10 III March 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40710
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Brain Tumor Detection using Deep Learning

Adish Shivdikar1, Mihir Shirke2, Ishwar Vodnala3, Prof. Jaychand Upadhyay 4
1, 2, 3, 4
Department of Information Technology, Xavier Institute of Engineering, Mumbai University, Maharashtra

Abstract: Tumors are now the second major cause of cancer. A huge percentage of patients are in danger as more than just a
consequence of cancer. The medical field needs fast, automated, efficient and reliable technique to detect tumor like brain
tumor. Detection plays very important role in treatment. If proper detection of tumor is possible then doctors keep a patient out of
danger. Various image processing techniques are used in this application. Doctors are able to provide excellent treatment and
save a huge number of tumour patients by using this application. A tumour is nothing more than an uncontrolled growth of
cells. Brain tumour cells expand to the point where they consume all of the nutrition intended for healthy cells and tissues,
resulting in brain failure. Currently, doctors manually locate the position and area of a brain tumour by looking at the patient's
MR images of the brain. This leads to inaccuracy in tumour detection and is extremely time intensive. A tumour is an
uncontrollably growing clump of tissue. We can utilise CNN (Convolution Neural Network), also known as NN (Neural
Network), and VGG 16 Deep Learning architectures (visual geometry group). To diagnose a brain tumour, transfer learning is
used. The model's performance predicts whether or not a tumour is present in an image. If a tumour is present, the answer is
yes; otherwise, the answer is no.
Keywords: Brain Tumor, MRI, OpenCV, Data Augmentation, CNN, Transfer learning, VGG.

I. INTRODUCTION
A. Brain Tumor Detection System
The brain is the most crucial and vital organ in the human body. A brain tumour is one of the most common causes of brain
dysfunction. A tumour is nothing more than an uncontrolled growth of cells. Brain tumour cells expand to the point where they
consume all of the nutrition intended for healthy cells and tissues, resulting in brain failure. Currently, clinicians manually locate the
position and area of a brain tumour by looking at the patient's MR images of the brain. This leads to inaccuracy in tumour detection
and is extremely time intensive. Brain cancer is a deadly disease that claims the lives of many people. A technique for detecting and
classifying brain tumours is available, allowing it to be diagnosed at an early stage. Cancer classification is one of the most difficult
aspects of clinical diagnosis. This research is about a system that employs computer-based techniques to locate tumour blocks and
classify the type of tumour in MRI scans of various patients using the Convolution Neural Network Algorithm. For the detection of
brain tumours in MRI scans of cancer patients, several image processing techniques such as image segmentation, image
enhancement, and feature extraction are applied. Image Pre-Processing, Image Segmentation, Feature Extraction, and Classification
are the four processes involved in detecting a brain tumour utilising image processing technique. The performance of detecting and
categorising brain tumours in MRI images is improved using image processing and neural network approaches.
The brain is the most important component of the human neurological system. It is found in the human head and is hidden by the
skull. The human brain's job is to coordinate all of the body's functions. It is a sort of organ that enables a person to tolerate and
survive a wide range of environmental conditions. The human brain allows people to act and communicate their thoughts and
feelings. We will outline the structure of the brain in this section to help you comprehend the fundamentals.

Figure 1: Structure of Human Brain

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Primary brain tumours (benign tumours) and secondary brain tumours are the two basic forms of brain cancers (malignant tumour).
Gliomas are a form of benign tumour in which one type of cell grows slowly in the brain. It comes from astrocytes, which are non-
neuronal brain cells. Primary tumours are less aggressive than secondary tumours, but they put a lot of strain on the brain, which
causes it to cease working correctly. Secondary tumours are more aggressive and spread into other tissues more quickly. A secondary
brain tumour arises from somewhere else in the body. These tumours have a metastatic cancer cell in the body that has spread to other
parts of the body, such as the brain and lungs. Secondary brain tumours are extremely dangerous. Lung cancer, kidney cancer, bladder
cancer, and other cancers are the most common causes of secondary brain tumours.
In 1969, Raymond v. Damadian created the first magnetic image. The first MRI image of the human body was created in 1977, and it
was the most flawless technique at the time. We can see the many types of tissues in the human body thanks to MRI since it allows us
to see the intricacies of the internal structure of the brain. When compared to other medical imaging modalities such as X-ray and
computer tomography, MRI images are of higher quality. [8]. MRI is a useful tool for determining the location of a brain tumour in
the human body. T1 weighted, T2 weighted, and FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) weighted MRI images for mapping
tumour caused change are displayed in the picture.

