A-Level Practice Questions Mathematics (Higher 2) Typical Questions and Suggested Solutions Organised by Topics for Singapore-Cambridge GCE A-Level Higher 2 CS Toh Edition H2.2A-Level Practice Questions - Mathematics — Edition H2.2 eBook edition: First published in 2016 Print edition: ISBN 978-981-09-9908-7 First published in 2016 Published by: Step-by-Step International Pte. Ltd My Mail Box 889128, Singapore 919128 Copyright © 2016 Step-by-Step Intemational Pte. Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein, Every reasonable effort has been made to contact the holders of copyright material, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the Publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements atthe first opportunity Conditions of Sale This publication and the materials included therein are provided on an "as is", "as available” basis without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. While all reasonable care have been taken in the preparation of this publication, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the Publisher does not warrant and hereby disclaims any warranty as to its accuracy, correctness, reliability, timeliness, non-infringement, title, merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Its availability or updates are also not guaranteed. ‘The Publisher, the editors of, the contributors to this publication and anyone else involved in creating, producing or delivering this publication, shall not be liable for any damages or losses, including any general, special, incidental or consequential damages or losses, arising out of your use or inability to use this publication, even if the relevant parties have been advised of the possibility of such damages or losses. For the avoidance of doubt, the sale of this publication exelude providing it in any other form or media, electronic or otherwise. Important! By purchasing this publication, you are deemed to have agreed to these conditions, For information on distributors, please visit Please send feedback to Dapgiggay 0st comstep-by-step a fay [email protected]Contents Q s Section 1 : Functions and Graphs 5 1.1 Functions 6 on 1.2. Graphing 9 2 13. Equations and Inequalities B29 Section 2: Sequences and Series 35 2.1 Sequences and Series 364 Section 3: Vectors 1 3.1. Basie Properties of Vectors in Two and Three Dimensions 32 63 32 Scalar and Vector Products in Vectors 3367 3.3 Three-dimensional Vector Geometry 38 Section 4: Introduction to Complex Numbers 83 4.1 Complex Numbers Expressed in Cartesian Form... 8489 42. Complex Numbers Expressed in Polar Form ......-86 98 Section 5 : Calculus 99 5.1 Differentiation 100123 52. Maclaurin Series 107138 53. Integration Techniques m7 54. Definite Integrals 13150 55. Differential Equations 1916 Section 6 : Probability and Statisties 167 6.1 Probability 168 195 62 Discrete Random Variables 175206 63 Normal Distribution 1m 212 64 Sampling 11218 65 Hypothesis Testing 14222 66 Correlation and Linear Regression 188229 Formulae 237 Please check for updates to this book at http://www. post-I com/step-by-step Atel Pace Quaint MattesPreface ‘This book contains typical questions for readers to practise with, and suggested solutions to illustrate how the answers are obtained. All suggested solutions show the essential steps to apply the relevant theories, intended to help our readers learn and apply the relevant knowledge. ‘The questions and suggested solutions are organised by topics to facilitate referring to them as the topics are being discussed. Related topics are further grouped into sections to facilitate cross referencing. In each section, the questions come first followed by the solutions. It is aimed at facilitating the readers attempting the questions first and referring to the suggested solutions thereafter. Each Section starts with an introduction comprising the relevant summaries of the syllabus describing the topics. This is to facilitate keeping the reader focused on what need to be studied. Following the introduction page are question pages containing serially numbered questions. Each question is separated from the next by a horizontal line. The 1" page numbers (under Q) in the Content page are the starting pages of the questions on the topic. A keyword of the topic, followed by a letter Q, and the page number is shown at the outer-top comer of each question page to facilitate finding them quickly. ‘The introduction and question pages are also marked with a black tag at the right edge ‘The solution pages are formatted in two columns with each solution following the serial number. ‘The 2™ page numbers (under $) in the Content page are the starting pages of the solutions to questions on the topic. ‘The keyword of the topic and the page number is shown at the outer-top comer of each solution page to facilitate finding them quickly. We recommend that readers review the relevant updates at our website before using this book. ‘The updates contain late-breaking information that became available after the book was printed. etre sip Our books are intended to help our readers learn and apply the relevant knowledge. An Ancient Chinese Proverb: Give aman a fish, and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime. isi ADL, 282 itr BRA bhi, 4/2 We believe our books will also help our readers lear to fish for knowledge ‘Level Pracoe Quon Mathamates5 Section 1 yi Functions and Graphs 1.1 Functions 6, 17 Function, domain, range Notations such as f(x) =x7+3, f:xtsx7+3, £"(x), fg (x) and f(x). Inverse functions and composite functions. Conditions for existence of inverse functions and composite functions. Domain restriction to obtain an inverse function. A function and its inverse. 1.2 Graphing 2 Using a graphing calculator to graph a given function. Important characteristics of graphs of the following 2 yt ; x as Axes of symmetry, asymptotes, and restrictions on the possible values of x and/or y. ‘Transformations represented by y=af(x),y=f(x) +a, y=fe+a) and y=f(ax), and combinations of these transformations. Graphs of y= fC), y=|fGo)|, y= f(x) and y= 1/f(2). Simple parametric equations and their graphs 1.3. Equations and Inequalities 13, 29 Formulating equations, a system of linear equations, or inequalities Using a graphing calculator to solve an equation, Using a graphing calculator to solve a system of linear equations. Inequalities of the form p(x)/g(x)> 0. |x| and relations |r-a|a-bbe>xa+b Using graphical methods to solve inequalities. § Atel Pace Quaint MattesFunctions Q Functions ‘The functions f and g are given by 24: T= (i) The composite function fg does not exist. Explain why. (ii) Determine an expression for gf (x). Hence, or otherwise, determine (gf)"(5). fixe F for xR, #1, gixh 1-2x for xe R. 2] 4) ‘The functions f and g are given by. fiers, reR x43, gixbxxeR i) One of the composite functions, fg and gf, does not exist. Find the composite that exists, including its domain, Explain why the other composite does not exist. (ii) Determine 1(x) and state its domain. GB) GB) Function f is given as f(x) = 2x? +7, x € R. Determine f(x), (3) Functions f and g are given by fixnx xR, gixte2-3x,xER Determine (i) fg(x) Gi) Ce)" (2112) Functions f and g are defined as follows: fixee™, rR, gixtevr, x20. Find simplified expressions for (i) gf (x). @ 1"'@) Gi) Fe"), BI ‘The functions f and g are given as f(x) =3x?