Submitted by:Saransh Agrawal

INTRODUCTION

Smart dust is tiny electronic devices designed to capture mountains

of information about their surroundings while literally floating on air.
Nowadays, sensors, computers and communicators are shrinking down to
ridiculously small sizes. If all of these are packed into a single tiny device,
it can open up new dimensions in the field of communications.
The idea behind ‘smart dust’ is to pack sophisticated sensors, tiny
computers and wireless communicators in to a cubic-millimeter mote to
form the basis of integrated, massively distributed sensor networks. They
will be light enough to remain suspended in air for hours. As the motes
drift on wind, they can monitor the environment for light, sound,
temperature, chemical composition and a wide range of other information,
and beam that data back to the base station, miles away.

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MAJOR COMPONENTS AND REQUIREMENTS OF
SMART DUST:-

Smart Dust requires both evolutionary and revolutionary advances

in miniaturization, integration, and energy management. Designers can use
microelectromechanical systems to build small sensors, optical
communication components, and power supplies, whereas microelectronics
provides increasing functionality in smaller areas, with lower energy
consumption. The power system consists of a thick-film battery, a solar cell
with a charge-integrating capacitor for periods of darkness, or both.
Depending on its objective, the design integrates various sensors, including
light, temperature, vibration, magnetic field, acoustic, and wind shear, onto
the mote. An integrated circuit provides sensor-signal processing,
communication, control, data storage, and energy management. A
photodiode allows optical data reception. There are presently two
transmission schemes: passive transmission using a corner-cube retro
reflector, and active transmission using a laser diode and steerable mirrors.
The mote’s minuscule size makes energy management a key
component. The integrated circuit will contain sensor signal conditioning
circuits, a temperature sensor, and A/D converter, microprocessor, SRAM,
communications circuits, and power control circuits. The IC, together with
the sensors, will operate from a power source integrated with the platform.
The MEMS industry has major markets in automotive pressure
sensors and accelerometers, medical sensors, and process control sensors.
Recent advances in technology have put many of these sensor processes on
Smart Dust.
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exponentially decreasing size, power, and cost curves. In addition,
variations of MEMS sensor technology are used to build micro motors.
 Figure 1: Components of smart dust

DESCRIPTION OF WORKING OF SMART DUST

The smart dust mote is run by a microcontroller that not only

determines the task performed by the mote, but consists of the power to the
various components of the system to conserve energy. Periodically the
micro controller gets a reading from one of the sensors, which measure one
of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient
light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure, process the data, and store it in
Smart Dust memory. It also turns on optical receiver to see if anyone is trying to
communicate with it. This communication may include new programs or
messages from other motes. In response to a message or upon its own
initiative, the microcontroller will use the corner cube retro reflector or laser
to transmit sensor data or a message to a base station or another mote.
The primary constraint in the design of the Smart Dust motes is
volume, which in turn puts a severe constraint on energy since we do not
have much room for batteries or large solar cells. Thus, the motes must
operate efficiently and conserve energy whenever possible. Most of the
time, the majority of the mote is powered off with only a clock and a few
timers running. When a timer expires, it powers up a part of the mote to
carry out a job, then powers off. A few of the timers control the sensors that
measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as
temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure. When
one of these timers expires, it powers up the corresponding sensor, takes a
sample, and converts it to a digital word. If the data is interesting, it may
either be stored directly in the SRAM or the microcontroller is powered up
to perform more complex operations with it. When this task is complete,
everything is again powered down and the timer begins counting again.
Another timer controls the receiver. When that timer expires, the
receiver powers up and look for an incoming packet. If it doesn’t see one
after a certain length of time, it is powered down again. The mote can
receive several types of packets, including ones that are new program code
that is stored in the program memory. This allows the user to change the
behavior of the mote remotely. Packets may also include messages from the
base station or other motes. When one of these is received, the
microcontroller is powered up and used to interpret the contents of the
message. The message may tell the mote to do something in particular, or it
Smart Dust www.bestneo.com
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may be a message that is just being passed from one mote to another on its
way to a particular destination. In response to a message or to another timer
expiring, the microcontroller will assemble a packet containing sensor data
or a message and transmit it using either the corner cube retro reflector or
the laser diode, depending on which it has. The corner cube retro reflector
transmits information just by moving a mirror and thus changing the
reflection of a laser beam from the base station. This technique is
substantially more energy efficient than actually generating some radiation.
With the laser diode and a set of beam scanning mirrors, we can transmit
data in any direction desired, allowing the mote to communicate with other
Smart Dust motes.