Figure 2: MRI segmented images of brain

B. Application
The applications' primary goal is to detect tumours. The major goal of this application's creation is to deliver effective treatment as
quickly as possible and to protect human lives that are in danger. This application is beneficial to both doctors and patients. Manual
identification is slower, but it is more precise and efficient for the user. This application was created to address those issues. It's an
easy-to-use programme.

C. Objective
To supply good software to doctors in order for them to diagnose tumours and their causes. To save the time of the patient and to
provide a suitable remedy at an early stage. This would make it easier to obtain prompt consultation.
The fundamental goal of brain tumour detection is to be able to not only identify but also classify different types of tumours. It can
be useful in situations when we need to know whether a tumour is positive or negative; it can detect tumours from images and return
a positive or negative answer. This research is about a system that employs computer-based techniques to locate tumour blocks and
classify the type of tumour in MRI scans of various patients using the Convolution Neural Network Algorithm.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 622
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Paper-1: Brain Tumor Detection and Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network and Deep Neural Network
Publication Year: 2020
Author(s): Chirodip Lodh Choudhury, Chandrakanta Mahanty, Raghvendra Kumar, Brojo Kishore Mishra
Summary: In this research paper, the authors have proposed a new system based on CNN, which discriminates between the Brain
MRI images to mark them as tumorous or not. The model achieved an accuracy of 96.08%, with an f-score of 97.3. The model is
having CNN with 3 layers and requires very few steps of pre-processing to produce the results in 35 epochs. The purpose of the
research is to highlight the importance of diagnostic machine learning applications and predictive treatment.

Paper-2: Brain Tumor Detection Based on Multimodal Information Fusion and Convolutional Neural Network
Publication Year: 2019
Author(s): Ming Li, Lishan Kuang, Shuhua Xu, Zhanguo Sha
Summary: In this paper, a method with three-dimensional MRI brain tumor detection combining multimodal information fusion and
CNN is proposed. Firstly, it is better to use the improved multimodal 3D-CNNs to obtain the three-dimensional features of brain
tumor lesions under different modalities. The experimental results show that the three evaluation indexes of dice, SN and SE are
optimized respectively, and the two-dimensional brain tumor detection network and the original single-mode brain tumor detection
method are compared.

Paper-3: Brain Tumor Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network

Publication Year: 2019
Author(s): Tonmoy Hossain, Fairuz Shadmani Shishir, Mohsena Ashraf, MD Abdullah Al Nasim &, Faisal Muhammad Shah
Summary: The paper focuses on detecting brain tumors using machine learning. The authors of this paper had compared the SVM
Classification Technique and CNN Classification Technique. So, as per the paper first model is segmented by Fuzzy C Means
Algorithm (FCM) and then classified by a traditional machine learning algorithm. The second model focused on deep learning for
tumor detection. FCM gives better results for noisy clustered data set. SVM Classification Technique gives 92.42% of accuracy.
And 5-layer CNN Classification Technique gives 97.87% of accuracy.

Paper-4: Classification of Brain Tumors from MRI Images Using a Convolutional Neural Network
Publication Year: 2020
Author(s): Milica M. Badža and Marko C. Barjaktarovi´c
Summary: The paper discusses the detection of brain tumors for three types- meningioma, glioma, pituitary tumor. So, they had
taken images from three different planes- sagittal plane, axial plane, coronal plane. Then, with all the images Data Augmentation
process is performed. Then it goes through a 5-layer CNN classification technique. Further, the output came from the CNN process
is been trained by use of Confusion Matrices Algorithm. So,the best result for 10-fold cross-validation was achieved for the record-
wise method and, for the augmented dataset, and the accuracy was 96.56%.

Paper-5: Deep Learning Based Image Classification and Abnormalities Analysis of MRI Brain Image.
Publication Year: 2019
Author(s): P.Muthu Krishnammal ,S. Selvakumar Raja
Summary: In this paper, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is designed for classifying the tumor. For extracting quantitative
information from an image discrete wavelet transform was used for extracting wavelet coefficients and gray-level co-occurrence
matrix (GCLM) for statistical feature extraction. Uses a K -means segmentation algorithm for localizing and segmentation of tumor
part once the classification of tumor image was done This study used a dataset of 100 images for training the model and 40 epochs.

Paper-6: Brain Tumor Detection Using Deep Neural Network and Machine Learning Algorithm
Publication Year: 2019
Author(s): Masoumeh Siar, Mohammad Teshnehlab
Summary: In this research paper, a new system which is a combination of clustering algorithm for feature extraction and CNN was
proposed. For evaluation purpose, different classifiers such as Softmax Fully Connected layer classifier, RBF classifier and the DT
classifier in the CNN architecture was used. This paper uses a dataset that was collected from the imaging center.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 623
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM

The suggested system is composed mostly of five parts. Dataset gathering, pre-processing, and analysis, Split the data, train a Deep
Neural Network for epochs, then classify it using a CNN model. We can take many MRI pictures and use one as the input image in
a dataset. The image is pre-processed to encode the label and resize it. We divided the data into 80 percent Training Data and 20
percent Testing Data while splitting the data. Then, for each epoch, build a CNN model and train a deep neural network. The image
was then classified as yes or no, with yes indicating a positive tumour and no indicating a negative tumour.