-4, x>0, and g@)=x+4, xER Determine @ £7), x>-4, Gi) fg), x> 4. (212) ‘The functions f and g are given by fixes 5x43, x>0, gix3, x20. Give, in a similar form, fg, g and g™. BI [Note: g? denotes g g.] Find an expression for h in terms of one or both of f and g, where hixbs 25x+18, x>0. a] Functions g and h are defined as follows: goxbe3x7+2, xER, hixee Determine hg(x) for @ x20, Gi) x<0. Bl ‘Atel rece Quins Matas §Functions Q_7 9, Function fis given by tro ch. xeR x1 Ix (Verify that f has an inverse. (2) (ii) Determine f”'(x) and write down the domain of f" BI 10. Function f is given by fixie th, reR, rl, r#0 (i) Verify that =f), 4) (ii) Determine f(x) in simplified form. in] 11. Function g is given by: 2 xpath, xER, xe]. where kis a.constant, k# 1 If a function fis such that £(x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of f, itis said to be self-inverse. Show that g is self-inverse. 2) 12. Function fis defined by fixbex*-6Ax, xER where A is a positive constant. Determine, in terms of 2 @ f@). (i) the range of f. R121 State a reason why f does not have an inverse. fi] Itis given that function fhas an inverse if its domain is restricted to either xk or x4, (@ Sketch the graph of y= («), indicating the position of the graph relative to the origin 2 (ii) Determine f""(x), stating the domain of f~! B) Gi) Sketch on the same diagram as in part (i), the graph of y= f-"(. tw (iv) State the equation of the line in which the graph of y= f(x) must be reflected in order to obtain the graph of y= f(x). Hence, find the exact solution of the equation f(x) = f(x). [5] 18. Function fis defined by: frets InQx+1)+3, xR, x>-4 (i) Find an expression for f(x) and state the domain and range of f (4) (ii) On the same diagram, sketch the curves y= f(x) and y=f~"(x), stating the equations of any asymptotes and the exact coordinates of any points where the curves cross the x- and y-axes. [4] (iii) The x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the curves in part (ji) satisfy the equation In@Qx+1)=x-3 Explain why, and determine the values of these x-coordinates, correct to 4 significant figures. [3] 19, Functions f and g are defined as follows: fixbs (x-2)(x-4), x ER, gixtex?-2,xER (Determine f'g(x) and find the exact solutions of the equation Fg(x) =0. B) Gi) Determine gf (x). a) (ii) Verify that x=2 is a root of the equation fg(x)—gf (x)= 2, and find the remaining roots. [5] 20. Function f is given by fixe »xER xed, be-a where a and 6 are non-zero constants, (i) Determine f(x). Hence or otherwise determine f7(x) and write down the range of f?. [5] (ii) The function g is defined by g:x++1 forall real non-zero. State with a reason whether the composite function fg exists. 2 (ii) Find the sotutions of f(x) = x. B] 21. Function f is defined by fixnxtl, x21 x (i) Verify that £ (x) increases as x increases, 3) (ii) Write down the range of f. a (iii) Find the inverse function f(x). 4 ‘Level Pracoe Quon MathamatesGraphs & Transformations Graphs & Transfinin Q 1. Sketch the curve (5x)*+(12y)? = 13°, indicating clearly the coordinates of the intersection with the axes. 9 i] Ae a giving the coordinates of the points of intersection 2. Ona single diagram, sketch the curves of y= and y= /2ax, where ais a positive constant, {el xy xed os (On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of C, and C3, writing down the equations of any asymptotes and the exact coordinates of any points where the curves crosses the axes. (ii) Verify algebraically that at the points where C, and C> intersect, the x-coordinates satisfy the equation 2(c—2)" = (x+2)°(6-x°). (iii) Find these x-coordinates using your calculator. 3. The equation of curve Cis y =1 The equation of curve C2 is, 4 2] 22] 4. The function f is defined for x € R by f= ( and f(¢+3a)=f(x), where ais a real constant. Sketch the graph of y= f(x) for ~4a a. {5] Atel Pace Quaint Mattes10 _Graphs & Transfmin Q n 214824 7. The curve C has equation y= 1+ 95 - 25 (@__ State the equations of all the asymptotes. (ii) Determine the coordinates of the points where C meets the axes, (iii) Given that C has a local maximum point at (1, -8) and a local minimum point at (9, 0), sketch the graph of C. 2] G3] 2] 8. The equation of a curve is aE It is given that the curve has a local maximum point at (-3., -3). Write down the equations of all the asymptotes. Hence, sketch the graph. [6] 4x 9. A-curve has the equation y= Y Write down the equations of the asymptotes of the curve Itis given that the curve has a local minimum point at (1,1). Sketch the curve. R) 2) 10. Write down the axes of symmetry of the curves (i) y G3] 11. The diagram shows the graph of y= f(x) ‘The values a, b and c are positive constants. Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of @ y=£()+a. Show clearly the coordinates of the intersection with the y-axis. 2 Gi) y=—bf(). Show clearly the coordinates of the intersection with the axes 2) 12. Determine the equation of the curve obtained when the curve of y=x7+4 is (i) translated -2 units in the direction of the x-axis, (ii) stretched parallel to the x-axis (with y-axis invariant) with a scale factor of 2. Write down a precise sequence of geometrical transformations which would transform the graph of y=x?+4 onto the graph of y =-2x7-6. a) a) (3) 13. The graph of y =f (x) is as shown, Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of @ y=2f@), Gi) y=fe-3), showing clearly the coordinates of the intersections with the axes. a ‘Level Pracoe Quon Mathamates §Graphs & TransfminQ 1 14, The given diagram shows the curve of y= f(x) The coordinates of the points 4, B,C and D are @.1), (1,0), (2,1) and (3, 0) respectively. On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of @ f2x), Gi) y=fe+3), in each case, stating clearly the coordinates of the points comesponding to A, B,C and D. [4] 15. (i) Write down a sequence of transformation which would transform the curve of y =x* onto the curve of y= $(x-3)7 2] ‘The function f is defined by 1 for0 0. Sketch the graph of y= g(x), giving the equations of any asymptotes and the coordinates of any points where the curve crosses the x- and y-axes. Bl ii). Write down the equation of one line of symmetry of the curve in part (ii), and fully describe a gx xER x4, sequence of transformation which would transform the curve y= + onto this curve [4] 17. The graph of y=.x? is transformed by a translation of 2 units in the positive x-direction, followed by a stretch with scale factor 4 parallel to the y-axis, and followed by a translation of 6 units in the negative y-direction. Determine the equation of the new curve in the form y= f(x) and the exact coordinates of the points where this curve meets the x- and y-axes. Sketch the new curve. 