Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia

EMM3808 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory II

Semester 3 (2021/2022)

Lab Title : Impact of jet

Group No. : C

Matric No. Name

205225 Muhammad Haziq bin Shaharuddin

207232 Mohammad Hafizi bin Mappiasi

205310 Nurul Ashikin binti A Rahim

206395 Noor Shyahda Bt Badruzzaman

205753 Nurul Syafina Bt Jumri

Date of laboratory/experiment: 23 November 2021

Lecturer : Dr. Mohd Zuhri Mohammed Yusoff

Demonstrator (if any): Pn. Nor Mahayon Mohd Mahayuddin

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. CONTENTS PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK/METHODOLOGY

2.1 Description of Experimental Equipment and Materials 2

2.2 Experimental Set-Up 2

3. RESULTS 3

4. DISCUSSION 5

5. CONCLUSION 9

6. REFERENCES 10

7. APPENDIX 11
INTRODUCTION

Water turbines are commonly used to generate power all over the world.
Mechanical work may be created by allowing a pressured fluid to strike the vanes of a
turbine wheel. Using pressure to accelerate fluid to a high velocity in a jet is one method
to produce mechanical work from fluid under pressure. The force generated as the jet
impacts the vanes then produces rotational motion. In a water turbine, The fluid is
directed through a nozzle where the available mechanical energy is turned into kinetic
energy. One of the common types of water turbines is the Pelton wheel. A Pelton Wheel's
buckets are intended to split the flow in half and spin it approximately 180 degrees. In
this form of water turbine, one or more water jets are directed tangentially on to vanes or
buckets attached to the rim of the turbine disc in this form of water turbine. The impact of
the water on the vanes creates a torque on the wheel, forcing it to rotate and generate
power. We need to understand how jet deflection generates a force on the bucket and also
how a force related to the momentum flow rate in the jet is needed to predict the Pelton
wheel output and to determine its optimum rotational speed. The objective of this
experiment is to investigate the reaction forces produced by the change in momentum of a
fluid flow when a jet of water strikes a flat plate or a curved surface and to compare the
results from this experiment with the computed forces by applying the momentum
equation.

The equation of momentum is based on Newton’s 2nd law of motion which states
that the algebraic sum of external forces applied to control the volume of fluid in any
direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum in that direction. The pressure
produced by the water on a solid surface will be at right angles to the surface in every
case. The component of the fluid's weight as well as external forces acting on the control
volume's boundary surface are included in the external forces. When a vertical water jet
with velocity 'V' strikes a free target and causes it to move vertically, force is exerted on
the target by the impact of the jet. The impulse force exerted on the target will be equal
and opposite to the force which acts on the water to impart the change in direction.

Applying the momentum equation in the z-direction, the force exerted by the jet on the
vane, Fz is given by :

F = ρQ(Vzout-Vzin)

where:

ρ: Density Vzin: Velocity before impact

Q: Flow rate Vzout: Velocity after impact

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EXPERIMENTAL WORK/METHODOLOGY

Description of Experimental Equipment and Materials

In the experiment, the apparatus that were used are a hydraulic bench H1D, H8 impact of
jet apparatus, vernier caliper and a stopwatch. The hydraulic bench is a volumetric flow
measurement apparatus that consists of a water receptacle at the bottom via which water
is pumped up to an open channel by a centrifugal pump through a control valve. The
water is eventually released into the supply hose and finally to the nozzle. Besides, we
used a stopwatch to set the time while measuring the flow measurement at the end of the
experiment.

Figure 1: Arrangement of Impact of Jet apparatus

Experimental Set-Up

Firstly, the apparatus is set to level and the lever to balance position, indicated by tally, by
using the jockey weight to its zero position. Next, water is admitted through the bench
supply valve. The water flow rate is increased to maximum and the position of the jockey
is observed. The position of jockey will restore the lever to the balance position. The
discharge in the weighing tank is then weighted, and eight readings were taken with the
position of the jockey is equally spaced by decreasing the flow rate from the bench. The
experiment is then repeated using a hemispherical cup, conical plate, and angled plate in
turn. The diameter of the nozzle, the height of the vane above the tip of the nozzle when
the lever is balanced, the distance between the centre of the vane and the pivot of the
lever as well as the jockey weight is noted.

2
RESULTS
3
1. Density of water: 1000kg/𝑚
2. Diameter of nozzle: 10mm
−5 2
3. Cross sectional area of nozzle, A: 7.85 x 10 𝑚
4. Mass of jockey weight: 5kg
5. Distance of center of vane to pivot of lever: 150mm

Table 1 shows the result of an angled plate.

β= 30°
Quantity, l t(s) y(m) 𝑚̇(
𝑘𝑔
) u(
𝑚
) 𝑢𝑜(
𝑚
) 𝑚̇𝑢𝑜(N) F(N)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

5 8.09 0.8 0.62 7.90 7.90 4.90 4.26

5 7.19 1.0 0.70 8.92 8.92 6.24 5.43

5 6.94 1.2 0.72 9.17 9.17 6.60 5.74

5 6.22 1.4 0.80 10.19 10.19 8.15 7.09

Table 1 shows the result of an angled plate.

