THE BANDUNG GEOLOGICAL

MUSEUM VISIT REPORT

THE BANDUNG GEOLOGICAL MUSEUM

VISIT REPORT
Arranged by:
Farhan Husein( 071001900112)

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI KEBUMIAN DAN ENERGI
UNIVERSITAS TRISAKTI
2019
 FOREWORD
Praise and gratitude we extend to the presence of Allah SWT, because thanks to
His grace, mercy and guidance we can compile this report of the results so that it
is completed on time.

The report, entitled "The Bandung Geological Museum Visit Report" was
compiled and made based on material from various sources, both from visits to
the museum, internet media, and books. Then in addition to fulfilling the task of
the Soil Science Practicum course, the preparation of this report aims to increase
knowledge for readers. We hope that this report can benefit us all.

Our thanks do not forget to convey to all those who have supported the
preparation of this report. Finally, we realize that this report is still far from
perfect, both in terms of preparation and material. Therefore, it is expected that
constructive criticism and suggestions from readers for improvement.

Tangerang, Maret 2020

Penyusun

ii
 CONTENTS
CONTENTS

FOREWORD...........................................................................................................ii
CONTENTS...........................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER I.............................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................4
A.BACKGROUND..............................................................................................4
B.OBJECTIVE.....................................................................................................5
C.BENEFITS.........................................................................................................5
CHAPTER II............................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................6
A.OBSERVATION OF EARTH HISTORY.......................................................6
B.OBSERVATION OF INDONESIAN ACTIVE MOUNTAIN……........……7
C.OBSERVATION OF ROCKS AND MINERAL..… ...................................10
D.OBSERVATION OF KING MANDALA MOUNTAIN............................................
E. OBSERVATION OF NATURAL OIL GOODS.................................…………………..15
CHAPTER III........................................................................................................16
CLOSING..............................................................................................................16
A.CONCLUSION..............................................................................................17
B.RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................17
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................18

iii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

This chapter discusses research in general, which begins with an overview

of why it is necessary to study research, what are the benefits of research for
students, and then continues with the definition of research. This definition needs
to be known to obtain a good understanding of research, so that it can be
understood the meaning and benefits of a study. The discussion continues by
providing an understanding, as well as some characteristics of the scientific
method. The scientific method needs to be known because it is a certain procedure
or method used to obtain knowledge which is called science / scientific
knowledge.

Some researchers have the opinion that a study must be carried out
scientifically. For this reason, it is necessary to know several criteria that must be
met in order for a study to be said to be a scientific research. Furthermore, the
discussion discusses some of the objectives to be achieved in conducting research,
and at the end of this chapter discusses the problem of research paradigms. The
research paradigm is a framework that explains how the researcher views the facts
of social life and the researcher's treatment of science or theory. The research
paradigm also explains how the researcher understands a problem, as well as the
testing criteria as a basis for answering research problems.

B. OBJECTIVE

a. To know Earth History Observations (Geology Museum).

b. To find out the Object of Observation on Volcanoes in Indonesia.

c. To know the Object of Rock Observation - rocks and minerals.

iv
d. To find out the Object of Observation of Tamabang / Petroleum Goods.

e. To find out the Object of Observation of Mount Kapur Raja Mandala.

C. BENEFITS

The benefit of the observations that have been made is that you can find out what

has been written in the objectives above.

v
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Earth History Observation (Geology Museum)

a.             Overview of the Bandung Geological Museum

The Geological Museum was founded on May 16, 1928. This museum has been
renovated with a grant from the JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency).
After undergoing renovations, the Geological Museum was reopened and
inaugurated by the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, Megawati
Soekarnoputri on August 23, 2000. As one of the historical monuments, the
Museum is under government protection and is a national heritage. In this
museum, abundant geological materials are stored and managed, such as fossils,

vi
 rocks, minerals. All of this was collected during fieldwork in Indonesia since
1850.