15] (ii) Sketch on the same diagram, the graph of y=f"1(x) and write down the exact coordinates of the points where the curve crosses the x- and y-axes. 3) 18. The graph of y= f(x) is as shown ‘The origin O, the point A(a, 0) and the point B (2a, 0) lies on the curve, On separate clearly labelled diagrams, sketch the graphs of A(a,0) @ y=tGe-a), 2) Gi) y=tCw, it Gi) y= 17) mn Atel Pace Quaint Mattes12_Graphs & Transfmin Q 19. Funetion fis given as f(x) =2—x. (Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of y=f({xl) and y= |f(2)], labelling the graphs clearly and giving the coordinates of any points where the graphs meet the x- and y-axes. BI Gi) Write down the set of values of x for which f(\x) = If) ii} abs 20. On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of @ y=lx-1, Gi) y= |x-1]+]x-3] 0B) Hence or otherwise, determine the least value of |x—1|+|x~2|+[x—3], giving justifications for your answer. 2 21. Functions f and g are defined as follows: fixpe™,xeER, gixbx xER Find expressions for f"(x) and gf (x). 2] Sketch the curve y= f"(x-2), 2] 22. Verify that the equation y= a can be expressed as y= A+ a where 4 and B are constants to be found. Hence write down a sequence of transformations which would transform the curve of y= + = 2x47 onto the curve of y= 2£47 uy Sketch the graph of y= 227, giving the coordinates of any points of interseetion with the x- and ‘y-axes and the equations of any asymptotes. BI 23. Function fis given as f() (Sketch the graph of y= f(x) a ii) Determine the integer solutions of the equation f(x) =4, and verify algebraically that there are no other real solutions, BI (iii) Write down the integer solution of the equation (x+3)°+ (¢+3)"-2(e+3)-4 = 4. mW (iv) Sketch the graph of y= |f()] a) (¥) Give two different cubic equations which between them give the roots of the equation. |'(x)| = 4. Hence determine all the roots of this equation. (4) ‘Level Pracoe Quon Mathamates §Equations & Inequalit ign & Inequalities Q_13 Ata theater, tickets are sold at three different prices, depending on the age of the customer. ‘The age yi bands are under 16 years, between 16 and 65 years, and over 65 years. On a particular day, three groups of people, A, B and C, go to the theater. For each group, the numbers in each age band and the total cost of their tickets, are given in the following table. Group | Under 16 years | Between 16 and 65 years [ Over 65 years | Total cost A 9 6 4 $162.03 B 7 3 3 $128.36 c 10 4 5 $158.50 Formulate and solve equations to determine the cost of a ticket for each of the age band. [4] 2. Three varieties of fruits are sold at a market at different prices per kilogram. Four friends bought Various amount of the 3 fruits but could not remember the individual prices per kilogram. Three of them could recall the total amount that they each paid. The given table summarised the weights of fruit bought and the total amounts paid. Sandy Findy Candy Lindy Pineapples (kg) Lis 1.20 2.15 130 Mangoes (kg 0.60 0.45 0.90 0.25 Lychees (kg) 0.55 0.30 0.65 0.50 Total amount Paid in $ 8.28 6.84 13.05 It may be assumed that, for each variety of fruit, the price per kilogram paid by each of the friends is the same, Find the total amount paid by Lindy [6] 3. A bakery produces 3 types of muffins, chocolate, raisin and vanilla, in trays of 6 muffins each. A tray of chocolate muffins requires 7 min of labour and 0.3 kg of flour. A tray of raisin muffins requires 6 min of labour and 0.3 kg of flour. A tray of vanilla muffins requires 5 min of labour and 0.4 kg of flour. The muffins were sold at $0.50, $0.45 and $0.40 each for the chocolate, raisin and vanilla muffins respectively On a particular day, 8 hours of labour and 27 kg of flour were used, all the muffins made were sold, and the total collection was $216. Formulate the equations required to determine the number of trays of each type of muffin made on that day 15] 4, Function fis given as f(x) =ax?+bx+e, where a, b and c are constants. )_Itis given that the curve of y= f(x) passes through the points with coordinates (-1.5, 4.5), 2.1, 3.2) and (3.4, 4.1). Determine the values of a, b and c, correct to 3 decimal places. BI i) Deduce the set of values of x for which f(x) is an inereasing function, 2 Atel Pace Quaint Mattes4 Eqn & Inequalities 0 5. A cargo plane has two compartments ~ front and rear. The front compartment has a weight capacity of 1200 kg and a volume of 100m*, The rear compartment has a weight capacity of 1 000kg and a volume of 85 m°. In order to maintain balance, the weight in the respective compartments must be in the same proportion as the compartment's weight capacity. Two types of cargoes, A and B, are to be shipped on the next flight. Type A cargoes are packed in bags of 20 kg with a volume of 3 m’ each. Type B cargoes are packed in bags of 10 kg with a volume of 2m each. The plane was eventually loaded with 1100kg of cargoes. The cargoes in the front compartment occupy 99 m° while the rear compartment is full Formulate the necessary equations to determine the number of bags of each type of cargoes loaded in each compartment of the plane (61 6. (i) Given that the »' term u, of a sequence is a quadratic polynomial in n, and the first 3 terms are given by m= 10, 12=6, us=5, find up in terms of n (4 ii) Determine the set of values of » for which u, is greater than 100. 2) 7. Funetions f and g are given by: fixts2e-1, xER, gixtex’+2, xER, (Find the values of x such that gf(x) = fg(x)+ 16. (4) (ii) Solve the inequality |f-"()| <5 BI 8. Without using a calculator, solve the inequality x7-9 > (e+3)(x?—3x+ 1). 5] $x be tld 9. Without using a calculator, solve the inequality =*2542418 > +1 a) 10. Without using a calculator, find the solution of ++! 0, giving your answer in the form of one or more of the intervals xb, a0, (ii) 3e*-12e-4 > 0. 