing B777-200IGW 63.7 m 6.20 m 60.9 m 427 m2 18.4 m
Iljuschin Il-96M 64.7 m 6.08 m 60.1 m 392 m2 15.7 m
Parameters:
Manufacture Typ Aspect ratio Taper ratio Sweep 25% Wing loading
Airbus A340-300 10.1 0.24 30° 7050 N/m2
Boeing B777-200IGW 8.7 0.16 31° 6030 N/m2
Iljuschin Il-96M 9.5 n.A. 30° 6770 N/m2
Propulsion:
Manufacture Typ Engine Static thrust Max. cruise thrust Spec. fuel consumtion
Airbus A340-300 4x CFM56-5C3 145 kN 31 kN 0.600 kg/(daNh)
Boeing B777-200IGW 2x Trent884 374 kN n.A. 0.586 kg/(daNh)
Iljuschin Il-96M 4x PW2337 165 kN n.A. 0.563 kg(daNh)
Source: Jane's All the Worlds Aircraft 1998/99, Rolls-Royce, CFM International
5

You might also like