b.            Early Formation of Earth History

The origin of the Earth was partly a mass of gas from the Sun. The large gas mass is
always in a rotating state. Due to something, part of the lump was released,
although it seemed as if it had been thrown far away, but the lump was still
spinning around the big mass (Sun) The lumps that are separated and still
spinning after undergoing the cooling process will become solid. That is called the
palanet-planets which number eight. The names of the planets that enter the Sun's
order, namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune, respectively.
From the detached blob (planet) partially separated from the planet, but also continues
to rotate and surround the leftover blob, that is what is called the Moon or
Satellite. This incident took a very long time. So, the Earth as it is today only
happened millions of years ago. After the Earth got colder, the gas turned into a
liquid and gradually the outer part became denser so that the surface of the earth
could be occupied by humans, plants and other living things. The outermost layer
of the Earth's crust has a thickness of ± 1,200 km. According to geologists, on the
surface of the earth there are various oxides, most of which (± 60%) are silicon
oxide (SiO2).
After the Earth co-formed with other planets, heavier materials coagulated in the core,
while the crust was composed of silicon and magnesium elements. Farther in there
is a layer that contains a lot of metal sulfide compound elements. The innermost
one is a core containing iron and nickel. The thickness of each part can be
determined by investigating the course of the earthquake waves because the waves
are refracted by the layer according to the wave velocity in that layer.

At the time of the history of the formation of the earth can be divided into 4,
namely as follows:

a) Archaeozoic Period (4.5 - 2.5 billion years ago)

Archeozpoikum means Ancient Life, Archaeozoic (Archean) period is the
initial period for the formation of the earth's crust rocks which later developed
into protocontinents. These mass rocks are found in several parts of the world
which are commonly called kraton / continental shields. The oldest recorded rocks
are about 3,800,000,000 years old. This period was also the beginning of the
formation of the Indrosphere and the atmosphere and the beginning of primitive
life in the ocean in the form of micro-organisms (bacteria and algae). The oldest

vii
fossils that have been found are those of stromatolites and cyanobacteria with an
estimated age of 3,500,000,000 years.

b) Proterozoic Period (2.5 billion - 290 million years ago)

Proterozoic means early life. The Proterozoic period was the beginning of the
formation of the hydrosphere and atmosphere. At this time life began to develop
from single-celled organisms to multi-celled (enkaryotes and prokaryotes). These
enkaryotes will become plants and prokaryotes will become animals. Towards the
end of this period organisms became more complex, soft-bodied invertebrates
such as jellyfish, worms and corals began to appear in shallow seas, the evidence
of which was found to be the first true fossils. The Archaeozoic and Proterozoic
periods are known together as the Pre-Cambrian period.

c) Cambrian Period (590-500 million years ago)

Cambrian comes from the Latin name "Cambria" for the area of Wales in
England there, where Cambrian-aged rocks were first studied. Many invertebrates
began to appear during the Cambrian Age. Almost all life is in the ocean. Today's
animals have an exoskeleton and shell as protection. Fossils that are commonly
found and widely distributed are, Algae, Worms, Sponges, Corals, Mollusks,
Ekinoderms, Brachiopods and Arthropods (Trilobites). A land called Gondwana
(formerly pannotia) is the forerunner of Antarctica, Africa, India, Australia, parts
of Asia and South America. Meanwhile, Europe, North America and Greenland
are still small continents that are separated.

d) Ordovician period (500 - 440 million years ago)

The Ordovician Age was characterized by the appearance of jawless fish
(the oldest vertebrates) and some first vertebrate animals such as Tetracoral,
Graptolites, Ekinoid (Sea Urchins), Asteroids (Sea Stars), Crinoids (Sea Lilies)
and Bryozona. Corals and algae develop to form corals, where trilobites and
Brachiopods seek prey. Graptolites and trilobites were abundant, while
Echinoderms and Brachiopods began to spread. The overflowing of the Ocean
from the Ice Age is part of the events of this age. Gondwana and other continents
began to close the ocean gap between them.

The Protozoic period was a period of development of the hydrosphere and

atmosphere, during which life began to develop from single-celled organisms to
multi-celled. Towards the end of this period, more complex organisms such as

viii
 soft-bodied invertebrates such as jellyfish, worms and corals began to appear in
the shallow seas.

c. The Cretaceous Period (the formation of the Cretaceous mountains) and the presence
of dinosaurs and human life

a) Cretaceous Period (140-65 million years ago)

Many giant dinosaurs and flying reptiles lived at this time. Berari mammals appear for
the first time. At the end of this era the Dinosaurs, Ichtiyosaurs, Pterosaurs,
Plesiosaurs, Ammonites and Belemnites became extinct. Mammals and flowering
plants began to develop into many different forms. A temperate climate is starting
to emerge. India separated away from Africa towards Asia. this age is the end of
the life of the giant beasts.