221(3) 12. Find the solution of |1+x| <3. BI Hence state the set of values of x such that —4 <|1 +x] <3. a 13. Without using a calculator, solve the inequality |Sx-7|>2x-+1 a) ‘Level Pracoe Quon Mathamatesign & Inequalities Q_15 2x+3 14, Without using a calculator, solve the inequality -1 < <1 [6] 15. Without using a calculator, solve |2x—3|<|x+1] [4] 16. Function g is given as g(x) = (2x—1)(@v+2)(x-3). Without using a calculator, solve the inequality g(x) > 3x(v+2)(v-3). (5] 17. Without using a calculator, solve x> 2 G1 m1 Hence, without using a calculator, find the solution of 2"—*=19 5 (4) xeagee2 6) 20. Without using a calculator, solve the inequality 2x—1 >& 63] 21, Function g is given by g ary DHE, xER, x#41 Determine algebraically the range of g, simplifying your answer in terms of 3 6 22. Function f is given as -Ptrtl eR y fey- F241 reR, rel Without using a calculator, determine the set of values that the function can take (51 23. The values of x and y are related by the equation 4x?+ léxy+y7+ l6x+ Ldy+13 =0. With a real value of x substituted, the equation becomes a quadratic equation in y and two distinet real values of y may be found, Show that Sx?+8x+3>0, and hence find the set of possible values of x. (5) Atel Pace Quaint Mattes16 Eqn & Inequalities 0 24. (i) Sketch the graph of y= intersection with the axes, (4) (ii) Hence, or otherwise, solve * i Pl 25. Ona single diagram, sketch the graphs of x+2y=6 and y=|x+2l, BI Hence, or otherwise, find the solution of |x+2| <+(6-x), BI 26. Find the solution of 4|x|=|x~1| Q) Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of y=4|x| and y=|x-1] Hence, or otherwise, find the solution of 4 |x|>|x~1| 63) ‘Level racoe Quon Mathamates §§ Functions 1 (@_ fg does not exist because Rg(xER} EDiAXER, x41} (ans) i) et =F) = 1-232) (l-x)-20+) pe eER, x41 (ans) © Let (gf) =x => S=ef@) = ae See=1)= ath Sy-3x=5+3 © RefER} CD, {xER} => ef exists. ste=e(z45) -(a43) ie. ef sio(Zh) rer x93 (ans) © RfxER} CD {xe R. x43} => fg doesnot exist. (ans) (ii) Let y=f"@) = f= sat y-3ek potas = He ie Pay 3" Gans) © Du ={xxER, x #0} (ans) Atel Pacts Quaint Mattes Functions 17 3. © Let y=f"@) = f= ay! +7=" 2y? =x-7 y=teo-n1 ie M@=(4e-7}), xER (ans) ——— ete 4 @ fe) =£@-3x) =(2-3x), xER (ans) Gi) Let y= gy '@) => feo)=x (2-3) =x 2-3y=x" y=tQ-x9 ie. (fgy"@)=4@-x), xER (ans) 5 @ ef) =ae= ve =e rER (ans) (ii) Let y= f(x) = fo)=x eP=x 2y=inx y=tine ie. £'(@)=4Inx, x>0 (ans) Gi) ea) = Ve > g'@=18 Functions 6. @ Let y=f"@) = fQ)=x 3y*—4=x wa betdy y=-i@e+4) (NA, Dy is x>0) or Fed ie. £*@)= fhor+4), x>-4 (ans) Gi) fe@=fee+4) = Bet 44 = B(x? + 8x + 16)—4 = 3x7 +24 tdd ie. fg(x)=3x7+24x+44, x>-4 (ans) © tg@=f(4) =5(3)+3 = +s ie fg rp B43, 20 (ans) © ga=e(3) = re) «(3) Gy ie grixtox, x>0 (ans) © Deduce that g%x)=x, n EZ a= a(8%) = 8) =2 3s ie g ro 3, xo (ans) © hG)=25x+18 = 5(Sx+3)+3 =fGr+3) =ff(e) ie h=f? (ans) © hg) =hGx?+2) @ For x20, hg(x)=|x| =x (ans) Gi) For x <0, hg(e)=|x| =-x (ans) @ > x? (since x>1) => fisa one-one function and so has an inverse, (ans) (ii) Let y=f@) = fy)=x = 10. @ Let y=f"@) => fy=x > > i-y=4 ie ii) 1°) =f) =f") =x (ans) Let y= ge) Boyer yes > ie. g'(x)= g(x) => gisself-inverse, (ans) onenon § ‘Level racoe Quon Mathamates12. @ ff@ =fayr- = 10517) = (547-6452) =2524+30i° (ans) AY) (ii) f@)=x?-6Ax = (e-34)-947 Since (r-34)°20 for x ER f(x) =(x-3dy?- 947 2-947 ie. Rr=(ivER, y2-927} (ans) © — f does not have an inverse because it is not a one-one function. (ans) © £()=@-3AP-91? = £Gite)=fGA-x) ie. f(x) is symmetrical about x = 31 => f(x) could be a one-one function if its domain is restricted to one side of x= 34 ic. k=32 (ans) © Let y=f x) yP-6hy-¥=0 =a ~C6A)t yA? - 4x) 20) it VOR +x ie. for x32, £'xy=32+ JOA +x (ans) for x<3A, f\(xy=34-V94? +x (ans) © gf) = fg) +16 => gQv-1)=f(e7+2)+16 => (2e=1)° +2 = [2x7 +2)-1] +16 Ax? 4x43 = 2x74 19 2x?—de-16=0 Atel Pacts Quaint Mattes Functions 19 M4. > V6 or x=+12 (ans) 15. © Let y=f"@) = £0) By +2 y=t@-2), ie. Pe)=1@-2) gf (e) = gGx+2) =AGe+2)—12 = 12-4 £'@)= gf) => $(-2)= 1x4 35x= 10 x (ans) 16 @ ef@)=7 => g(x?+2x)=7 (74204427 x?4+2x-3=0 (+3)@-1)=0 x=—-3 (NA, x2-1) or x=1 (ans) (ii) Let y= f(x) =-1- ViFx (NA, y2-1) or -1+ ViFe ie flixte-1+Vi+x, x2-1 (ans)20 _ Functions 7 (i) Sketch y=f() =(@-4)°+1, xER, x>4 curve of y=x7, x>0, translated 4 units in direction of x-axis, and translated | unit in direction of ‘y-axis, ie. minimum point moved from (0,0) to (4, 1) (ii) Let y=f"() => £0) (4 t1=x yo4= eT padt ded ie f'@)=4+ye-1, xER, x>1 (ans) (iii) Sketch y= f(x) on diagram in (i). (iv) Equation of reflection line is y= (ans) © Where the curves of y= f(x) and y=f7(x) meet is also where the curves meet the reflection line y=. ie. f@)=f'@) & f@=x [e M@=x] => (ed tla x7-9e+17 pe DOD EVED? 400) 20 = 4-413) (NA, x>4) or 40+Vi3) (ans) 18. (Let y=f"@) = fQ)=x In@y+1)+3=x InQy+1)=x-3 Dy =Re={x:xER} (ans) Re = De =ty:vER, y>-t} (ans) Gi) Sketch y= fee) =InQe+1)+3 at x=0, at y=0, x= 467-1) > curve intercept axes at (0, 3), (4(€°=1), 0) asx -4, yoo => x=-t isan asymptote © Sketch y= f(x) (---): reflection of y= f(x) about curve intercept axes at (0, +(€ 1), G,0); y=—4 isan asymptote (ans) (iii) Where the curves of y= f(x) and y= f(x) meet is also where the curves meet the reflection line y=. ii) Where curves in (ji) meet, ie. £(¢) =f"), are also where the curves meet line of reflection y= x, ie f@)=f"@) @ f@=x [eo fe@=x] => InQx+1)+3=x In@x+1)=x-3 (ans) © Solve using GC: In@x+1)-(e-3)=0 (xo = 0) x=—0.4847 (4 sf) (ans) (x= 6) x= 5.482 (4 sf) (ans) tee § ‘Level racoe Quon Mathamates§ 19. Gi) fg(e)=f@"-2) = [(e*-2)-2]l@*-2)-4] = («7—4y(x*-6) ie. fg(x)=(7-4)(x7-6), x ER (ans) © fgx)=0 => (x7-4)(x7-6)=0 x7=4 or x7=6 x=42 or x=2V6 (ans) (ii) gf) = glGe—2)0e—4)] = (2-4-2 ie. gf(x)=(x-2)7'(-4'-2, xE R (ans) Gi) Let h(x) = fg@)-gf@)-2 ie. fe@)-gf@)=2 <= he)=0 hGx)= fe(x)—ef(e)-2 (-AYox*—6) — (¢-2)" =)? = (2-4)(2)°-6)-(2)-2°(@)-4 isa root of fg(x)-gf(x)=2 (ans) © (x?—4)(x?-6)—(e-2)'(e-4) = 0 > (X-2)le+2(K7-6) (= 2)" =O. (e=2)[(e+ 27-6) -(@- 2) 4 => other roots are roots of (e+ 2)(x?-6)—(e-2)(e= 0 (xe? +2x?—Gx—12)—(e—2)(e?-8x +16) = 0 (2° +2? 6x—12)-(e?~ 10x? +32x-32) =0 12x?