COMPUTING AT THE MILLIMETER SCALE

Computing in an autonomous cubic-millimeter package must focus
on minimizing a given task’s energy consumption. Smaller, faster
transistors have reduced parasitic capacitance, thereby resulting in
diminished dynamic power consumption. Constant electric field scaling has
reduced supply voltages, producing dramatic power reductions for both
high-performance and low-energy computing because dynamic power has a
quadratic dependence on supply voltage. However, constant electric field
scaling also calls for a reduction in the threshold voltage. This will result in
larger leakage currents, which are already a concern in the highperformance
processors to be released in 2001 that will leak amps of
current. The process engineers need to keep leakage currents low, which
will also benefit low-energy designers. In millimeter-scale computing, the
shrinking transistor’s size lets designer’s compact significant computing
power into this small area.

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Low-energy computation

Besides advanced micro fabrication technology processes, using

other techniques at every level achieves low-energy computation. First,
because we use a high-performance process but operate at low speeds, we
can drop the supply voltage to the minimum level at which the devices still
function; theoretically this is 0.1 volt, 6 but for 0.5- to 0.2-micron processes
it is more realistically 0.2 to 0.3 volt. To minimize current leakage, which
can cause significant power consumption at the low clock rates and duty
cycles that these low-energy architectures use, we can increase the channelto-
source junction’s reverse bias, thus increasing the threshold voltage.
Initially, adding two extra supply voltages in this package may seem
onerous; however, if the mote scavenges solar power, placing two small
photodiodes on the integrated circuit provides the few atto-amps per device
necessary to bias these junctions.

The Smart Dust mote’s tasks closely relate to the physical realm, where the fastest
sampling is 10 to 20 kHz for vibration and acoustic sensors so the amount of data is small
enough that we can use low data transmition rates. Therefore we can use clock rates in
the 1 to 180 kHz range to decrease dynamic power consumption. Despite these low clock
rates, the circuits perform all their transitions during a small portion of the cycle; then they
remain idle. Thus, powering down blocks for even a few clock cycles saves energy.

Remote programmability
Remote programmability plays an important role in millimeter-scale
computing. Given their small size and large numbers, we prefer to program
these devices in masses, without direct connections. Remote
programmability also avoids the costs of recollecting and reprogramming
devices after we deploy them.

MODE OF COMMUNICATION

Smart Dust’s full potential can only be attained when the sensor
nodes communicate with one another or with a central base station.
Wireless communication facilitates simultaneous data collection from
thousands of sensors. There are several options for communicating to and
from a cubic-millimeter computer. Radio frequency and optical
communications each have their strengths and weaknesses.
Radio-frequency communication is well understood, but currently
requires minimum power levels in the multiple milliwatts range due to
analog mixers, filters, and oscillators. If whisker-thin antennas of centimeter
length can be accepted as a part of a dust mote, then reasonably efficient
antennas can be made for radio-frequency communication.
Semiconductor lasers and diode receivers are intrinsically small,
and the corresponding transmission and detection circuitry for on/off keyed
optical communication is more amenable to low-power operation than most
radio schema. Most important, optical power can be collimated in tight
beams even from small apertures. Diffraction enforces a fundamental limit
on the divergence of a beam, whether it comes from an antenna or a lens.
Laser pointers are cheap examples of milliradian collimation from a
millimeter aperture. To get similar collimation for a 1-GHz radiofrequency
signal would require an antenna 100 meters across, due to the difference in
wavelength of the two transmissions. As a result, optical transmitters of
millimeter size can get antenna gains of one million or more, while
similarly sized radio frequency antennas are doomed by physics to be
mostly isotropic.

