FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES

CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun

CHAPTER THREE
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON
SURFACES
3.1. Introduction
We shall discuss the total pressure on a surface
and its position (𝑃 = 𝛾𝐹 ℎ).
Hydrostatic: the study of pressure exerted by a
liquid at rest.
The direction of a pressure is always
perpendicular to the surface on which it acts.

3.2. Total pressure and center of pressure

- Total pressure: the force exerted by static
fluid on a surface and is always at a right
angle (normal) to the surface.
- Center of pressure: the point of application of
the total pressure on the surface.

Note:
- We shall discuss the total pressure exerted by
a liquid on the immersed surface.
- The immersed surfaces:
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
1- Horizontal plane surface.
2- Vertical plane surface
3- Inclined plane surface
4- Curved surface

3.3. Horizontally immersed surface

The total pressure on the surface:

𝑃 = 𝛾𝐹 𝑋̅𝐴
Where, P = Force (N)
A = area of immersed surface
𝑋̅ = depth of horizontal surface from the liquid.
𝑋̅ = From the center of the area = center of
pressure
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
3.4. Vertically immersed surface

a) Total pressure:
𝑃 = 𝛾𝐹 𝐴 𝑋̅
Where, P = Force (N)
𝑋̅ = depth of liquid to the center of gravity of the
area
b) Center of pressure (ℎ̅):
𝐼𝐺
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ +
𝑋̅𝐴

ℎ̅ = center of pressure below the liquid surface.

𝐼𝐺 = moment of inertia about horizontal axis
through its center of gravity in m4, cm4, mm4 (L4)
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun

𝑏𝑑3 𝑑
For rectangle  𝐼𝐺 =  𝐶. 𝐺.(𝑋) =
12 2
𝑏ℎ3 ℎ
For triangle  𝐼𝐺 =  𝐶. 𝐺.(𝑋) =
36 3
𝜋𝑑4 𝑑
For circle  𝐼𝐺 =  𝐶. 𝐺.(𝑋) =
64 2
𝐼𝐺
Note: = distance between G and C = ℎ̅ − 𝑋̅
𝑋̅ 𝐴
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: In Figure below, a circular plate of
diameter 1.2m placed vertically in water, the
center of the plate is 2.5m below the free
surface of water. Determine (a) total pressure,
(b) position of center of pressure.

Solution:
𝜋
a- Area, 𝐴 = 𝑑2
4
𝜋
= (1.2)2 = 1.13 m2
4

𝑃 = 𝛾𝐴𝑋̅ = 9810 × 1.13 × 2.5 = 27.7𝑘𝑁

𝜋
𝐼 ( )(𝑑4 )
b- ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + ̅𝐺 = 2.5 + 64
𝑋𝐴 2.5×1.13
𝜋
(1.2)4
64
=2.5 +
2.5×1.13

ℎ̅ = 2.536 𝑚
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: In Figure below, a rectangular plate is
immersed vertically in water, find (a) total
pressure, (b) position of center of pressure.

Solution:
a) Total pressure P
𝑃 = 𝛾𝐴𝑋̅
1
= 9810 (𝑏 × 𝑑) × (1 + )
2
= 9810 (3 × 1)(1.5)
𝑃 = 44.14 𝑘𝑁
b) Center of pressure
𝑏𝑑3 3(1)3
𝐼𝐺 = = = 0.25 𝑚4
12 12
𝐼𝐺 0.25
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + = 1.5 + = 1.556𝑚
𝑋̅𝐴 1.5(3)
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: In Figure below, an isosceles triangular
plate is immersed vertically in an oil.
Determine (a) total pressure, (b) center of
pressure.