-38+20=0 6x7=19x+10=0 Gx-2)Qx-5) other roots are xsi and (ans) ct 20. @) Let y=f"@) Atel Pacts Quaint Mattes Functions 21 * f@=fe => PO=lF@) =x (ans) Re=De={x:xER, x4} (ans) i) g sot, ER, x40 => R= {e:xER} CD = figdoes not exist. (ans) (iii) PQ) = x ae > x(bx—2a)=0 20 or x= 28 (ans) pany 2 (i) Let Ax= increase in x f@+Ax)-F@) 1 =(xtAxt+ Gtart 1 yah) 1 =Axt -t x+ar x =Ay-—A* e+) Ax meals weeds) —l-< ¥Ge+rAa) => f(r+Ax)-f() = Ax Ar array”? => f(&) increases as x increases (ans) Gi) R= fy: yERy22} (ans) (iii) Let y= fx) potest fhe Re =De={y21} > yatyher-l tix fl@p fpe-1+4x, x22 (ans)22__ Graphs & Transfmin Sketch (5x)*+(12y) ()-- an ellipse, centre (0, 0), axes length 2(42) on x-axis, 2(12) on y-axis points of intersection are (0,0) and (4a, a) (ans) Graphs & Transformations 3. @ Sketch C, yr x-intercept at (-(-2)/1, 0) = 2, 0) y-intercept at (0, (-2)/2) = (0,1) y= 1/1 = Land x=~2 are asymptotes (— ae yy Sketch C2: = an ellipse, centre (0,0), axis length 26 on x-axis, 23 on y-axis => 2e-2)"= (+2) x7) (ans) where C, and C3 intersect (iii) Solve using GC, 2-2)? = +276 -x7)=0 (xe )) x =-0.5149 =-0.515 (3 sf) (ans) (xe ) 2.4454 45 (3 sf) (ans) apt § ‘Level racoe Quon Mathamates§ © Sketch y=f(x) for da sx s6a = upper (+ve) half of ellipse Se y f(e+3a) =f (@) => graph repeats at interval 3a DAL. tay, -a | a wy ener 5. i) ad-be=0 = f@-44 be-ad etd c | cex+d) cc 4a 3q 6a (ans) +0 => graph of y=f(x) is a horizontal straight line (undefined at x=—d/c). (ans) = 3x-7 Gi) Sketch y= FEF intercept at (-(-7/3), 0) = (3,0), y-intercept at (0, -7/1 (0, -7), y=3/2 =4 and x=-(1/2) =-4 are asymptotes (-—-), Atel Pacts Quaint Mattes Graphs & Transfmin 23 . For graph of y= 228, asymptotes are y= 1 and x=-b (ans) © x-intercept at a, 0) y-intercept at (0, a/b) (ans) © Deduce from graph that _y-intercept is below asymptote y = <1 = b>a (ans) ete 1 (Equations of asymptotes are: . and y= 1 (ans) Gi) At x=0, y= 148, - 24 0-3 043 C meets y-axis at (0,-9) (ans) e Atyeo, 14 82- 2he MnO Ess => (W=3)(EF3) +643) -24(K-3) = 0. -946x+18-24x+72 = 0 ip C meets x-axis at (9, 0) (ans) (ii) Sketch ¢24 9, Graphs & Transfmin As x-2, p30; as x94, yo x=} and x=—2 are asymptotes (ans) As x0, v0 y=0 (x-axis) isan asymptote (ans) Sketch graph: At x=0, y= y>0O when x>2 or x<-2 y<0 when -2 x=1 and y=0 are asymptotes. (ans) . At x=0, y=0 Axes of symmetry for y= 0 (ans) Axes of symmetry for y* x=2 and y=0 (ans) IL. @ Sketch y=fe)+a = y=f(e) translated a units in +e direction of y-axis, => (0a) > (0,2a) Ce,0) > Ge, a) ©) >a ve \ 2 a (ans) Gi) Sketch y=-bfCx) y=£(e) stretched parallel to y-axi (x-axis invariant) with scale factor b, and reflected in x-axis. => a) > @,-ba) vs / ba (ans) cote 12 (i) y=x7+4 translated -2 units in direction of x-axis = yexttd > y=ot27+4 (ans) Gi) y=x?+4 stretched parallel to x-axis (-axis invariant) with scale factor 2 = yext4 > y=(hxy+4 (ans) © Assequence of transformations is 1. stretch parallel to y-axis (x-axis invariant) with scale factor 2, je pax+d > y=207+4) => pawe+8 2. reflect in x-axis, ie y=2e48 > y=-2x7+8) => ys-2r7-8 3. translate 2 units in direction of y-axis, ie. p=-2x7-8 > y=(-2x7-8)+2 = y=-2x76 (ans) tir § ‘Level racoe Quon Mathamates13 (Sketch y= 260) y= f(s) stretched parallel to y-axis (c-axis invariant) with scale factor 2 = (0,2) > @.4) (i) Sketch y= £(-3) = y=f(x) translated 3 units in +ve direction of x-axis => (3,0) > ©,0) (1,0) + (2,0) (1,0) > (4,0) G.0) > 60) 0,2) + G,2) (ans) 14 (Sketch y=£@2x) y=f(z) stretched parallel to x-axis, (y-axis invariant) with scale factor % = BU,0) > B+.0) CQ.1) > Ca.) DG,0) > DG,0) (ans) Atel Pacts Quaint Mattes Graphs & Transfmin _25 (ii) Sketch (+3) = y=f(x) translated 3 units in -ve direction of x-axis = AQO,1) > AC3,1) B(I,0) —> B(-2.0) CQ.) > C1) DG,0) > DOO, 0) y 15. (@ A sequence of transformation is (1) translate 3 units in +ve direction of x-axis, ie. y=x? > y=e-3P (2) stretch parallel to y-axis (x-axis invariant), with scale factor $ ie y=(e-3)) > y=4Oe-3)? (ans) (ii) Sketch y=£(x) for -l y=fGx) => stretched parallel to x-axis (y-axis invariant) with factor 2 y=f(hx) > y=1+f => translate | unit in +ve direction of y-axis At r=4, y=14f(L 4) =4 pe ltf(dy)26 _ Graphs & Transfmin 16. (@ Sketch y= go) = x intercept at (-K/1, 0) y intercept at (0, k/(-1)) 1/1=1 and (ans) Gi) A line of symmetry of y = g(x) is y=x (ans) * A sequence of transformation is 1, translate | unit in +ve direction of x-axis 1 xT alee 2. stretch parallel to y-axis (x-axis invariant) with factor (k+ 1) ie y 3. translate | unit in +ve direction of y-axis 1h AE og) (ans) epi > yal+ 17 (@ Translate 2 units in +ve x-direction => pax? > y=@-2) Stretch with scale factor + parallel to y-axis = y=(-27 > y=t@-2) Translation 6 units in -ve y-direction => y=t@-2)° > y=ter-2)*-6 i.e. equation of new curve is y= f(x) =4(e-2)-6 (ans) © Atx= , y=4(-2)°-6 =-10 Aty= Loe-29-6 => x=2+¥2 => curve crosses axes at (0,10) and (2+¥i2,0) (ans) © Sketch f(x) y (0,2+¥i2) +20 y= fe) 10) (ans) (ii) Sketch y= f(x) ¢ = reflection of y= f(x) in come 18. (i) Sketch y=£(e—a) = y=f(¢) translated by a units in +ve direction of x-axis. > 0) > @0) A(a,0) > AQa, 0) B(2a,0) > BGa, 0) (ii) Sketch y=fCx) = y=f(e) reflected in y-axis = Ala,0) > ACa, 0) B(2a, 0) > B(-2a, 0) (iii) Sketch y=|£@)] = parts of y=f(x) below x-axis reflected in x-axis, o A@,0) Bao) * (ans) etre § ‘Level racoe Quon Mathamates19. @_ Sketch y= f(x) where x <0, reflect y= f(x) about y-axis ye (ans) © Sketch y= If] where y <0, reflect y= f(x) about x-axis y = [EO De Gi) Deduce from (i) that for f(/x[) =|f@)|, OSx<2 (ans) 20. (@ Sketch y=|x-1| = yex-l for x21 = yel-x forxsl (ans) (ii) Sketch y=|x-1|+|x-3] a1) +(e-3) =2e-4 for x23 y=(e-1)-@-3) for 1sx<3 = y=-@-1)-(e-3) =4-2e for xs 1 y= fel] x3 (ans) Atel Pacts Quaint Mattes Graphs & Transfmin 27 © Deduce that least value of |x-2| occurs at x=2 where |x-2| Deduce from 2™ sketch above that least value of |x~1|+|x—3] occurs in 10 (ans) =e © ef@)=ge*) =@7F gfoxtre™ xER (ans) © Sketch y=f'(w-2) = 4In@e-2) As x2, y>-00 => x=2 is an asymptote At y=0, x=328 _ Graphs & Transfmin 22. ° Lety xF2 8 ee = WwtT=Awet2)+B ‘Comparing coefficients: x: 254 Y 3 x42 2+—25, ie, A=2, 2 28+7 244 B 2 2A+B =2(2)+B = B=3 B=3 (ans) ‘© A sequence of transformation is: 1, translate 2 units in -ve direction of x-axis: 1 1 re ye Voy? 2, scale parallel to y-axis (x-axis invariant) with factor 3 1 3 eyed PD 3. translate 2 units in +ve direction of y-axis ie y= 3p > ya 24 . Sketch y= 2847 x-intercept at (-(7/2), 0) y-intercept at (0, 7/2) 3 ym) y=21=2 and x=-2 are asymptotes (—. 