Unit 5 – Doing what you have to do

p58, 59 – Reading
forbid verb /fəˈbɪd/ (forbade, forbidden)
to tell someone that they must not do something
The school forbids students from smoking.
He was forbidden to leave the house, as a punishment.

decline noun /dɪˈklaɪn/ 

a decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of something
There has been a decline in the size of families.
The industry has been in decline for decades.

get in the way

to prevent someone from doing something, or prevent something from happening 
Your social life must not get in the way of your studies.

at all times
always – used especially in official rules and statements 
Children must be supervised at all times while in the park. 

the height of sth

the busiest or most extreme part of a period or activity
August is the height of the tourist season.

battle verb /ˈbætl/

to try very hard to achieve something that is difficult or dangerous 
Firefighters battled the flames.
She had battled against cancer.
He had to battle against prejudice to get a job.

struggle verb /ˈstrʌɡəl/ 

to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something
The dog had been struggling to get free of the wire noose.
I've been struggling to understand this article all afternoon.

ban verb /bæn/ 

to say that something must not be done, seen, used etc.
Smoking is banned in the building.
Charlie’s been banned from driving for a year.

jointly adverb /ˈdʒɔɪntli/

in a way that belongs to or is shared between two or more people
The Channel Tunnel was jointly funded by the French and British.
The tenants are all jointly responsible for the rent.

lad noun /læd/

a boy or young man
A group of young lads were standing outside the shop.
He's a nice lad.

1
tighten (up) verb
to make a rule, law, or system more strict 
Efforts to tighten the rules have failed.

go downhill
to gradually become worse
After his wife died, his health started to go downhill.

p61 – Word formation

deafening adjective /ˈdefənɪŋ/ 
extremely loud
a deafening noise

fatten verb /ˈfætn/

to make or become fat
They are fattening up a turkey to eat at Christmas.
fattening adjective /ˈfætnɪŋ/ 
fattening food can make you fat
I don’t eat chips – they’re too fattening.
heighten verb /ˈhaɪtn/
to increase or make something increase
There are fears that the march will heighten racial tension. 
Increased levels of fat in the diet could heighten the risk of cancer.

p63 – Listening
appeal to somebody’s better nature/sense of justice etc
to try to persuade someone to do something by reminding them that it is a good or fair thing to do 
You could always try appealing to his better nature.

pointer noun ˈpɔɪntə/

a helpful piece of advice or information
This booklet gives some useful pointers on what to expect when you arrive.
a last resort
what you will do if everything else fails
Drug treatment should only be used as a last resort.

p64 – Vocabulary
sack verb /sæk/ British English informal 
to dismiss someone from their job, to fire 
They couldn’t sack me – I’d done nothing wrong.
He was sacked from every other job he had.
Two workers got the sack for fighting in the warehouse.

to be made redundant
to lose your job because your employer no longer needs you
Seventy factory workers were made redundant in the resulting cuts.
To keep the company alive, half the workforce is being made redundant.

resign verb /rɪˈzaɪn/

to give up a job or position by telling your employer that you are leaving
He resigned from the company in order to take a more challenging job.

2
overtime noun /ˈəʊvətaɪm/
time that you spend working in your job in addition to your normal working hours 
They’re working overtime to get the job finished. 
He’s been doing a lot of overtime recently. 
Many employees work countless hours of unpaid overtime.

p65 – Listening
attend to phrasal verb
to help someone or deal with something
Doctors tried to attend to the worst injured soldiers first.

applicant noun /ˈæplɪkənt/

a person who formally requests something, especially a job, or to study at a college or university
How many applicants did you have for the job?
Successful applicants will be expected to travel extensively.

assess verb  /əˈses/

to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something
They assessed the cost of the flood damage at £2,500.
Exams are not the only means of assessing a student's ability.
It's too early to assess the long-term consequences of the the two countries’ union.

on call
keeping (oneself) ready to come out to an emergency
Which of the doctors is on call tonight?

rota noun /ˈrəʊtə/ British English 

a list that shows when each person in a group must do a particular job 

compulsory adjective /kəmˈpʌlsəri/

something that is compulsory must be done because it is the law or because someone
in authority orders you to
The law made wearing seat belts in cars compulsory.

fit verb  
to put a piece of equipment into a place, or a new part onto a machine, so that it is ready to be used
I need to fit a lock on the door. 
Anti-theft devices are fitted to all our cars.

premises noun /ˈpremɪsɪz/

the buildings and land used by a shop, business, hotel, etc.
The company is relocating to new premises.
There is no smoking allowed anywhere on school premises.
The ice cream is made on the premises (= in the building where it is sold).

unattended adjective/ˌʌn.əˈtendɪd/
left alone without anyone in charge
Please do not leave your luggage unattended.
According to the report, most accidents occur when young children are left unattended in the home.

put out phrasal verb  

to make a fire etc stop burning, extinguish 
The rescue services are still trying to put out the fires.