b) The presence of animals

The most important indicative fossils of the Cambrian era are Trilobites, a crustacean
type of crustacean. Rocks during the Cambrian period were characterized by
limestone deposits containing large amounts of pyrite, sand sediment and clay
which were rich in fossils. At this time there are no real climatic boundaries, the
bodies that form limestone require warm water. So, at that time the climate was
mild, even hot. The Cambrian Period is estimated to have been 70 million years
old. The assumptions that cause fossilized animals are increasing and are found
mostly in certain areas, for example Western Canada as follows:

(a) In the Cambrian Period

During the Cambrian period, rocks were exposed to less metamorphosis so that the rock
layers that had been deposited in the geological age were younger. For example
lemigrad clay for the manufacture of crockery.

(b) After the Precambrian

After the Precambrian, some animal groups had more skeletons, so the possibility to
fossilize was greater. By using fossils, it can be seen 3 kinds of Cambrian age,
namely lower Cambrian fauna, middle Cambrian fauna, and upper Cambrian
fauna.
Ø Lower Cambrian fauna
It is still cosmopolitan, that is, animals are still found everywhere in the world
(Trilobite Olenellus).
Ø Middle Cambrian fauna

ix
It has been divided into areas of the Pacific and Atlantic fauna. The Atlantic region as
fossils of Paradoxides (Pacific Olenoides).
Ø Upper Cambrian fauna
The Pacific fauna area is characterized by Diclocephalus and continues through
Europe-China-Tibet to Spain. The Atlantic fauna area is characterized by Olenus.

(c) Carbon
This era is marked by the emergence of large amounts of free carbon in various parts
of the world. Carbon or Carbonium or Charcoal is very influential on weather /
climate conditions. In this Carboniferous Age mountains formed; these are the
things that cause the carbon age to be clearly recognized. The occurrence of coal
is closely related to the uplifting and formation of mountains. The presence of
corals indicates a slightly hot temperate climate; Red Classical sediments with
wrinkled fractures indicate a dry / arid climate. The presence of plants with shady
leaves indicates institutionalization. The absence of a circle of years on the stems
and growing steadily, indicates no striking difference. Red coal deposits indicate a
dry and barren legacy.
The development of naptelia, amphibians that emerged during the Devonian period
experienced rapid development, as did the development of insects, bees and
centipedes. Insects at this time are meat / carcass eaters. In places where carbon is
deposited as a seabed layer, there are large numbers of corals / corals. The
development of plants (ferns / ferns, wire / stone) is more significant than that of
vertebrates.
(d)   The existence of human life
During the Plistocene, there were at least 5 ice ages (glacial era). In the glacial era
most of Europe, North America and northern Asia were covered with ice, as well
as the Alps, Cherpatia Mountains and the Himalayas. Among these 4 ice ages
there was the Intra Glacial Age, where the Earth's climate was warmer. Early
Javanese humans (Homo erectus, formerly known as Pithecanthropus erectus)
appeared in the Plistocene Kala. Modern humans who had a new civilization
appeared during the Holocene Period. The flora and fauna that lived during the
Plistocene were very similar to those living today.

x
Object of Observation on Volcanoes in Indonesia

a. The occurrence of a volcano

Volcanoes are formed due to plate movements that have continued to press for
millions of years until now. Knowledge about volcanoes originated from the
behavior of humans and early humans who had a close relationship with
volcanoes. This is known from the discovery of human fossils in volcanic deposits
and most of the fossil discoveries found in Africa and Indonesia are human bones
buried by volcanic deposits.

Volcanoes are formed in four arcs, namely the continental center arc, formed by
the expansion of the continental crust; continental arcs, formed as a result of
submergence of the oceanic crust into the continental crust, mid-oceanic arcs,
occur as a result of the expansion of the oceanic crust and ocean floor arcs that
occur due to the breakdown of alkaline magma in the depletion of the oceanic
crust.

Knowledge of plate tectonics is an initial solution to the puzzle of natural

phenomena including mountain ranges, continents, earthquakes and volcanoes.
The planet Earth has a lot of liquid and water on the surface. These two factors
greatly influence the formation and composition of magma as well as the location
and occurrence of volcanoes.