Table 2 shows the result of the flat plate.

β= 90°
Quantity, l t(s) y(m) 𝑚̇(
𝑘𝑔
) u(
𝑚
) 𝑢𝑜(
𝑚
) 𝑚̇𝑢𝑜(N) F(N)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

5 10.85 0.8 0.46 5.86 5.80 2.67 2.67

5 8.31 1.0 0.60 7.64 7.59 4.55 4.55

5 8.09 1.2 0.62 7.90 7.86 4.87 4.87

5 7.10 1.4 0.70 8.92 8.88 6.22 6.22

Table 2 shows the result of the flat plate.

3
Table 3 shows the result of the conical plate.
β= 120°
Quantity, l t(s) y(m) 𝑚̇(
𝑘𝑔
) u(
𝑚
) 𝑢𝑜(
𝑚
) 𝑚̇𝑢𝑜(N) F(N)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

5 10.88 0.8 0.46 5.86 5.80 2.67 4.01

5 10.16 1.0 0.49 6.24 6.18 3.03 4.55

5 9.06 1.2 0.55 7.01 6.96 3.83 5.75

5 9.00 1.4 0.56 7.13 7.08 3.96 5.94

Table 3 shows the result of the conical plate.

Table 4 shows the result of the hemispherical plate.

β= 180°
Quantity, l t(s) y(m) 𝑚̇(
𝑘𝑔
) u(
𝑚
) 𝑢𝑜(
𝑚
) 𝑚̇𝑢𝑜(N) F(N)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

5 12.81 0.8 0.39 4.97 4.90 1.91 3.82

5 11.78 1.0 0.42 5.35 5.29 2.22 4.44

5 10.91 1.2 0.46 5.86 5.80 2.67 5.34

5 10.03 1.4 0.50 6.67 6.62 3.30 6.60

Table 4 shows the result of the hemispherical plate.

Figure 1 shows the graph of force on vane for various shapes versus rate of delivery
momentum.

4
 Figure 1 shows the graph of force on vane for various shapes versus rate of delivery
momentum.
DISCUSSION
Jet hitting plates were used in this experiment as the instrument (representing turbine
vanes). This apparatus is already functional, with a clear vessel that allows students to see
what is going on, but it might be improved to perform better and yield better results. For
example, the weight beam should be built of a heavier material so that the tally level
remains constant when a high-velocity water jet hits the test plate. Next, the supply hose
that brings the high-velocity water in is fashioned of a thicker material that can handle the
high pressure and prevent water spillage.

During the experiment, there will be certain errors, which will have an impact on the
outcome. When a jockey's weight is off by 1g, this is an example of a mistake. The
efficiency of the jockey would increase by 2% if the mass of the jockey was off by 1g.
Second, an error occurs when the distance between the centre of the vane and the pivot of
the lever is off by 1 mm. There would be a 6% increase in efficiency if the distance L of
150mm had a 1mm inaccuracy.

The area is inversely related to pressure, as shown by the equation pressure equals force
over area. The pressure is lower when a jet has a 10% larger area and is 10% slower at the
vane. This is because a larger vane diameter produces more water, but at a lower pressure
and velocity. Because of the pressure and velocity associated to the Bernoulli's principle,
a difference in area can impact the flow of water. The diameter of the jet is smaller than
that of the emerging device. As a result, the area will be reduced, and the pressure and
velocity of the water will increase. So that the rate of water flow is increased.

If the cone and hemisphere were oriented in the opposite direction, the open region
distant from the jet would have a lower ideal force than observed. This is because the
conic outer side has less resistance than the inner, where the water jet would flow
smoothly across the surface and exit at the edges with less traction than if the jet shot
water to the open portion. As a result, instead of exiting at a single spot on the surface, the
water would exit everywhere on the surface. The momentum theory does not accurately
predict the actual outcomes because the simple momentum equation of p=mv does not
account for the velocity of water from the water jet and the change in mass of the
apparatus throughout the experiment. Aside from that, the momentum hypothesis ignores
the real flow rate as well as the mass that could skew the results.

5
CONCLUSION
Finally, for all three flow deflectors with deflection angles of 90°, 120°, and 180°, Force
is precisely proportional to Rate of Delivery Momentum, implying that the force of the
vane will rise as the momentum increases. We've also discovered that the force generated
by the 180° flow deflector is significantly more than the force generated by the jet impact
on the 90° flow deflector. The experimental results gained from the experiment, however,
diverge slightly from the theoretical results. This is due to a variety of faults that
happened in our experiment, including human and systemic problems.

REFERENCES

1. Shirayama, Y. (1999, January). Biological results of the JET project: an overview.

In Third ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium. International Society of

Offshore and Polar Engineers.

2. Bertolini, E., & JET Team. (1995). Impact of JET experimental results and

engineering development on the definition of the ITER design concept

Fusion engineering and design, 27, 27-38.