2B @)_ Sketch y=f@) (ans) Gi) f@)=4 = xStx7-2e-d=4 Ptx7-2x-8=0 (&-2)(a7 +344) = 0 => x=2 isasolution (ans) © x74+3x4+4=0 = @+if+t=0 = ett Which has no real solutions => f(x) =4 has no other real solutions. (ans) (ili) (+3) + +326 +3)—4 = 4 => solution is (e+3)=2 [from (ii)] = x=-1 (@s) (iv) Sketch FQ) ) [f@)| S oxt 4 [for £(e)>0), xitx7-2v-4=—4 [for f(x) <0] (ans) > x(e+2@-1)=0 = x=-2, x=0 or x= ie. rootsof |f(x)|=4 are -2, 0, 1, 2 (ans) tet § ‘Level racoe Quon MathamatesEquations & Inequalit cost of ticket for "Under 16" cost of ticket for "Between 16 and 65" 12 = cost of ticket for "Over 65" Total cost of tickets for group A = 162.03 => 9x-b6y+4z = 162.03, Total cost of tickets for group B = 128.36 > Txt Sy+3z = 128.36 Total cost of tickets for group C => l0x-dy+5z = 158.50 58.50 formulated equations are: 9x + 6y+42 = 162.03 Txt Sy+3z = 128.36 10x-+4y+5z = 158.50 (ans) © Matrix: Solution (using GC) 9 6 4 162.03 100765 7 5 3128.36] [0109.85 10 4.5 158.50] [00 1 852 ie, x=$7.65, y=$9.85, 2= $8.52 (ans) 2. © Let x= price per kg of pineapples Let y = price per kg of mangoes Let 2= price per kg of lychees Sandy's purchase = $8.28 => 1.15Sx+0.60y+0.552= 8.28 Findy's purchase = $6.84 => 1.20x+0.45y+0.302= 6.84 Candy's purchase = $13.05 = 2.15x+0.90y+0.652= 13.05 Matrix: Soln (using GC): 1.15 0.60 0.55 8.28] [100 3.50 1.20 0.45 0.30 6.84] |0 10 2.60 2.15 0.90 0.65 13.05} [0.0 1 4.90, ie, x= 3.50, y=2.60, 2=4.90 Lindy paid 1.30x + 0.25y +0502 = 1.30(3.50) +0.25(2.60) + 0.50(4.90) =7.65, ie $7.65 (ans) Atel Pacts Quaint Mattes ign & Inequalities _29 * Let x=no. of trays of chocolate muffins made Let y= no. of trays of raisin muffins made Let 2=no. of trays of vanilla muffins made Labour used = 8 hours * 60 = 480 min => Tx+6y+52= 480 Flour used = 27 kg = 03x+03y+042=27 Sales = $216 => 6* 0.50 x +6x 0.45y + 6x 0.402 = 216 => O5x+0.45y+0.42=36 formulated equations are Tx + 6y+ 5 O3x+ O3y +04. 05x +0.45y +042 © Matrix: Solution (using GC) 7 6 5 480 10030 03 03 04 27} |01020 05 045 0.4 36 00130 ie. x=30, y=20, 2=30 (ans) 4 (i) Curve of y= ‘bx+e passes thru (15,45), 2.1,3.2) and G.4,4.1) = als)? +bC1.5) + a(2.1)°+bQ1) +e aG.4)°+6G3.4)+e=4.1 ie 225a-15b+e 4dlat+21b+e= 11.56a+3.46 +. Matrix: Solution (using GC): 225 -15145 100 0.21498 441 2113.2 0 1 0 -0.49010 1156 34 141 O01 3.28113 ie. a@=0.215, b=-0.490, c= 3.281 (3 dp) (ans) (ii) For f(@x)=ax?+bx+e f(x) a>0 => quadratic £() has minimum value at (0.4901) 2(0.2150) => f(x) is increasing for x> 1.143 sf) (ans) = 1.139930__Egn & Inequalities © Let a1, a2=no. of bags of cargo A loaded in front, rear compartments Let by, b: = no. of bags of eargo B loaded in front, rear compartments Wt. of cargoes loaded = 1100 kg > 20(a, +a:) + 10(b; +b) ie. 20a +20a,+10b; +106, Weight in front and rear compartment in the same proportion as weight capacity > 20a; +106, = $299 (208+ 105s) ie. 20a;~24a,+ 10b;~12b2=0 Vol. of cargoes in front compartment = 99 m* => 3a +2b)=99 Rear compartment is full, ie. vol. = 85m* = 3a:+2b,=85 formulated equations are: 204+ 2043 + 10d, + 10> 20a, ~24 a2 + 10) — 122 100 3a, + 2b, 99 3a, + 2b; =85 (ans) © Matrix: Soln (using GC): 20 20 10 10 110) 1000 21 20 -24 10 -12 0 010015 3.0 2 0 9] Joo1018 0 30 2 85} [000120 5, by = 18, by=20 (ans) ttn (tis a quadratic polynomial inn, ie u,=an"+bn+c, a,b, c= constants m=10 = aly +b()+e=10 = a) +bQ)+e=6 = a) +bG)+e=5 ie a+ bte=10 4at+2b+e= 6 9a+3b+e= 5 Matrix: Solution (using GC) 11110) [100 3 4216] |o10-¥ 9315] [00117 ie. m= $n?—nt17 (ans) Gil) m,> 100 => $n? n+ 17> 100 i n>83 (n-12P > 1 +(12 =63.3611 7.9607 <7.96 (NA, n> 0) or n= 12> 7.96 n> 10.793 for u,> 100, n> 11 (ans) et ef (x) =fe(x) +16 g2r—1)=f(e?+2)+16 (2e-1)+2= [2¢e7+2)-1] +16 4x? de 43 = 2x? +19 2x7—4e-16 = 0 x°-2x-8=0 (e-4y(e+2)=0 2 (ans) a 4 x=4 or Gi) Let y => x=fQ) ay=xtl y= Aletl) [£@)|<5, ie. [A+ <5 => -S (x+3)<0 since (¢-2)°20 for xER solution is x<-3 or x=2 (ans) ete § ‘Atel rece Questions Mates9. o ie2etextld | xt+5 = 42x 4xt 14> (et Dle+5) since x?+5>0 forall xER 42x tt 14> x24 StS, x dx +9>0 (x-2)°+5>0 (x-2)?>-5 Since (e-2)'20 for xe R, solution is x €R_ (ans) xt 10. Steel wex-2 <9 ery td = Gary ~° (e+ $+ 3>0 forall xER => (x-Ne+2)<0 > (-1>0 and x#2<0) or (x-1 <0 and x+2>0) => («> 1 and x<-2)(NA) or (x<1 and x>-2) solution is -20 > 3@-2)'-16>0 (27 > [> |x-21> 4) = x-2<-f or x-2>4 or x> 2+ s is x< + solution is x<2- (ans) (i) With y=-¥ > x=, 3y?+12y-4>0 = 3x7-12e-4>0 = Cy)<2-f or Cy>2tH 4 y>24+-4 or p<2- solution is y>-2+4 or y<-2- (ans) Atel Pace Quaint Mattes ign & Inequalities _31 Gi) With x=e", 3e™—12e"-4>0 = 3x7-12x-4>0 > ©)<2-4 (NA, o> 0) of ()>24- solution is u> n+) (ans) 12. © [lx <3 = 3 [l+x|<3 = -4 2x41 (Sx-7)?> Qe+1F 25x7=T0x+49> dx7+ de +1 2Ix?-74x+48>0 (ix-6)Gx-8)>0 (ix-6 <0 and 3x-8<0) or (7x-6>0 and 3x-8>0) (e<$ and x<$) or (> and x>$) solution is x<$ or x>$ (ans) 14. . <2 ey 2x+3| xT |2x+3|<|x-1] (2x43) <(e— Ax? +12x4+90 and x+4<0) or Gr#2<0 and x+4>0) (e>=4 and x<-4) (NA) <1 or (e<-3 and x>=4) solution is -40 or (x-2)>0 and (x4) <0 x<} and x>4(NA) or $ 3x(x+2)(x—3) => x1) #2)e-3) > 3x(e+2)(e-3) (x= 1)oe#2)Qe-3) — 3x #2)(e—3) > 0 (e+2)(v-3)[2x—1)-3x] > 0 (e#2)@-3)x=1)>0 (e#2)e-3e+1) <0 Critical values are -2, -1, 3 Let f(x) = (&+2)(+ 1-3) Range Test Value Sign of f(x) x<-2 23 4 + solution is x<~2 or -12e [x#0] x8-2e>0 x(e?-2)>0 Critical values are — 2, 0, v2 Range Test Value Sign of x(x*-2) xen? 2 - -y2 V2 2 + solution is —/2 y2 (ans) 18, (x= Tax+3) G@AIer2)? Critical values are —3. 27 at = =7)(e+3) bet £0) = Gard) Range Test Value — Sign of f(x) <3 -4 + -37 (ans) nen d=») _ Goer $0 [e483] + Nera 70 bee43] Critical values are let f)= = Range Test Value Sign of f(x) x<3 -4 + -33 (ans) ett 8 ‘Level Pracce Quon MattamatesQx43e=2) . 4 Critical values are: -3, 0, 2 Let £6) = 3902) [x0] Test Value Sign of f(x) -2 - solution is -3 2te=) yx?txt(2-y)=0 [= ax?+bx+e=0, a=y, b=1, c=2-y] g(x) =y exist where discriminant > 0 —4ac= 0] —4(yy(2-y) 20 4y?—8y +120 Ay-1P-320 o-P24= 1x’ $y > lye = y-1s-8 or y-128 yst- or y21+8 R, yiysl-% or y21+8y Atel Pace Quaint Mattes ign & Inequalities 33 2 © Let y=f(x) -saetl => ye-D=x7+x41 x?+x(1-y)+(1+y) =0 x +bxte=0, a=, b=1-y, c= 14y] xR = discriminant >0 => y-3<-2¥3 or y-32203, © ys3-243 or y23+2V3 ie. £()<3-2¥3 or f@)23+2V3 (ans) © dx? + Lexy ty?+ 16x+ dy +13=0. => y?+(16x+ 14y+ (4x? + 16x+ 13) = 0 = ay*+by+e=0, , a=1, b= l6x+4, c= 4x?+16x+13] ‘Two distinct real values of y may be found => discriminant > 0 b—4ac > 0] > (16x +14)°—4 (14x? + 16x +13) > 0 256x?+ 448x + 196 -16x?—64x-52>0 240x? + 384x+ 144 > 0 Sx°+8x+3>0 (ans) © 5x74 843 >0 (Sx+3)x+1)>0 (Sx+3>0 and x+1>0) or (Sx+3<0 and x+1<0) u u => (x>-4 and x>-1) or (x<-} and x<-l) possible values of x are x<-l or x>-3 (ans)34__Egn & Inequalities 24, @ Sketch y= xt Asx ot. yoo as rtm, yot asymptotes are x= 4 and y At x= 1; at y=0, x (ans) Gi) RAR =1 > xtl=2e-1 > =? Add ine y= 1 (~—-) to sketch in (i: Deduce from sketch that xt] <1 > x<4 or x>2 (ans) © Sketch x+2y=6 = y=4(6-x) y-intercept =3 straight line, gradien Sketch y=|x+2| = yaxt2 -x-2 for x>~-2 for x<-2 » a (ans) ‘© Deduce from sketch that |x-+2|<1(6-x) for a0. = y=4ex) for x<0 Sketch y=[x=1| = y=x-1 fore = y=@-1) for x<1 © Deduce from sketch that 4[x|>|x=1| where x<-4 or x>4 (ans) omen 8 ‘Level Pracce Quon Mattamates35 Section 2 Sequences and Series 2.1 Sequences and Series 36, 41 Sequences, as y= f(n). ‘The n™ term, u,. The sum to n terms, S,. The ¥ notation. Sum and difference of two series. ‘The method of differences. Convergence of a series and the sum to infinity Finite arithmetic and geometric series. Convergence of an infinite geometric series, and the sum to infinity 8 Atel Pace Quaint Mattes36_Seq & Series Sequences & Series 1, A sequence of real numbers 11, us, 43,... has the sum of the first terms, S,, given by S,=n(2n+c) where ¢ is a constant (Determine uy in terms of and n, (ii) Deduce a relation of the form t,.; = f(t) B) 2] 2. (@) Given that p,= 407-4"), find ip (b) A sequence m, ts, 1, .. has the sum of the first m terms, S,, given by =1-—! Sie (n+DI (Explain why the series 2x, converges, and state the value of the sum to infinity. Gi) Determine a formula for u, in simplified form, BI 2] 2] n(n + Qn+1), determine = 7. giving the answer in fully factorised form 4) 4. Itis given that i= tmnt? Show that 27+ 49+6° +... + (2n)?