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Collimated optical communication has two major drawbacks. Line
of sight is required for all but the shortest distances, and narrow beams
imply the need for accurate pointing.
Further optical communication is explored in some depth due to the
potential for extreme low-power communication.
 Figure 2: Comparison of communication modules

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OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

Two approaches to optical communication are explored: Passive

reflective systems and active steered laser systems. In a passive
communication system, the dust mote does not require an onboard light
source. Instead, a special configuration of mirrors can either reflect or not
reflect light to a remote source.

Passive-reflective systems

The passive reflective device consists of three mutually orthogonal

mirrors. Light enters the CCR, bounces off each of the three mirrors and is
reflected back parallel to the direction it entered. In MEMS version, the
device has one mirror mounted on a spring at an angle slightly askew from
perpendicularity to the other mirrors. The mirror’s low mass allows the
CCR to switch between 0 and 1 states up to a thousand times per seconds,
using less than a nanojoule per 0-1 transition. A 1-0 transition on the other
hand is practically free because damping the charge stored in the electrode
to the ground requires almost no energy.
Passive communication system suffers several limitations. Unable
to communicate with each other, motes rely on a central station equipped
with a light source to send and receive data from other motes. Also,
because CCR reflects only a small fraction of the light emitted from a base
station, the systems range cannot easily extend beyond 1 km.

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Active- steered laser systems

For mote- to – mote communication, an active steered laser

communication system uses an onboard light source to send a tightly
collimated light beam towards an intended receiver. Steered laser
communication has the advantage of high power density. This system
allows communication over enormous distances using millwatts of power.
Here, a laser emits an infrared beam that is collimated with a lens.
This lens directs the narrow laser beam into a beam steering mirror, aiming
the beam towards the intended receiver.
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LISTENING TO A DUST FIELD

Many smart dust applications rely on direct optical communication

from an entire field of dust motes to one more base stations. These base
stations must therefore be able to receive a volume of simultaneous optical
transmissions. Communication must be possible outdoors in bright
sunlight. Using a narrow band optical filter to eliminate all sunlight, except
the portion near the light frequency used for communication can only partly
solve this problem.

Imaging receivers

Imaging receivers can overcome both the above challenges. Light

from a large field of view can be focused ino an image, as in our eyes or in
a camera. Imaging receivers utilize this to analyze different portions of the
image separately to process simultaneous transmissions from different
angles. This method of distinguishing transmissions based on their
originating location is referred to as space division multiple access
(SDMA). In contrast, most radio- frequency antennas receives all incidents
radio power in a single signal, which requires using additional tactics, such
as frequency tuning or code division multiple access (CDMA), to separate
simultaneous transmissions.

Video camera

A video camera is a straight forward implementation of an imaging

receiver. If each member in a colony of smart dust motes flashes its own
signal at a rate of a few bits per seconds, then each transmitter will appear
in the video stream at a different location in the image.
Using a high speed camera and a dedicated digital signal processor
to process the video signal achieves higher data rates. With modern
cameras and DSPs, processing video at about 1000 frames per second
should be feasible.
 This allow communication at a few hundred bits per
seconds, which is acceptable for many applications. An alternative receiver
architecture provides a more elegant solution at much higher data rates,
avoiding the need for computationally intense video processing and very
high speed cameras.

Smart Pixel Imaging Receivers

This is a fully integrated CMOS imaging device that receives data

upto a few megabits per second. The receiver leverages the power of
shrinking integrated circuits and recent developments in CMOS ‘Smart
pixel’ sensors to create a microchip similar to a digital camera sensor, but
with a complete asynchronous receiver circuit integrated into every pixel in
the imaging array.
During the receivers operations, each pixel autonomously monitors
its own signal, looks for a transmission, decodes it, and transmits the data
off chip when it receives a valid data packet. Each pixel in the imager
requires a photosensor and circuits to perform analog signal processing and
amplification, analog-to-digital conversion and an asynchronous serial
receiver. Such a receiver should be able to receive transmissions of only a
few milliwatts in strength up to a few megabytes per second over a distance
of several kilometers.