Solution:
(a) Total pressure
1 1
𝐴 = 𝑏×ℎ = (3 × 3) = 4.5 𝑚2
2 2

𝑃 = 𝛾𝐹 𝐴𝑋̅
1
= (0.8)(9810)(4.5)( ℎ)
3
1
= (0.8)(9810)(4.5)( × 3) = 35.3 KN
3
(b) Center of pressure
𝐼𝐺
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ +
𝑋̅𝐴
𝑏ℎ3 3×33
𝐼𝐺 = =
36 36
3×33 /36
ℎ̅ = 1 +
1 (4.5)

ℎ̅ = 1.5𝑚
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: In Figure below, a circular opening is
closed by a disc of 2.5m diameter. Determine
(a) the force on the disc, (b) the Torque
required to maintain the disc in equilibrium in
vertical position when the head of water above
horizontal diameter is 3.5m.

Solution
(a) Force on the disc
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = ( ) 𝑑 2 = (2.5)2 = 4.91𝑚2
4 4

𝑃 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐴 𝑋̅
= 9810 (4.91) × 3.5 = 168.6 KN.
(b) Torque required (T or M):
𝜋
𝐼 ( )𝑑4
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + ̅𝐺 = 3.5 + 64
𝑋𝐴 3.5×4.91
(𝜋⁄64)(2.5)4
= 3.5 + = 3.61 𝑚
3.5×4.91

𝑇 = 𝑃 × (ℎ̅ − 𝑋̅) = 168.6(3.61 − 3.5)

= 18.55 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: In Figure below, calculate (a) total
pressure on the side of the tank, (b) the position
of center of
pressure from
one side of the
tank.

Solution:
a) Total pressure (force):
Intensity of pressure on T
𝑃𝑇 = 𝛾1 ℎ1 = 0.9(9810)(0.5)
= 4.41 KN/m2.
𝑃𝑀𝑁 = 𝛾1 ℎ1 + 𝛾2 ℎ2
=4.41+ 9.81 (0.25)
= 6.86 KN/m2
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
Force = pressure × Area
𝐹𝑝1 = Area of LTS × width tank
1
= (4.41)(0.5) × 1.5 = 1.65𝑘𝑁
2
𝐹𝑝2 = Area of MTSU × 1.5
= 0.25 × 4.41 × 1.5 = 1.65 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑝3 = Area of SUN × 1.5
1
= × 0.25 × (6.86 − 4.41) × 1.5 = 0.46𝑘𝑁
2
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑝1 + 𝐹𝑝2 + 𝐹𝑝3 = 1.65+1.65+0.46
= 3.76kN.
b) Centre of pressure (ℎ̅):
Taking the moment of all forces about L,
2 1
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 × ℎ̅ = 𝑃1 × 𝐿𝑇 + 𝑃2 (𝐿𝑇 + 𝑇𝑀) +
3 2
2
𝑃3 (𝐿𝑇 + 𝑀𝑇)
3
2 1
3.76 × ℎ̅ = 1.65 × × 0.5 + 1.65 (0.5 + ×
3 2
2
0.25) + 0.46(0.5 + ×× 0.25)
3

ℎ̅ = 0.5016 m from the top

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun

EX: For the system shown in Figure below.

Calculate the height H of the oil at which the
rectangular hinged gate will just begin to
rotate
anticlockwise.

Solution:
a) Force due to oil:
𝑃1 = 𝛾𝑜 𝐴𝑋̅
= 0.8 × 9810(0.6 ×
1.5
1.5) × (𝐻 − )
2
= 7.063H – 5.297

Center of pressure:
𝐼𝐺
̅̅̅
ℎ1 = 𝑋̅ +
𝐴𝑋̅
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
0.6×1.53 /12
= (𝐻 − 0.75) +
(0.6×1.5)×(𝐻−0.75)
0.1875
= (𝐻 − 0.75) +
(𝐻−0.75)

b) Force due to air pressure:

𝑃2 = 𝑃 𝐴 = 30 (0.6 × 1.5) = 27𝑘𝑁
Center of pressure
ℎ̅2 = 𝐻 − 0.75 , below oil surface

c) Taking moment about the hinge:

𝑃1 (ℎ̅2 − (𝐻 − 1.5)) = 𝑃2 (ℎ̅2 − (𝐻 − 1.5))
0.1875
(7.063𝐻 − 5.297)( + (𝐻 − 0.75) − (𝐻 − 1.5))
𝐻−0.75

Solving by trial and error:

H = 4.324 m.
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
3.5. Inclined Immersed Surface
In Figure below, consider a plane inclined
surface, immersed in a liquid:

 A = area of the surface

 𝑋̅ = depth of center of gravity of immersed
surface from the free liquid surface.
 𝜃 = angle at which the immersed surface is
inclined with the liquid surface,
 𝛾𝐹 = specific weight of the liquid.
𝑃 = 𝛾𝐹 × 𝐴 × 𝑋̅
𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + 𝐺 ̅
𝐴𝑋

Note: It will be noticed if 𝜃 = 900 , the surface

𝐼
becomes vertical and ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + 𝐺
𝐴𝑋̅
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: In Figure below, determine the total
pressure and position of center of pressure.

Solution:
a) Total pressure, P (Force)
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐴 × 𝑋̅
9810 × (1 × 1.5) × (0.75 + 𝑏𝑐)
= 9810 × (1 × 1.5) × (0.75 + 0.75 × sin 30
= 9810 × 1.5 × 1.125 = 16.55 𝑘𝑁.
b) Center of pressure
𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 1×1.53 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 30
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + 𝐺 ̅ = 1.125 +
𝐴𝑋 1.125 ×(1.5)

0.281×(0.5)2
= 1.125 + = 1.166 𝑚
1.5×1.125
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: In Figure below, a circular plate is
submerged in water. Determine (a) the total
pressure, (b) the position of the center of
pressure.

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑑2 = × (1.5)2 = 1.767 𝑚2
4 4
𝑀𝑈−𝑈𝐿 2−0.75
sin 𝜃 = = = 0.8333
1.5 1.5
a) Total pressure
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐴 × 𝑋̅
= 9810 × 1.767 × (0.75 + 0.75 × sin 𝜃
= 9810 × 1.767 × 1.375 = 23.83 𝑘𝑁
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun

b) Center of pressure, ℎ̅
𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + 𝐺 ̅
𝐴𝑋
(𝜋⁄64)(1.5)4 ×(0.8333)2
= 1.375 + = 1.446 m
1.375×1.767
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: A triangular plate is immersed in water.
Find the total pressure on the plate and the
position of center of pressure.

Solution:
1
𝐴= (1)(1.5) = 0.75 𝑚2
2
1.5
𝑋̅ = 2 + sin 30 = 2.25 𝑚
3
a) Total pressure:
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐴 × 𝑋̅
= 9810 (0.75)(2.25) = 16.55 𝑘𝑁
b) Depth of center of pressure:
(1)(1.5)3
𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ×𝑠𝑖𝑛2 30
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + 𝐺 = 2.25 + 36
𝐴𝑋̅ 2.25 (0.75)

ℎ̅ = 2.264 𝑚
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: A rectangular gate is hinged at the base
and is inclined at an angle of 600 with the
horizontal. Find the level of water when the
gate begins to fall.

Solution:
𝐴𝐶 ℎ
𝐴𝐷 = = = 1.1547 ℎ
sin 60 0.866
Area of the gate immersed
𝐴 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
= 1.1547ℎ × 2 = 2.309h m2.
ℎ
𝑋̅ = = 0.5 ℎ
2
a) Total pressure on the gate
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐴 × 𝑋̅ = 9810 × 2.309 ℎ × 0.5 ℎ =
11.326 ℎ2 𝑘𝑁

