Ultrastructure of the cells

Types Of Microscopes

• Compound Microscope (Light Microscope)

• Dissecting Microscope
• Scanning Electron Microscope
• Transmission Electron Microscope
Types of microscopes

A light microscope (also, optical

microscope) is an optical
instrument used to make objects
larger in order to view their details.
It uses light to illuminate the
objects under view.

An electron microscope is an
optical instrument that uses a
beam of electrons to make objects
larger for a detailed view.
Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes
 Prokaryotic Cell Structure
 Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments
 They lack a nuclear membrane
Ultrastructure of E. coli: typical prokaryotic cell
Cell wall
A rigid non-cellulose structure that surrounds cells of
bacteria

Plasma membrane
A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell

Cytoplasm
The gel like fluid inside the cell membrane
where the reactions of metabolism occur
Flagella
Nucleoid Long, thin, whip-like structures, made from the protein
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell 'flagellin', that enable movement

Ribosomes Pili
Organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein Hair-like protein structures, that allow
synthesis bacteria to attach to things
Cell Division In Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes reproduce
asexually by binary fussion
Electron Micrograph Of E. coli (1-2 micrometer in length)

Nucloid (naked
Ribosome
Plasmid DNA)

Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane Cell Wall
 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
 Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure

 replicated and divided by mitosis (you will learn in the chapter 1.6)
Compartmentalization in Eukaryotes
Compartmentalized means that they are divided up by partitions into
compartments. The partitions are single or double membranes.

• much more complicated internal structure compared to prokaryotic cell

• 10 to 100 micrometers (10 times the size of prokaryotes)

Advantages of Compartmentalisation:
• Efficency of metabolism: enzymes and substrates can be localized and much more concentrated

• Localised Conditions: pH or other factors can be maintained at optimal levels

• Toxic compounds can be isolated (Digestive Enzymes are stored in Lysosomes)

• Numbers and locations of organelles can be changed dependent on the cell’s requirement
Cytoplasm

• Gel like fluid

• Hold all the organelles together

• Site of Metabolic activities, Cell growth and expansion

Nucleus
• Double membraned organelle

• Surrounded by ER

• Pores for Exchange of substances

• Contains the genetic material

• Controls cell division including DNA replication

occurs and also Regulates cell activities
Chromosome

• In the nucleus of each cell

• Made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around

proteins called histones that support the structure of
DNA

• Not visible in the cells nucleus – not even under

microscope
Cell Membrane

• Semi-permeable membrane
• Made of phospholipids
• Acts as barrier, as it controls the entrance and
exit of substances into and from the cell
Eg: entrance of salts and glucose and exit of
wastes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Rough ER: Ribosomes attached to it
• Calcium storage
• Protein synthesis
• Lipid metabolism
• Transportation of cells

• sER:
• metabolism of toxic componds
• Synthesis of lipids
Golgi Apparatus
• Transport

• Manifactures certain
macromolecules

• Modifies products of ER

• Shipping and Receiving of proteins,

hormones (metabolites)
Mitochondrion
• Double membrane bounded organelle

• It has own DNA/RNA/Ribosomes

• Can produce ATP

• Cristae inside structure: larger surface area

• Respiration Enzymes attached to the Membrane

Lysosome

• Single membrane bounded organelle

• Contains digestive Enzymes

• Digest Cell parts

• Protects against micro organisms

Ribosome

• Non-membrane bounded organelle

• Site of protein synthesis (translation process)
• Called: Micromashine

• Made of special proteins and rRNA

Microtubules
• Cylindrical fibres called microtubules

• Form a cytoskeleton
• provide cells’ structure and shape
• Forms spindle fibres in cell division
Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within
palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf
Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within
palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf
Comparison Between Animal and Plant Cell

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Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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 Contain digestive enzymes,
Cell Wall Golgi Apparatus and can fuse with vesicles
Mitochondria containing damaged
organelles
The site of Aerobic
respiration - the
Flagella production of ATP Supports and maintains
the shape of plant cells.
Allows cell motility in
Assemble microtubules unicellular eukaryotes (&
stores, modifies and for the spindle in mitosis prokaryotes)
packages proteins Fluid within the plasma
. membrane where
Lysosomes Centrioles organelles occur
synthesis of proteins for
use in the cell Cytoplasm
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (rER)
Synthesis of proteins for
use outside the cell Free Ribosomes
Plasma Membrane
Controls the movement of Surrounded by a double
materials into and out of membrane with pores, it
Nucleus
the cell contains the cell's DNA
 The site of Aerobic
Cell Wall Supports and maintains respiration - the
Mitochondria
the shape of plant cells. production of ATP
Fluid within the plasma Surrounded by a double
Cytoplasm membrane where Nucleus membrane with pores, it
organelles occur contains the cell's DNA
Allows cell motility in
Flagella unicellular eukaryotes (& Free Ribosomes
prokaryotes)

Centrioles Assemble microtubules

for the spindle in mitosis
.
Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes, and can fuse with
vesicles containing damaged organelles

Controls the movement of materials into and out

Plasma Membrane stores, modifies and
of the cell
packages proteins

Golgi Apparatus synthesis of proteins for Synthesis of proteins for Rough Endoplasmic
use in the cell use outside the cell Reticulum (rER)
Microscope Labeling

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1. Which of the following is a characteristic of organelles?

A. They are only found in eukaryotic cells

B. They are only found in prokaryotic cells
C. They are sub-cellular structures
D. They are all membrane bound
2. When viewing an exocrine cell of the pancreas using a light
microscope which structures would not be visible?

I. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

II. Mitochondria
III. Nucleus
IV. 80s ribosomes

A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I and IV only
D. IV only
3. Which of the following structures are present in both plant
and animal cells?

I. Cell wall
II. Chloroplast
III. Mitochondrion

A. I only

B. I and II only

C. I and III only

D. III only
4. In viewing an electron micrograph of a cell, ribosomes, pili
and a single circular chromosome are observed. What other
structure is likely to be present?

A. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

B. Mitochondria
C. A nuclear membrane
D. A plasmid
5. By what process do most bacteria divide?

A. Mitosis
B. Meiosis
C. Conjugation
D. Binary fission
6. The electron micrograph below shows an image of a cell.

(a) Identify the structures labelled A and B in the electron

micrograph above and state one function of each.
Name:
Function:
7.
(a) Draw and label the ultrastructure of a pancreatic
exocrine cell as seen when using an electron microscope
(Textbook, p.24).

(b) State one function for each of the following

organelles.

(i) Ribosomes

(ii) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

(iii) Golgi apparatus