The inner heat of the earth is the heat that was formed during the formation of the
earth about 4.5 billion years ago, along with heat arising from naturally occurring
radioactive elements, such as the isotope elements K, U and Th with time. The
earth when it was formed was warmer, but then cooled gradually in accordance
with its historical development. This cooling occurs due to the release of heat and
the intensity of the volcanism on the surface.

xi
    

Object of Rock and Minerals Observation

Rocks are a group of minerals that come together. Can consist of one or more
minerals. The lithosphere layer on earth consists of rocks. While minerals are
substances that are formed due to crystallization from geological processes, which
have a physical and chemical composition.

Rocks (Rocks) are solid natural materials which are generally composed of a
collection or combination of one or more minerals. Rocks formed by various
types and mineral compositions are divided into three types, namely igneous
rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.
a. Rock Grouping
a) Igneous Rocks
Igneous rock is rock that comes from freezing magma. Magma is the mass of
rock in a liquid state, at very high temperatures (1000o - 2000oC). The mineral
composition of igneous rocks is not always the same as the original magma
because there is a possibility of reacting with the rock that is passed through or
penetrated.
b) Intrusive Rocks
Deep igneous rock is igneous rock that occurs from magma frozen in the
earth. Igneous rock in several forms, namely batolite, lacolite, diatrema, alley and
veins
c) External Igneous Rocks (Extrusive Rocks)
External / extrusive igneous rock is igneous rock that occurs from magma
frozen on the surface / outside the earth. Magma that flows to the earth's surface
through volcanic crater holes is called lava. Magma that comes out of the earth's
surface still has a high temperature of 800ohingga 1200o C.
d)      Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are rocks that are formed from the process of weathering, erosion,
transportation and deposition of existing rocks, both igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks that are formed through these processes
are called clastic sedimentary rocks.
e) Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rock is a type of rock that is the result of changes from existing rocks
due to the influence of very high temperatures and pressures for quite a long time.
Metamorphic rock can come from igneous rock, sedimentary rock or
metamorphic rock itself.
The most famous metamorphic rocks include: marble (a change from limestone), slate
stone (a change from clay) and kwarsite (a change from quartz).

xii
A. Mineral
Minerals are natural objects that are homogeneous and have certain physical and
chemical properties. Physical properties of minerals include: color, spout, luster,
hardness, cleavage, fractions, specific gravity, structure and optical properties.
The chemical properties of minerals include the content of chemical elements or
compounds.

Rock-forming minerals can be grouped as follows:

a. Main Minerals
The main minerals that make up the main rock include: quartz (SiO2),
feldspar (KalSiO2 orthoclasts and plagioclase (Na, Ca) AlSi3O8), mica
(muscovite KAl2 (OH) 2 (AlSi3O10) and biotite K2 (MgFe) 2 (OH) 2
(AlSi3O10)), amphibole (Ca2 (MgFeAl) 3 (OH) 2 (SiAl14O11) 2, pyroxene (Ca
(MgFe) (SiO3) 2 ((AlFe) 2O3), olivine (FeMg) 2SiO4), calcite (CaCO3), graphite
(C).

a. Additional Minerals
Additional minerals are minerals that function as additives, derived from
weathering or metamorphose, including chlorite (Mg5 (AlFe) (OH) 8 (AlSi4O10)
which comes from metamorphose minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.

b. Accompanying Minerals
Accompanying minerals function as a companion in the rock, found in
very small amounts in the rock, including magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (Fe2O3).

Object of Observation of Tamabang / Petroleum Goods

The largest gold in the world, which is located in the Tengan Irian Jaya
Mountains. The Gransberg open pit mine which has reserves of around 1.186
billion tonnes; with a copper content of 1.02%, gold 1.19 grams / tonne and silver
3 grams / tonne. The combination of several open pit mines and active
underground mines in the vicinity provides 2.5 billion tonnes of ore reserves. The
former Ertsberg Mine (Mount Ore) southeast of Grasberg, which was closed in
1988, is a geological and mining site that can be exploited and developed into
interesting geotourism objects.