b) Center pf pressure, ℎ̅
𝐴𝐷3
𝐼𝐺 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 2× (𝑠𝑖𝑛60)2
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + = 0.5ℎ + 12
𝐴𝑋̅ 2.309ℎ×0.5ℎ
(1.1547ℎ)3
2× 12
(𝑠𝑖𝑛60)2
= 0.5ℎ + = 0.667ℎ 𝑚
2.309ℎ×0.5ℎ
c) Distance of center of pressure from hinge
(AE):
ℎ−0.667ℎ
𝐴𝐸 = ℎ − ℎ̅/𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = = 0.384 ℎ
0.866
Taking moments about the hinge,
𝑃 × 𝐴𝐸 = 60 × 𝐴𝐵
11.32ℎ2 × 0.384ℎ = 60 × 6
ℎ3 = 82.774
ℎ = 4.36 𝑚
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: There is an opening in a container shown
in Figure below. Find the force F and the
reaction at the hinge.

Solution:
Gauge pressure = 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 × ℎ
23.5 𝑘𝑁⁄ 2 = 0.8 × (9.81)ℎ
𝑚
23.5
ℎ= = 3𝑚 of oil
0.8 (9.81)

the free surface of liquid may be considered as 3m

above the hinge A.
𝑋̅ = 3 + 0.6 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 3.3 𝑚
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun

Total pressure on the plate:

𝑃 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐴 × 𝑋̅
= 0.8 × 9810 × 1.2 × 3.3 = 37.29 𝑘𝑁
Distance of center of pressure, ℎ̅
1.2×1.23
𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ×(𝑠𝑖𝑛30)2
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + 𝐺 = 12
= 3.309𝑚
𝐴𝑋̅ 3.3×(1.2×1.2)

Taking a moment about the Hinge A:

𝐹 × 1.2 = 𝑃 × 𝐶𝐴
̅−3
ℎ 3.309−3
𝐹 × 1.2 = 𝑃 ( ) = 37.29 ×
sin 30 sin 30

𝐹 = 19.2 𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝐹 = 0  take the axis is parallel to direction
of F
𝑅𝐴 + 𝐹 = 𝑃
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑃 − 𝐹 = 37.29 − 19.2 = 18.09 𝑘𝑁
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun

3.6. Curved Immersed Surface

The direction of total pressures in case of curved
surface is not in the same direction but varies from
point to point.
So, the force P resolves into horizontal and
vertical components PH and PV.
The total force on the curved surface is:
𝑃 = √𝑃𝐻2 + 𝑃𝑉2
The direction of the resultant P (force) with the
horizontal is given by:
𝑃𝑉
tan 𝜃 =
𝑃𝐻
𝑃𝑉
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑃𝐻

NOTE: Use a concept of

projection to the surfaces.
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: In Figure below, a hemisphere is
immersed in water, calculate the vertical and
horizontal forces acting on the projection.

Solution:
Vertical force Pv 
𝐹𝑉
𝛾𝐹 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝐹 = 𝛾𝐹 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉1 − 𝑃𝑉2
= weight of volume of water MNST – weight of
volume of water of LNST
= +𝑃𝑉1 ↑ −𝑃𝑉2 ↓ = 𝑃𝑉 ↑
= 𝛾𝑤 × volume of hemisphere
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
1 4
= 𝛾𝑤 × ( 𝜋𝑅3 )
2 3
1 4
= 9810 × × 𝜋 (0.3)3 = 0.555 kN
2 3
Horizontal force, PH:
𝑃𝐻 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐴𝑃 𝑋̅  AP = area of projection of
hemisphere in X direction
= 9810(𝜋 × 𝑅2 ) × 1.5
= 9810 (𝜋 × 0. 32 ) × 1.5 = 4.16 𝑘𝑁
Total force = √𝑃𝐻2 + 𝑃𝑉2
𝑃𝑉 𝑃𝑉
tan 𝜃 = , 𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑃𝐻 𝑃𝐻
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: In Figure below, shows a curved surface
LM, which is in the form of a quadrant of a
circle of radius 3m, immersed in the water. If
the width of the gate is unity; calculate the
horizontal and vertical components of the total
force acting on the curved surface.

