PHY 158: MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS

TUTORIAL ONE

Dorcas Attuabea Addo

February 3, 2020
Riemann Integration
If f is a continuous function dened on [a, b] and if [a, b] is devided into n equal sunintervals of
b−a
width 4x = , and if xk = a + k4x is the end point of subinterval of f from a to b is the
n
number
Z b n
X
f (x)d(x) = lim f (xk )4x
a n→∞
k=1

Remark 1 (Evaluating Integrals) When we use a limit to eve The following are useful for-

mulas for working with summation notation.

n
X n(n + 1)
1. k=
k=1
2
n
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2. k2 =
k=1
6
n  2
X n(n + 1)
3
3. k =
k=1
2

Worked examples on denite integral (Riemann Sum)

Use the denition of denite integral (Riemann Sum) to evaluate each of the following denite
integrals.
Z 2
1. (x2 + 10) dx
0

Solution:
2
4k 2

2 2k 2k
4x = → xk = and f (xk ) = + 10 → f (xk ) = + 10
n n n n2

4k 2 8k 2 20
  
2
f (xk )4x = + 10 = 3 +
n2 n n n

n n  n n
8k 2
   
X X 20 8 X 2 20 X 8 1 1
f (xk )4x = 3
+ = 3 k + 1= 1+ 2+ + 20
k=1 k=1
n n n k=1 n k=1 6 n n
Z 2 n     
2
X 4 1 1
(x + 10) dx = lim f (xk )4x = lim 1+ 2+ + 20
0 n→∞ n→∞ 3 n n
k=1

4 68
= (1)(2) + 20 =
3 3

1
 Z 0
2. (4x2 − 5x − 1) dx
−3

Solution:
 2  
3 3k 3k 3k
4x = → xk = − 3 and f (xk ) = 4 −3 −5 −3 −1
n n n n
36k 2 87k
→ f (xk ) = 2 − + 50
n n

36k 2 87k 108k 2 261k 150

  
3
f (xk )4x = − + 50 = − 2 +
n2 n n n3 n n

n n  n n n
108k 2

X X 261k 150 108 X 2 216 X 150 X
f (xk )4x = − 2 + = 3 k − 2 k+ 1
k=1 k=1
n3 n n n k=1 n k=1 n k=1
    
108 1 1 261 1
= 1+ 2+ − 1+ + 150
6 n n 2 n
Z 0 n       
2
X 1 1 261 1
(4x −5x−1) dx = lim f (xk )4x = lim 18 1 + 2+ − 1+ + 150
−3 n→∞
k=1
n→∞ n n 2 n

261 111
= 18(1)(2) − (1) + 150 =
2 2
Z −3
3. (4 − 2x2 ) dx
−8
Solution:
2
50k 2 160k

5 5k 5k
4x = → xk = −8 and f (xk ) = 4−2 −8 → f (xk ) = − 2 + −124
n n n n n

50k 2 160k 250k 2 800k 620

  
5
f (xk )4x = − 2 + − 124 =− 3 + 2 −
n n n n n n

n n  n n n
250k 2 800k 620

X X 250 X 2 800 X 620 X
f (xk )4x = − 3 + 2 − =− 3 k + 2 k− 1
k=1 k=1
n n n n k=1 n k=1 n k=1
    
250 1 1 800 1
=− 1+ 2+ + 1+ − 620
6 n n 2 n
Z −3 n       
2
X 125 1 1 1
(4−2x ) dx = lim f (xk )4x = lim − 1+ 2+ + 400 1 + − 620
−8 n→∞
k=1
n→∞ 3 n n n

125 910
=− (1)(2) + 400(1) − 620 = −
3 3

2
 Z 3
4. (1 − 5x2 ) dx
−2

Solution:
2
125k 2 100k

5 5k 5k
4x = → xk = −2 and f (xk ) = 1−5 −2 → f (xk ) = − 2 + −19
n n n n n

125k 2 100k 625k 2 500k 95

  
5
f (xk )4x = − 2 + − 19 =− 3 + 2 −
n n n n n n

n n  n n n
625k 2 500k 95

X X 625 X 2 500 X 95 X
f (xk )4x = − 3 + 2 − =− 3 k + 2 k− 1
k=1 k=1
n n n n k=1
n k=1
n k=1

    
625 1 1 500 1
=− 1+ 2+ + 1+ − 95
6 n n 2 n
Z 3 n       
2
X 625 1 1 1
(1−5x ) dx = lim f (xk )4x = lim − 1+ 2+ + 250 1 + − 95
−2 n→∞
k=1
n→∞ 6 n n n