Figure 3: Flowchart

1) Dataset collection: Ahmed Hamada published the dataset, which was previously used by numerous researchers in their research
papers, on the Kaggle website. There are 3116 MRI pictures in total in this dataset.
2) Preprocessing: A preprocessing step is done on the MRI images before feeding them to the proposed structure. In the picture
preprocessing section, the keras library's ImageDataGenerator method is used to generate batches of tensor image data with
real-time data augmentation so that our model receives a variety of images. The preprocessed input argument of the
ImageDataGenerator method of the keras library is also set to an appropriate MRI picture in the format required by the model.
This ImageDataGenerator method of the keras library does all essential preprocessing tasks such as cropping, rotation,
determining brightness range, flipping the picture, and obtaining the 4 rectangle boundary coordinates of the cropped image.
3) Data Modelling: After standardising our complete dataset, we divided it into two sets: a training set and a test set. Data is used
for training in 80% of cases and testing in 20% of cases. The photos are then divided into test and training sets using Image
Data Generator.
4) Methodology: When developing deep learning models, transfer learning is a knowledge-sharing strategy that decreases the bulk
of the training data, the time, and the computational expenses. Transfer learning allows a pre-trained model's learning to be
transferred to a new model. Tumor classification, software defect prediction, activity recognition, and sentiment classification
are just a few of the fields where transfer learning has been employed.

Figure 4: VGG-16 Architecture

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

The suggested Deep CNN model was compared to the popular transfer learning approach VGG16 in this study. A convolutional
neural network is VGG16. The input to the first convolution layer is a 224 by 224 RGB image with a fixed size. The image is
processed through a series of convolutional layers, each having a receptive field of 33 (the smallest size that can capture the
concepts of left/right, up/down, and centre). It also uses 11 convolution filters in the configurations, which can be viewed as a linear
change of the input channels. The convolution stride is set to 1 pixel, as is the convolution spatial padding.

Figure 5: VGG-16

Spatial pooling is performed by five max-pooling layers that are applied after several convolution layers (not all the conv. layers are
followed by max-pooling). Maxpooling is done with stride 2 over a 22 pixel window. Three Fully-Connected (FC) layers follow a
stack of convolutional layers with varying depths in different designs, the first two of which have 4096 channels each, the third of
which conducts 1000-way ILSVRC classification and has 1000 channels, one for each class. The soft-max layer is the final layer.
Every network has the same fully linked layer configuration. The rectification (ReLU) nonlinearity is present in all hidden layers. It
should also be highlighted that, with the exception of one, none of the networks incorporate Local Response Normalization (LRN),
which does not improve performance on the ILSVRC dataset but increases memory consumption and computation time.

Figure 6: Model Architecture

Spatial separable and depthwise separable convolutions are the two basic types of separable convolutions. Depthwise Convolution is
a type of convolution in which each information channel has just one convolution channel. The channel is almost as deep as the
information in typical 2D convolution conducted over several information channels, allowing us to freely combine channels to
construct any component in the yield. Depthwise convolutions, on the other hand, keep each channel independent. Multiple filters in
a depthwise separable CNN map the input image for distinct patterns. These filters look for patterns one by one and pass them on to
the next layer in the architecture. When compared to traditional CNN, it has the advantage of higher accuracy and the ability to
recognise several patterns at the same time.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 625
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

As shown in Figs., the greatest accuracy was between 82 and 92 percent, and the minimum loss was between 0.0017 and 0.5175
with 30 epochs.

Figure 7: Model Accuracy

Figure 8: Model Loss

The best performance was attained with the VGG-16, which had a 92 percent accuracy rating. Other algorithms were also
reasonably accurate in predicting brain tumours.

IV. CONCLUSION
In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proven to be an excellent technique for clinical research, with applications
such as brain tumour detection. When applied to these MRI pictures, deep learning algorithms aid in the detection of the tumour. On
the MRI image dataset, we applied two techniques: CNN and the VGG-16 model. In comparison to CNN, experimental results
demonstrate that VGG-16 provides superior accuracy. The accuracy of the test set utilising VGG-16 was found to be 92 percent. In
the healthcare field, the system will be quite beneficial. The proposed approach can determine whether or not a tumour exists.
However, in the future, the system could be improved to recognise a specific type of tumour and provide therapy accordingly.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 626
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

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