=2n2(n+1)? Hence or otherwise, find a simplified expression for 3¢(2r—? a ul (4) 5, Determine the number of positive integers, less than 1000, which are (odd, (ii) odd and not divisible by 5. Determine the sum of the odd integers, less than 1000, which are mot divisible by 5. 0B) a) 6. Given that Sy= (1D? , find and simplify an expression in terms of N for Soy Using the results, state an expression for Syy.: and determine the limit of S281 as N’-» He [The formula ip = 4n2(n+1)? may be used without proof. ] 4) GB) 7. Ona sheet of graph paper, marked in I mm squares, a triangular region Ris bounded by the x-axis, the line x= 200 mm and the line y= x. Determine the number of complete 1 mm squares which have all their vertices either inside R or on the boundary of R. (5) ‘Atel rece Quen Matas 88 riesQ 37 8 The graph of y=e—3x is as shown. ? The equation e*-3x=0 has two roots denoted by aand f, where aXy if xp B, 2] (¥) Give a brief statement of how the results in part (jv) relate to the behaviours determined in part (i) RI 9. @). Given that £(7)=2r°+3r7+r+24, verify that fO-f0r-1)= ar’, for a constant a to be determined. Hence determine a fully factorised expression for in re] (ii) It is given that Eran Ln(nt1(n?-+n+ 1). Determine Sto) (Your answer need not be simplified ) BI 10. (i) By using the formulae for sin(A+B), verify that sin(r+ +)—sin(r—4)0= 2cosrOsin$0. [2] (ii) Hence determine a formula for 5 cosr6 in terms of sin(n + $)0 and si BI 11. (a) Using the method of differences, show that Be or 5 aT - TED [41 al (b) Give a reason why $ Lisa convergent series, and write down the value of the sum to infinity rey 12. @)_ Verify that — where A is a constant to be determined. Pl n-T on nat nm (ii) Hence determine z —L.. (No need to express answer as a single algebraic fraction.) BI (iii) State a reason why the series converges, and give its value RI Atel Pace Quaint Mattes38 Seq & Series Q 13. A sequence of real numbers 1, #2, #,... satisfies the relation oy, antl Met tem egeee> PO aM Nz 1 =i %_2n+1 @ Given that y= Se determine 2 1 (ii). Write down a reason why the series in part (ji) is convergent and state the sum to infinity. (2) ¥ (iii) Using your answer to part (i), determine cad PI 14, Given that v,=n(1+1)(n+2)...(n-+m), show that Yqui—vy= (m+ 1Xin+1n+2)..(rtm). 2) Ititisnow given that u,=(n+1)(n+2)... nm), determine © u, in terms of m and N. GI 15. A series is such that its n™ term is 2""*+3n, Determine the sum of its first N terms. (6) 16. A series, with first term 11 and last term 40, is such each term, after the first, exceeds the previous term, by +. Find the sum of the series. BI 17. An arithmetic progression has the ninth term 43 and the sum of the first 15 terms is 570 Given thatthe sum of the first n terms is greater than 2265, determine the least possible value of n. [8] 18. A geometric progression has a sum of the first n terms, = 6— eat Deduce the first term and the common ratio. 4 19. Itis given that the first three terms of a geometric progression are a, b, c. Itis also given that the first three terms of an arithmetic progression are a,c, b (Verify that b= ae and ¢= anh Pl b b (ii) Hence prove that 2(2) -(2) - Q) a) “\a iii) Find, in terms of a, the sum to infinity of the geometric progression, S. (4 20. The first three terms of a geometric series, with common ratio r, are equal to the first, fourth and sixth terms respectively of the arithmetic series with first term a and common difference d, both of which are non-zero, (i) Verify that 3r?-Sr+2=0. (4) Gi). Show that the geometric series is convergent and determine, in terms of a, the sum to infinity. [5] (ii) It is given that the sum of the first terms of the arithmetic series is S, and that a> 0. Determine the set of possible values of » for which S exceeds 4a, (5) ‘Atel rece Quen Matas 8g & SeriesQ_39 21. The population of Urbis, which was 46.650 at the end of 1995, rose to 54200 by the end of 2000 ‘Assuming that the populations at the end of each year form a geometric progression, determine the population at the end of 2006, i (ii) find the year in which the population reaches 100.000. BI 22. A convergent geometric progression is such that the first, second and fourth terms are consecutive terms of an arithmetic progression. Show that the common ratio of the geometric progression is as [5] Given that the first term of the geometric progression is positive, verify that the sum of the first 5 terms is greater than nine tenths of the sum to infinity BI 23. On I January 2009, a student saves $10, and on the first day of each subsequent month she saves $3 more than in the previous month, i. she saves $13 on | February 2009, $16 on 1 March 2009, and so ‘on. Determine the date she would first have saved over $2000 in total 6] 24. On 1 January 2009, a student deposits $10 into a bank account which pays compound interest at arate of 2% per month on the last day of each month, On the first day of each subsequent month, she deposits a further $10 into the account, Find (@) the compound interest that her original $10 eamed at the end of 2 years. a (b) the total is in the account at the end of 2 years, BI (©) the number of complete months for the total in the account to first exceed $2000. 