625 160
=− (1)(2) + 250(1) − 95 = −
6 3
Z 2
5. x3 dx
−1

Solution:
3
27k 3 27k 2 9k

3 3k 3k
4x = → xk = −1 and f (xk ) = −1 → f (xk ) = − 3 − 2 + −1
n n n n n n

27k 3 27k 2 9k 81k 3 81k 2 27k

  
3 3
f (xk )4x = 3
− 2
+ − 1 = 4
− 3 + 2 −
n n n n n n n n

n n 
81k 3 81k 2 27k

X X 3
f (xk )4x = − 3 + 2 −
k=1 k=1
n4 n n n

n n n n
81 X 3 81 X 2 27 X 3X
= 4 k − 3 k + 2 k− 1
n k=1 n k=1 n k=1 n k=1

81 n2 (n + 1)2 81 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 27 n(n + 1) 3

= 4· − 3· + 2· − ·n
n 4 n 6 n 2 n
 2     
81 1 27 1 1 27 1
= 1+ − 1+ 2+ + 1+ −3
4 n 2 n n 2 n

3
 n
" 2 #
Z 2      
X 81 1 27 1 1 27 1
x3 dx = lim f (xk )4x = lim 1+ − 1+ 2+ + 1+ −3
−1 n→∞
k=1
n→∞ 4 n 2 n n 2 n

81 2 27 27 15
= (1) − (1)(2) + (1) − 3 =
4 2 2 4

Integration
From our knowledge of derivatives, we can immediately write down a number of antiderivates.
Here is a list of those most often used:
xn+1
Z
1. xn dx = + C, if n 6= −1
n+1
Z
1
2. = x−1 dx = ln |x| + C
x
Z
3. ex dx = ex + C
Z
4. sin x dx = − cos x + C
Z
5. cos x dx = sin x + C
Z
6. sec2 x dx = tan x + C
Z
7. sec x tan x dx = sec x dx + C
Z
1
8. dx = arctan x + C
1 + x2

Basic Integrals
Z 3
1. Evaluate x3 dx.
1
Solution:
3
x3+1 3 x4 3 34 14
Z
80
x3 dx =  =  = − = = 20
1 3+1 1 4 1 4 4 4
Z
2. Compute x3 − x2 dx
Solution:
Z Z Z
3 2 3
x − x dx = x dx − x2 dx

4
 x3+1 x2+1
= − +C
3+1 2+1

x4 x3
= − +C
4 3
Z
3. Evaluate 3x−1 dx.
Solution:
Z Z Z
−1 −1 1
3x dx = 3 x dx = 3 dx = 3 ln |x| + C
x
Z
4. − sin(x) dx.
Solution:
Z Z
− sin(x) dx = − sin(x) dx = −(− cos x) + C = cos x + C
Z
5. e3x dx.
Solution:
e3x
Z
e3x dx = +C
3

Substitution Method
Compute the following integrals using substitution.
Z
1. sin(7x + 2) dx.
Solution:
Z
du du
sin(7x + 2) dx, let u = 7x + 2 =⇒ = 7. Thus dx =
Z Z Z dx 7
du 1
sin(7x + 2) dx = sin u · = sin u du
7 7
1 1
= − cos u + C = − cos(7x + 2)
7 7
Z
2. 7xe2x dx.
2

Solution:
Z
du du
let u = 2x2
= 4x. Thus dx =
2
7xe2x dx, =⇒
Z Z Z dx 4x
2 du 7
7xe2x dx = 7x eu · = eu du
4x 4

5
 7 7 2
= eu + C = e2x + C
4 4

Z
3. x sec2 (3x2 − 2) dx.
Solution:
Z
du du
x sec2 (3x2 − 2) dx, let u = 3x2 − 2
=⇒ = 6x. Thus dx =
Z Z Z dx 6x
2 2 2 du 1 2
x sec (3x − 2) dx = x sec u · = sec u du
6x 6
1 1
= tan u + C = tan(3x2 − 2) + C
6 6

Z
4. 3x2 cos(x3 ) dx.
Solution:
Z
du du
3x2 cos(x3 ) dx, let u = x3 =⇒ = 3x2 . Thus dx = 2
Z Z dx
Z 3x
2 3 du
3x cos(x ) dx = 3x2 cos u ·= cos u du
3x2
= sin u + C = sin(x3 ) + C

Z
5. cos(x) · (sin(x) + 3)7 dx.
Solution:
Z
du du
cos(x) · (sin(x) + 3)7 dx, let u = sin x + 3
=⇒ = cos x. Thus dx =
Z Z Z dx cos x
7 7 du 7
cos(x) · (sin(x) + 3) dx = cos x · u · = u du
cos x

u8 1
= + C = (sin x + 3)8 + C
8 8
Z √
6. x2 x3 + 5 dx.
3

Solution:
Z √ du du
x2 x3 + 5 dx, let u = x3 + 5 = 3x2 dx. Thus dx = 2
3
=⇒
dx 3x
Z √ Z
√ du 1
Z
1
x2 x3 + 5 dx = x2 3 u ·
3
= u 3 du
3x2 3

1 3 4 1 4
= · · u3 + C = u3 + C
3 4 4

6
 1 √
3

4
= x3 + 5 + C
4

Integration by Parts
This method comes from the rule for dierentiating a product using the product rule.

d dv du
(uv) = u + v ,
dx dx dx

where u and v are functions of x.