xiii
 Observation Object of Raja Mandala Kapur Mountain
a. Events of the Formation of Mount Kapur
The event of the formation of limestone mountains due to the symptoms of the
movement of the earth's crust is called diastropism. Diastropism occurs because
there is endogenous energy. What is the result of endogenous energy? The result
of endogenous energy is a shift in the earth's crust. The displacement of the earth's
crust makes the earth's surface convex like mountains and volcanoes, and concave
like seas and lakes. The crust consists of
two kinds, namely:

a) Continental crust
b) Oceanic crust

The continental crust, for example the European and Asian continental crust (called
Eurasia), the African continental crust, the North American continental crust, the
South American continental crust. Oceanic crust, for example the Indian Ocean
crust, Pacific Oceanic crust, Atlantic Ocean crust.
The continental crust is also called the continental plate, while the oceanic crust is also
called the oceanic plate. Oceanic plates are pressed by magma underneath, so that
there is a part that rises (rises). This part is called the middle of the ocean. The
continuous pressure resulted in the oceanic plate being pressed and moving
towards the continental plate. The moving average is about 10 cm / year. As a
result, the oceanic plates collide with continental plates. As a result of the
collision some parts were lifted into mountains.
The regions of the world where plates meet are marked by many mountain ranges.
The limestone hills are an example of a raised earth surface. At first the limestone
hills came from the seabed. Because there is pressure from within the earth, the
seabed is lifted above sea level. The existence of an uplifted seabed erosion
process then becomes hills. The chemical compounds contained in Mount
Limestone are Ca (calcium), C (carbon), O (oxygen), H (hydrogen).
The hills in Padalarang (Mount Kapur Rajamandala) are composed of limestone
rocks which have been formed over a very long period of time, up to 20-30
million years. In the limestone, there are millions of fossils of marine animals
which are at the same time silent witnesses that inundated the area tens of millions
of years ago during the Oligocene to the Early Miocene.

b. Limestone Sedimentary Reaction:

xiv
While visiting Rajamandala limestone we did an experiment of limestone in
concentrated HCL droplets, which then gave off foam and a little smoke, this is
because:
Concentrated CaCO3 + HCl -> CaCl2 + CO2 (g) + H2O.
Limestone is included in chemical sedimentary rocks, which are sedimentary
rocks that are formed when chemical processes occur in the deposition process,
such as dissolving, evaporation, oxidation and dehydration. For example the rain
that occurs on a limestone mountain. Rainwater containing CO2 seeps into fine
cracks in limestone (CaCO3). The water dissolves limestone through which it
becomes a solution of lime water or Ca (HCO3) 2. The flow of the lime solution
finally reaches the top of the limestone cave. The limestone droplets form
stalactites on top of the cave and stalagmites at the bottom of the cave. The
occurrence of stalactites and stalagmites due to dissolving and evaporation of
H2O and CO2 when lime water drops. Both of these limestone sedimentary
formations are called chemical sedimentary rocks.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O -> Ca (HCO3) 2.

xv
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1       Conclusion

Geological Museum was founded on May 16, 1928. This museum has been renovated
with a grant from JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). , The Geology
Museum was reopened and inaugurated by the Vice President of the Republic of
Indonesia, Megawati Soekarnoputri on 23 August 2000.
In the historical era of the formation of the earth can be divided into 4, namely as
Archaeozoic Period (4.5 - 2.5 billion years ago), Proterozoic Period (2.5 billion - 290
million years ago), Cambrian Period (590-500 million years ago) and Ordovician
Age (500 - 440 million years ago) in these times the earth was formed until now.
Volcanoes are formed due to plate movements that have continued to press since
millions of years ago until now and volcanoes are formed in four arcs, namely the
continental center arc, formed by the expansion of the continental crust;
continental arcs, formed as a result of submergence of the oceanic crust into the
continental crust, mid-oceanic arcs, occur as a result of the expansion of the
oceanic crust and ocean floor arcs that occur due to the breakdown of alkaline
magma in the depletion of the oceanic crust.
Rocks are a group of minerals that come together. Can consist of one or more minerals.
The lithosphere layer on earth consists of rocks. While minerals are substances
that are formed due to crystallization from geological processes, which have a

xvi
 physical and chemical composition. Types of rock can be grouped into
sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock.
The event of the formation of limestone mountains due to symptoms of movement of
the earth's crust is known as diastropism

3.2 Suggestions
We really hope for constructive criticism and suggestions so that we can improve the
next report.

xvii