Solution:
Horizontal components of total force, P H:
→ 𝑃𝐻 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑋̅
3
=9810 × (3 × 1) × ( + 1) = 73.57 kN
2
𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
ℎ̅ = 𝑋̅ + 𝐺 ̅
𝐴𝑋
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
1×33 /12
= 2.5 +
(2.5)×(3×1)

= 2.8 m from water surface.

Vertical component of total force, PV:
PV = weight of water (from LM to the water
surface)
= weight of portion (ULMOS)
= 𝛾𝑤 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝜋
= 9810 ( 𝑅2 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 ) × 1
4
𝜋
= 9810 ( × 32 + 1 × 3) × 1
4
↓ 𝑃𝑉 = 98.77 𝑘𝑁
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: In Figure below, shows a gate having a
quadrant shape of radius of 1m subjected to
water pressure. Find the resultant force and its
inclination with the horizontal. Take the length
of the gate as 2m.

Solution:
𝑃𝐻 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )𝑋̅
= 9810 × (1 × 2) × (0.5)
← = 9.81 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑉 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 (𝐿𝑀)
𝜋
= 9810 × (( 𝑅2 ) (2))
4
𝜋
= 9810 ( (1)2 × (2)) = 15.4 𝑘𝑁
4

𝑃 = √𝑃𝐻2 + 𝑃𝑉2 = √9.812 + 15.42 = 18.26 𝑘𝑁

𝑃𝑉 15.4
tan 𝜃 = = 1.569
𝑃𝐻 9.81

𝜃 = 57.48°
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: A cylinder 2.2m in diameter, and 3.3m
long supported as shown in Figure, retains
water on one side. If the cylinder weighs
165kN, calculate the vertical reaction at L and
Horizontal reaction at M.

Solution:
→ 𝑃𝐻 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑋̅
2.2
= 9810 × (2.2 × 3.3) × ( ) = 78.34 𝑘𝑁
2

𝑃𝑉 = 𝛾𝑤 ×(volume of surface NSL)

1
= 9810 × ( 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑑)
2
1
= 9810 × (( 𝜋 𝑅2 ) × 3.3)
2
1
= 9810 × × 𝜋 × (1.1)2 × 3.3
2
↑ 𝑃𝑉 = 61.33 𝑘𝑁
So,  Horizontal reaction at M = PH = 78.34
 Vertical reaction at L:
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
−𝑊 + 𝑃𝑉 + 𝐹𝐿 = 0
𝐹𝐿 = 𝑊 − 𝑃𝑉 = 165𝑘𝑁 − 61.53𝑘𝑁
= 103.47𝑘𝑁
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
EX: A tank is filled with water under pressure
and the pressure gauge fitted at the top
indicated a pressure of 18kPa. The tank
measures 3m perpendicular to the plane of the
paper and the curved surface LM of the top is
quarter of a circular cylinder of radius 2.4m.
Determine the PH and PV of water pressure on
the curved LM and magnitude and direction of
the resultant force.

Solution:
The imaginary water surface
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑊 × ℎ
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Thair Sharif Khayyun
𝑃 18×103
ℎ= = = 1.835 𝑚
𝛾𝑊 9810

→ 𝑃𝐻 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑋̅
2.4
= 9810 × (2.4 × 3) × ( + 1.835) = 214.37kN
2
𝑃𝑉 = 𝛾𝑊 ×(volume)
= 9810 ×(area of STNML) × (width of tank)
1
= 9810 × 3 × (1.835 × 2.4 + × 𝜋 × (2.4)2
4
↑ = 262.75 𝑘𝑁
Resultant force,
P = √𝑃𝐻2 + 𝑃𝑉2 = √(214.37)2 + (262.75)2
= 339.1 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑉
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 50.8°
𝑃𝐻

END OF CHAPTER THREE