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Unit I
Introduction to Computer Graphics

 Computer graphics is the field of study which deals

with pictures or images.

 Computer graphics is the pictorial representation

and manipulation of data with the help of computer
hardware and software.

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Application Areas of Computer Graphics

 Computer graphics is used today in many different
areas of science, engineering, industry, business,
education, entertainment, medicine, art and training, All
of these are included in the following categories.
1) User interfaces
Most applications have user interfaces that rely on
desktop windows systems to manage multiple
simultaneous activities , and on point-and click facilities
to allow users to select menu items, icons and objects
on the screen. These activities fall under computer
graphics. Typing is necessary only to input text to be
stored and manipulated. For example, Word processing,
spreadsheet, and desktop-publishing programs are the
typical examples where user-interface techniques are
implemented. 
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Application Areas of Computer Graphics

2) Plotting
Plotting 2D and 3D graphs of mathematical, physical, and
economic functions use computer graphics extensively. The
histograms, bar, and pie charts; the task-scheduling charts are
the most commonly used plotting. These all are used to present
meaningfully and concisely the trends and patterns of complex
data.

3) Office automation and electronic publishing

Computer graphics has facilitated the office automation and
electronic publishing which is also popularly known as desktop
publishing, giving more power to the organizations to print the
meaningful materials in-house. Office automation and electronic
publishing can produce both traditional printed (Hardcopy)
documents and electronic(softcopy) documents that contain
text, tables, graphs, and other forms of drawn or scanned-in
graphics.
 
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Application Areas of Computer Graphics

4) Computer Aided Drafting and Design 
One of the major uses of computer graphics is to design
components and systems of mechanical, electrical, electrochemical,
and electronic devices, including structures such as buildings,
automobile bodies, airplane and ship hulls, very large scale
integrated (VLSI) chips, optical systems,. and telephone and
computer networks. These designs are more frequently used to test
the structural, electrical, and thermal properties of the systems.
 
5) Scientific and business Visualization
Generating computer graphics for scientific, engineering, and
medical data sets is termed as scientific visualization whereas
business visualization is related with the non scientific data sets
such as those obtained in economics. Visualization makes easier to
understand the trends and patterns inherent in the huge amount
of data sets. It would , otherwise , be almost impossible to analyze
those data numerically.

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Application Areas of Computer Graphics
6) Simulation and modeling 
Simulation helps to learn or to feel the conditions one might have to face in
near future without being in danger at the beginning of the course. For
example, astronauts can exercise the feeling of weightlessness in a
simulator; similarly a pilot training can be conducted in flight simulator. The
military tank simulator, the naval simulator, driving simulator, air traffic
control simulator, heavy-duty vehicle simulator, and so on are some of the
mostly used simulator in practice. Simulators are also used to optimize the
system, for example the vehicle, observing the reactions of the driver
during the operation of the simulator.
7) Entertainment
Disney movies such as Lion Kings and The Beauty of Beast, and other
scientific movies like Jurassic Park, The lost world etc are the best example
of the application of computer graphics in the field of entertainment.
Instead of drawing all necessary frames with slightly changing scenes for
the production of cartoon-film, only the key frames are sufficient for such
cartoon-film where the in between frames are interpolated by the
graphics system dramatically decreasing the cost of production while
maintaining the quality. Computer and video games such FIFA,
Doom ,Pools are few to name
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Application Areas of Computer Graphics
8) Art and commerce
Here computer graphics is used to produce pictures that express a
message and attract attention such as a new model of a car
moving along the ring of the Saturn . These pictures are frequently
seen at transportation terminals supermarkets , hotels etc. The slide
production for commercial , scientific, or educational presentations
is another cost effective use of computer graphics. One of such
graphics packages is a PowerPoint.
9) Cartography
Cartography is a subject , which deals with the making of maps
and charts. Computer graphics is used to produce both accurate
and schematic representations of geographical and other natural
phenomena from measurement data. Examples include
geographic maps , oceanographic charts, weather maps, contour
maps and population-density maps. Surfer is one of such graphics
packages , which is extensively used for cartography.
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Advantages of Computer Graphics
1) High quality graphics provides the best way to
communicate with computer.
2) It is possible to produce animation
3) Can be used to control animation such as speed,
total scene in view etc.
4) Provides facility of update dynamic which can be
used to change shape, color and other properties
of object in view.
5) Used to present data or information in the form of
bar diagram, pie chart etc..which makes
visualization better.

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Display Technologies
1) Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
 CRT are the most common display devices on computer
today. A CRT is an evacuated glass tube, with a heating
element on one end and a phosphor-coated screen on the
other end.
 When a current flows through this heating element (filament)
the conductivity of metal is reduced due to high temperature.
These cause electrons to pile up on the filament.
 These electrons are attracted to a strong positive charge
from the outer surface of the focusing anode cylinder.
 Due to the weaker negative charge inside the cylinder, the
electrons head towards the anode forced into a beam and
accelerated by the inner cylinder walls in just the way that
water is speeds up when its flow though a small diameter
pipe.
 The forwarding fast electron beam is called Cathode Ray. A
cathode ray tube is shown in figure below.
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Display Technologies

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Display Technologies
 There are two sets of weakly charged deflection plates
with oppositely charged, one positive and another
negative. The first set displaces the beam up and down
and the second displaces the beam left and right.
 The electrons are sent flying out of the neck of bottle
(tube) until the smash into the phosphor coating on the
other end.
 When electrons strike on phosphor coating, the
phosphor then emits a small spot of light at each
position contacted by electron beam. The glowing
positions are used to represent the picture in the screen.
 The amount of light emitted by the phosphor coating
depends on the no of electrons striking the screen. The
brightness of the display is controlled by varying the
voltage on the control grid.
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Display Technologies
Persistence:
-How long a phosphor continues to emit light after the electron beam is
removed.
-Persistence of phosphor is defined as the time it takes for emitted light to
decay to 1/10 (10%) of its original intensity. Range of persistence of
different phosphors can react many seconds.
-Phosphors for graphical display have persistence of 10 to 60 microseconds.
Phosphors with low persistence are useful for animation whereas high
persistence phosphor is useful for highly complex, static pictures.
Refresh Rate:
Light emitted by phosphor fades very rapidly, so to keep the drawn picture
glowing constantly, it is required to redraw the picture repeatedly and
quickly directing the electron beam back over the some point. The no of
times/sec the image is redrawn to give a feeling of non-flickering pictures
is called refresh-rate. If Refresh rate decreases, flicker develops. Refresh
rate above which flickering stops and steady it may be called as critical
fusion frequency(CFF).
 
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Display Technologies
Resolution:
Maximum number of points displayed horizontally and vertically
without overlap on a display screen is called resolution. In other
ways , resolution is referred as the no of points per inch(dpi/pixel
per inch).

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Random Scan Display Contd….
 The refresh rate of vector display depends upon the no of
lines to be displayed for any image. Picture definition is
stored as a set of line drawing instructions in an area of
memory called the refresh display file (Display list or display
file)
 To display a picture, the system cycles through the set of
commands (line drawing) in the display file. After all
commands have been processed, the system cycles back to
the first line command in the list.
 Random scan systems are designed for drawing all
component lines 30 to60 times per second. Such systems are
designed for line-drawing applications and can not display
realistic shaded scenes. Since CRT beam directly follows the
line path, the vector display system produce smooth line.
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Vector Display System Contd…..

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Drawbacks of DDA algorithm

 The DDA algorithm is faster method for calculating

pixel position but it has problems:
 m is stored in floating point number.
 round of error
 error accumulates when we proceed line.
 so line will move away from actual line path for
long line.

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 End

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