Integrating throughout with respect to x, we have

Z Z
dv du
uv = u dx + v dx
dx dx

Rearranging, we have
Z Z
dv du
u dx = uv − v dx
dx dx
Z Z
Formula: udv = uv − vdu
"L-I-A-T-E": Always choose u to be the function that comes rst in this list:

L: Logarithmic function

I: Inverse Trig function

A: Algebraic function

T: Trig function

E: Exponential function

Evaluate the following using integration by parts.

Z
1. x3 ln x dx
Solution:
x4
Z
1
Let u = ln x, dv = x dx, 3
du = dx, v= x3 dx =
Z Z x 4
3
x ln x dx = uv − vdu
x4
Z 4
x 1
= (ln x) − dx
4 4 x

7
 x4
Z
1
= (ln x) − x3 dx
4 4
x4 1 x4
= (ln x) − · +C
4 4 4
x4 x4
= (ln x) − +C
4 16
Z
2. sin x ln(cosx) dx
Solution:
1
Let u = ln(cos x), dv = sin x dx, du = (− sin x)dx = −tanx dx
Z cos x
v = sin x dx = − cos x
Z Z
sin x ln(cosx) dx = uv − vdu
Z
= (ln(cos x))(− cos x) − (− cos x)(− tan x)dx
Z
sin x
= − cos x ln(cos x) − (cos x) dx
Z cos x
= − cos x ln(cos x) − sin x dx
= cos x ln(cos x) + cos x + C
Z
3. sin−1 x dx
Solution:
Z
1
Let u = sin x, dv = 1 dx, du = √
−1
dx, v = 1 dx = x
Z Z 1 − x2
sin x ln(cosx) dx = uv − vdu
Z
−1 1
= (sin )(x) − x √ dx
2
  Z1 − x
1
= x sin−1 x − − (1 − x2 )−1/2 (−2x)dx
2
1
= x sin x + (1 − x2 )−1/2 (2) + C
−1
2
√
= x sin−1 x + 1 − x2 + C
Z
4. ln x dx
Solution:
Z
1
Let u = ln x, dv = 1 dx, du = dx, v = 1 dx = x
Z Z x
ln x dx = uv − vdu
Z  
1
= (ln |x|)(x) − x dx
Z x
= x ln x − dx
= x ln x − x + C

8
Alternative General Guidelines for Choosing u and dv
• Let dv be the most complicated portion of the integrand that be be easily integrated.

• Let u be that portion of the integrand whose derivative du is simplier function than u
itself.

Evaluate the following integrals

Z
1. xe3x dx
Solution:
Z
1
Let u = x, dv = e dx, du = dx, v =
3x
e3x dx = 33x
Z Z 3
3x
xe dx = uv − vdu
Z
1 3x 1
= xe − e3x dx
3 3

1 3x 1 1 3x
= e − · e +C
x 3 3

1
= e3x (3x − 1) + C
9
Z
2. x2 sin x dx
Solution:
Z
Let u = x , dv = sin x dx, du = 2x dx, v =
2
sin x dx = − cos x
Z Z
x2 sin x dx = uv − vdu
Z
2
= x (− cos x) − (− cos x)(2xdx) dx

Z
2
= −x cos x + 2 x cos x dx
Applying integration by parts again to the latter integral we have
Z Z
x cos xdx = uv − vdu
Z
Let u = x, dv = cos x dx, du = dx, v = cosxdx
Z Z
x cos xdx = x sin x − sin x
= x sin x + cos x
Z
x2 sin x dx = −x2 cos x + 2(x sin x + cos x) + C
= −x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C

9
 Z
3. ex sin x dx
Solution:
Z
Let u = sinx, dv = e dx, du = cos x dx, v =
x
ex dx = ex
Z Z
x
e sin x dx = uv − vdu
Z
= e sin x − ex cos x dx
x

Applying integration by parts again to the latter integral we have

Z Z
x
e cos xdx = uv − vdu
Z
Let u = cos x, dv = e dx, du = − sin xdx, v =
x
ex dx = ex
Z Z
x x
e cos xdx = e cos x + ex sin x
Z
x x x
=⇒ e sin x dx = e sin x − (e cos x + ex sin xdx)
R
= −ex sin x − ex cos x − ex sin x dx
Z
Thus 2 ex sin x dx = ex (sin x − cos x) + C
Z
1
=⇒ ex sin x dx = ex (sin x − cos x) + C
2

10