Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 33 views

    Islam - Source Analysys

    Uploaded by

    Igor Radulovic
    Ahmad al-Biladuri was a Muslim historian who wrote about the Battle of Yarmuk in the 800s CE. The battle was between Muslim forces and the Eastern Roman Empire, and resulted in 70,000 Greek deaths. Women also took part in the violent battle on the Muslim side. The Treaty of Tudmir from 713 CE established terms for Muslim rule over a region of Spain, allowing local Christians to practice their religion freely so long as they paid taxes to Muslim leaders. Fred Donner's 1981 work challenges the narrative of conquest, arguing the early Islamic expansion involved establishing a system of stipends and payments to encourage cooperation from local groups.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Islam - Source Analysys

    Uploaded by

    Igor Radulovic
    33 views4 pages
    Ahmad al-Biladuri was a Muslim historian who wrote about the Battle of Yarmuk in the 800s CE. The battle was between Muslim forces and the Eastern Roman Empire, and resulted in 70,000 Greek deaths. Women also took part in the violent battle on the Muslim side. The Treaty of Tudmir from 713 CE established terms for Muslim rule over a region of Spain, allowing local Christians to practice their religion freely so long as they paid taxes to Muslim leaders. Fred Donner's 1981 work challenges the narrative of conquest, arguing the early Islamic expansion involved establishing a system of stipends and payments to encourage cooperation from local groups.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Ahmad al-Biladuri was a Muslim historian who wrote about the Battle of Yarmuk in the 800s CE. The battle was between Muslim forces and the Eastern Roman Empire, and resulted in 70,000 Greek deaths. Women also took part in the violent battle on the Muslim side. The Treaty of Tudmir from 713 CE established terms for Muslim rule over a region of Spain, allowing local Christians to practice their religion freely so long as they paid taxes to Muslim leaders. Fred Donner's 1981 work challenges the narrative of conquest, arguing the early Islamic expansion involved establishing a system of stipends and payments to encourage cooperation from local groups.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views4 pages

    Islam - Source Analysys

    Uploaded by

    Igor Radulovic
    Ahmad al-Biladuri was a Muslim historian who wrote about the Battle of Yarmuk in the 800s CE. The battle was between Muslim forces and the Eastern Roman Empire, and resulted in 70,000 Greek deaths. Women also took part in the violent battle on the Muslim side. The Treaty of Tudmir from 713 CE established terms for Muslim rule over a region of Spain, allowing local Christians to practice their religion freely so long as they paid taxes to Muslim leaders. Fred Donner's 1981 work challenges the narrative of conquest, arguing the early Islamic expansion involved establishing a system of stipends and payments to encourage cooperation from local groups.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Document A: Battle of the Yarmuk (Modified)

    Muslim forces took control of Syria in 636 CE when they fought the Eastern
    Roman Empire (which included Greece) at the Battle of Yarmuk. This account,
    written by Muslim historian Ahmad al-Biladuri in the 800s CE, describes the
    battle.

    The Muslims gathered together, and the Greek army marched against them. The
    Greeks and their followers in this battle tied themselves to each other by chains,
    so that none of them would run away.The battle they fought at al-Yarmuk was
    of the fiercest and bloodiest kind. In this battle 24,000 Muslims took part. By
    Allah's help, some 70,000 of them [the Greeks] were put to death, and their
    remnants took to flight, reaching as far as Palestine, Antioch, Aleppo,
    Mesopotamia and Armenia. In the battle of al-Yarmuk certain Muslim women
    took part and fought violently. Among them was Hind, daughter of 'Utbah and
    mother of Mu'awivah ibn-abi-Sufyan, who repeatedly exclaimed, "Cut the arms
    of these non-Muslims with your swords!"

    Source: Al-Biladuri, “The Battle of the Yarmuk (636) and After,” written in the
    800s CE.

    Vocabulary

    remnants: rest of the army

    1. Who was al-Biladuri? Why do you think he wrote this document?

    2. List 3 reasons why this battle was the “fiercest and bloodiest kind.”

    3. Do you think this document is a reliable source for determining how the caliphates
    expanded in the 7th and 8th centuries? Why or Why not?
    Document B: Treaty of Tudmir (Modified)

    This treaty was signed in 713 CE between ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, the commander of the
    Muslim forces invading Spain, and Theodemir, the Christian King of a region in
    southern Spain.

    In the name of God, the merciful and compassionate. We [Abd al-Aziz’s forces]
    will not harass him [Theodmir], nor remove him from power. His followers will
    not be killed or taken prisoner, nor will they be separated from their women and
    children. They will not be coerced in matters of religion, their churches will not
    be burned, nor will sacred objects be taken from the realm, as long as he remains
    sincere and fulfills these conditions that we have set for him: He will not give
    shelter to fugitives, nor to our enemies, nor encourage any protected person to
    fear us, nor conceal news of our enemies. He and [each of] his men shall [also]
    pay one dinar every year, together with four measures of wheat, four measures
    of barley, four liquid measures of concentrated fruit juice, four liquid measures
    of vinegar, four of honey, and four of olive oil. Slaves must each pay half of this
    amount.

    Source: The Treaty of Tudmir, 713 CE.

    Vocabulary

    coerced: forced
    sacred: religious
    fugitives: people running from the law
    dinar: Muslim coins made of gold or silver
    protected person: person under the rule of the empire conceal: hide

    1. What type of document is this? What is its purpose?

    2. According to this document, how will Muslims treat the people that they conquer?

    3. How is the account of Muslim expansion in Document B similar or different from the
    account in Document A?
    4. Do you think this document is a reliable source for determining how the caliphates
    expanded in the 7th and 8th centuries? Why or Why not?

    Document C: Fred Donner

    Fred Donner is a historian at the University of Chicago who specializes in early


    Islam and early Islamic expansion. Below is an excerpt from his book where he
    challenges some of the common knowledge about early Islamic conquests.

    During the conquest period the granting of gifts, which had been practiced by
    Muhammad, became more regularized and eventually institutionalized. In the
    first place, there was established a system of stipends or direct salary payments
    ('ata-') to warriors serving in the Islamic armies. . . . Tribesmen in the Islamic
    armies who rebelled against the regime now did so at the cost of losing the
    stipends that the regime provided. Similarly, stipends were granted to some
    Persian or Aramean nobles (dihqans) who cooperated with the Muslims in Iraq.
    In most cases, it appears that these individuals were required to embrace Islam in
    order to receive their stipend.

    Source: Excerpt from Fred Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests, 1981.

    Vocabulary

    institutionalized: established as part of the government stipends: payment


    regime: government in power
    nobles: ruling class

    1. What type of document is this? What is its purpose?

    2. What was the purpose of the gift-giving that the author describes?
    3. How is the account of Muslim expansion in Document C different from the accounts
    in Document A and Document B?

    4. Do you think this document is a reliable source for determining how the caliphates
    expanded in the 7th and 8th centuries? Why or Why not?

    You might also like