14] 25. Athletes on @ training exercise are required to run in a straight line from a starting point O to and from aseries of points, A;, 4s, As, .. , Which are increasingly further away. Starting at O, athletes run stage 1 from O to A; and back to O, then stage 2 from O to 42 and back to O, and so on, (Version 1 of the exercise has a constant distance of 4 m between adjacent points, as illustrated. O 4m A, 4m A, 4m A; 4m Ay 4m As 4m Ag 4m A, 4m Ay Version 1 (a) Determine the distance run by an athlete who completes the first 10 stages of this version. [2] (b) Give an expression for the distance run by an athlete who completes 7 stages of this version Hence determine the least number of stages that the athlete needs to complete in order to run at least 5 km. [4] i) Version 2 of the exercise has distances between the points are such that OA, = 4m, 4,A2=4m, Add: Agim as illustrated O 4m Ay 4m gm Ay 16m A Version 2 Given an expression for the distance run by an athlete who completes n stages of this version, Hence determine the distance from O, and the direction of travel, of the athlete after he has run exactly 10 km with this version [5] Atel Pace Quaint Mattes > |40 _ Seq & Series O 26. A gardener cuts off successively shorter pieces of string from a long roll of string, Each piece is 3 as long as the preceding piece. The first piece is 128 cm long. (The nth piece of string has a length of pem. Show that Inp = (An+B)n2+(Cn+D)In3, where A, B, C and D are constants to be found, Bb) (ii). Verify that the total length of string cut off can never be greater than 384 cm. 2) (ii) Find the number of pieces that must be cut off before the total length cut off is greater than 380cm, showing sufficient working to justify your answer. a 27. Mr B deposits $100 into a savings account on I January 2001, and on the first day of every subsequent month thereafter. The account pays an interest of 0.5% per month, so that on the last day of each ‘month, the amount in the account was increased by 0.5%. ii) Using the formula for the sum of a geometric progression, determine an expression for the value of Mr B's account on the last day of the th month, where the 1* month is January 2001, the 2 month is February 2001, and so on, Hence determine in which month the value of Mr B's account first became greater than $5000. [5] iii) Given that Mr B wanted the value of his account to be $5000 on 2 December 2003, determine the interest rate per month, with effect from January 2001, that would achieve this. B) 28. Mrs deposited $100 into a bank account on 1 January 2001. Thereafter, on the first day of each subsequent month she deposit $10 more than in the previous month, i.e. on | February she put $110 into the account and on I March she put $120 into the account, and so on Given that the account pays no interest, determine when the value of Mrs 4's account first become greater than $5000. [5] 29. (i) Using machine A, an oil drilling company drilled a depth of 256 metres on the first day of drilling. The depth drilled on each subsequent day is 7 metres less than on the previous day. The company drills everyday up to and including the day when a depth of less than 10 metres is drilled. Find the depth drilled on the 10" day, and the total depth drilled when drilling is completed. (6) Gii) Using machine B, a depth of 256 metres was also drilled on the first day, but the depth drilled on each subsequent day is $ of the depth drilled on the previous day. Find the number of days it would take for the depth drilled to exceed 99% of the theoretical total depth, 1 30. Metal bars of decreasing lengths are used to construct two musical instruments, A and B. (i) The lengths of the bars of instrument A are in geometric progression. The length of the 1" bar is 20cm and the length of the 25" bar has length 5 cm. Verify that the total length of all the bars ‘must be less than 357 em, no matter how many bars there are, (4) ‘There are only 25 bars in instrument B and they are identical to the first 25 bars of instrument A. Gii) Determine the total length, Z cm, of all the bars of instrument B and the length of the 13" bar. [3] Gi) The manufacturer misunderstood the instructions and constructed instrument B such that the lengths of the bars form an arithmetic progression with common difference dem. Given that the total length of the 25 bars is still L em and the length of the 25" bar is still 5 em, determine the value of d and the length of the longest bar. (4) ‘Level Pracce Quon MattamatesSequences & Series 1 Gun =S,- Spa =nQnte)-(n-1)[2n-1) +e] = (2n?+ en) - (2n?—4n+2+en-c) =4n-2+e (ans) Gi) ua = 44 1)-2 +e = (n-2+0)+4 Sughd ie. fu) =uy+4 (ans) 2. @ Ep = 340-4) = +(7n)-4 (geomettie series with I* term =4 common ratio = 4) $41) (ans) = eam converges because as n> 0, 0 (ans) a * GD! © lim|S,]=1 (ans) = 1 1 Sa -U-giyo-4i Gi <1 1 antl-l_ on “GAD Ot @ 1 (2n)[(2n) + 1][2@2n)+1] —4n(n+ Qn+1) =LQmMQn+ I4n+ lL n(nt NQn+1) = EnQnt L[24n+1)-~4+ 1] n(2n+1)n+1) (ans) Seq & Series 41 4 © Deduce that BrP+e+ + Qn n(n 1) (ans) © Sarm P4394594. + Qn-1))] 19429434434. + 2n—1)?+(2n))] [248+ Om any (Half of all positive integers are odd => no. of positive odd integers less than 1000, Neus = 1000/2 = 500 (ans) Gil) A fifth of all positive integers are divisible by 5 and half of them are odd => no. of positive odd integers, less than 1000, which are divisible by 5, Nua, s= (1000/5)/2. = 100 no, of positive odd integers, less than. 1000, which are not divisible by 5, Nod, nots = Nosi = Noss = 500-100 = 400 (ans) © Positive odd integers, less than 1000, 2n=1, n=1,2,3,... 500 Positive odd integers, less than 1000, which are divisible by 5 (2n=1), n=1,2,3,... 100 sum of positive odd integers, less than 1000, which are not divisible by 5 EQr-) ~ E5Qr-1) 00 $00 0000 =2E 2-1-0 Er +551 = 2[ + (500)(500+ 1)] -(500) —10[ + (100)(100 + 1)]+5(100) 100000 (ans) omens42 Seq & Series 6. w © Sy = Beye = 1-23-4394? +... +QN-1)-QN)? = P42 43444. +QN-18+QNY -2[29+4 +... +ONY] Ey-2 cmp LQNYQN+1)?-16[42 P[AN*4+4N+1)—40V242N4 1] = N*C4N-3) =-N*(4N+3) (ans) . Sot QN+1)° (QN+19-N°(4N+3) (ans) . = QN+D) NUN +3) NF nF + =foal 3 (2x) -(+3) As Na, +0 ¥ Sayan (9,1). 3 2 na = (2+) - (449 32-4 =4 ie jin( St) =4 cons) © Sketch R. 10G-1) 10: 200 Divide R into 20 columns, 10 mm wide. G Line of on awe cut each column at vertices of a 1 mm square. Deduce that no. of complete 1 mm squares in i" column = 10-1) Total no. of complete 1 mm squares 10@-1) 10 = 10[ $ 20)(20+1)=20] = 1900. (ans) ome 8 (@_e*-3v=0 (using GC) => a@=0.61906... = 0.619 (3 dp) (ans) f= 151213... = 15123 dp) (ans) Gi) If' sequence converges, it will converge to (one of) the root(s) of the equation te" => 3x=e" > e*-3x=0 ie. [from ()] ii) With x, = 0, x25 0.3333, x3 = 0.4652, x4 x5 = 0.5668, x6 = 0.5875, x7= 0.5998, x= 0.6073, x= 0.6118, xp = 0.6146, => sequence is increasing and converging to a=0619 (ans) either a or fp. (ans) 5308, © With x=1, x2 = 0.9061, x3= 0.8249, x4 = 0.7605, x5= 0.7131, x¢= 0.6801, x= 0.6580, X3= 0.6437, x= 0.6345, x40 = 0.6287, => sequence is decreasing and converging to a=0619 (ans) © With x,=2, 22 = 2.4630, x5 = 3.9134, x4= 16.6896, x5 = 5.90105, => sequence is increasing and divergent. (iv) Let £@)=e*—3x Bp hy =F ae =t(e8—3m) SHO) From curve of y= f(x) =e*—3x, f@)<0 if a Xn Sky © f@)>0 ie xpi n> 0 if xpB if x,B = Xp? By (¥) Results in (iv) verifies the behaviour in (ii), ie. when x,=0 (x) x,) towards a, when x)= I (a ), the sequence is increasing (q.1>%,) away from. (ans) B (ans) Ss ‘Level Pracce Quon Mattamates 8