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Figure 3: Imaging receiver concept
Figure 4: Basic components of a smart pixel in an integrated imaging
receiver

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CURRENT ADVANCEMENTS

MICROBOTICS

Add legs or wings to smart dust and we get micro robots. Like
smart dust, these synthetic insects will sense, think, and communicate. In
addition they will have the ability to move about and interact physically
with their environment. Micro machining can be used to build micro
actuators and micro mechanisms, forming legs and wings, which are
integrated with other smart dust components.
The crawling microbot consume only tens of micro watts of power;
the motors can lift more than 130 times the robot’s own weight. The flying
microbot have a wing span of 10-25 mm and will sustain autonomous
flight. Developers folded 50 micron thick stainless steel into desired shape
to create the wings and exoskeleton. Piezoelectric motors attached to the
exoskeleton actuate the wings. These legged and winged microbots will
consume a total power of less than 10 milliwatts, provided by onboard solar
cells.

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COTS DUST

They are large scale bodies for models for smart dust and they are
devices that incorporate communications, processing, sensors and batteries
into a package about a cubic inch in size.
COTS dust was designed with the intention of testing out
communication and sensing capabilities of large number of nodes.
Potential applications are limitless! They can range from fire detectors to
espionage, from earthquake monitoring to people tracking.
The basic structure of COTS dust consists of an Atmel
microcontroller with sensors and communication unit. The communication
unit is one of the following: an RF transceiver, a laser module, a corner
cube reflector. Devices can have one or all of the following sensors:
temperature, light, humidity, pressure, 3axis magnetometer, 3axis
accelerometers.
GOLEM DUST

This consists of a CMOS IC that contains an integrated optical

receiver, an analog to digital converter, and a custom controller. This IC is
designed to interface with a MEMS chip consisting of a solar cell array for
powering the system, a corner cube retro reflector and a capacitor
accelerometer which will be read by ADC. The entire system will be 6.6
mm3.
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LIMITATIONS

 A major challenge is to incorporate all functions while maintaining

very low power consumption, thereby maximizing operating life;
given the limited volume available for energy storage. The
functionality envisioned for smart dust can be achieved only if total
power consumption of a dust mote is limited to microwatt levels,
and if careful power management strategies are utilized.
 Privacy issues – Though smart dust can be used as a total
surveillance device, abuse of such technology can cost us our
privacy.

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ADVANTAGES

Miniaturization effort could help solve one of the most pressing

economic problems of the day: run away energy costs. Once attached to
building’s walls, the sensors would form a network relaying data about each
room’s temperature, light and humidity to central computer that would
regulate energy usage for a fraction of the cost of current climate control
systems. The emerging smart energy technologies potentially could save
nations on electricity costs, as buildings drain away more than a third of the
total energy supply.

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APPLICATIONS OF SMART DUST

 Chemical or biological sensors.

 Weapons stockpile monitoring.
 Defense related sensor networks.
 Inventory controls.
 Land or space communication networks.
 Monitoring environmental conditions that affect crops and
livestock.
 Building virtual keyboards.
 Providing interfaces for the disabled.
 Product quality monitoring.
 Internal space craft monitoring.

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CONCLUSION

Research in the wireless sensor network area is growing rapidly in

both academia and industry. Most major universities and many companies
now have sensor networking projects, and some products are appearing on
the market. Innovative research includes short-range micro power radio,
energy scavenging from thermal gradients and vibration, operating systems,
networking and signal processing algorithms, and applications. While the
raw power of future computing environments will enable more massive and
amazing hardware and software networks, a growing community will be
pushing the limits on the lower end, building smaller hardware and writing
terser code.