WORKED EXAMPLE

4  4 UNBRACED FRAME DESIGNED FOR WIND MOMENT METHOD

1.0 COLUMN DESIGN

1.1 Internal Column

The major and minor axis beam connections are assumed to be pinned to the column, the
effective length factors are taken as 1.0L for minor axis(provide with bracing system) and
1.5L for major axis (unbraced) . Assume the section is at least of Class 3 and roughly
estimate that reduction factor to be 0.6. Thus,

Table 1 Unfactored and factored load on internal column.

Storey Loading (kN) S.W Total load Reduction Total I.L Factored Total load
of DL (kN) in I.L (kN) after D.L + I.L after
col. IL (kN) reduction reduction (kN)
(kN) (kN)
4 DL = 72 IL 27 6 150 54 0 54 1.35x150
DL = 72 IL 27 +1.05x54=259.2
3 DL = 72 IL 72 6 300 198 10% 178.2 1.35x300
DL = 72 IL 72 (19.8) +1.05x178.2=592.1
2 DL = 72 IL 72 7 451 342 20% 273.6 1.35x451
DL = 72 IL 72 (68.4) +1.05x273.6=896.13
1 DL = 72 IL 72 7 602 486 30% 340 1.35x602
DL = 72 IL 72 (146) +1.05x340=1169.7

Design load at ULS: Fc = 1.35 × 300 + 1.05 × 178.2 = 592.1 kN

Design moment at ULS: Mrd = 0.75 x 15.93 kNm = 11.95kNm

Design for internal column from roof level to level 2

Af y
N b ,Rd =  ;
 M1
N Ed M 1 592.1(1.0)
A= =  103 = 3588.5mm 2 = 35.89cm 2
f y 0.6(275)

From section property table, try 203 x 203 x 46UKC (A = 58.7 cm2):

b = 203.6 mm, h = 203.2 mm, t f = 11.0 mm, t w = 7.2 mm, c f / t f = 8.0, cw / t w = 22.3,
I y = 4570 cm4 , I z = 1550 cm4 , i y = 8.82 cm, iz = 5.13 cm, A = 58.7 cm2 , I w = 143  109 mm 6 ,
I T = 22.2  10 4 mm 4 , G = 81000 N / mm 2 , W pl = 497cm 3

Determination of NEd
From load distribution, N Ed = 592.1kN

Step 2: Section classification (refer to Table 5.2)

Since tf = 11.2 mm <40 mm, fy = 275N/mm2
0.5
 235 
 =  = 0.92
 275 
cf/tf = 8.0 < 14, the flange is NOT Class 4
cw/tw = 22.3 < 42, the web is NOT Class 4
 The section is NOT classified as Class 4 section (Class 1, 2 or 3 section).

Step 3: Cross-sectional resistance (Cl. 6.2.4)

The design compressive force, NEd should not be greater than the cross-section
N Ed
resistance Nc,Rd.  1.0
N c , Rd
For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross section,
Af y 58.7  275
N c , Rd = = 10−1 = 1614.2kN
 M0 1.0
N Ed 592.1
= = 0.36  1.0
N c,Rd 1614.2
 The compression resistance of the cross section is adequate.

Step 4: Buckling Resistance (Cl. 6.3.1)

The resistance to flexural buckling about minor axis is the critical case in this example.
Therefore the flexural buckling resistance (Nb,Rd) is determined for the z-z axis only.

N Ed
 1.0 For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross section under flexural buckling,
N b, Rd
Af y
N b , Rd = 
 M1
1
=  1.0
 + 2 −  2


 = 0.5 1 +  ( − 0.2) +  2 
Af y Lcr 1
 LT = =
N cr i 1
E
1 = = 93.9 = 93.9(0.92) = 86.4
fy
Lcr , y = 1.5L = 6000mm Lcr ,z = 1.0L = 4000mm
Lcr 1  6000  1 
LT , y = =   = 0.79
i y 1  88.2  86.4 
L 1  4000  1 
LT ,z = cr =   = 0.90
iz 1  51.3  86.4 
From Table 6.3 and Table 6.5 of EC3-1-1:
h 203.2
= = 0.99  1.2 ; tf < 100 mm; S275;
b 203.6
choose curve “b” for y-y axis,  = 0.34
 
= 0.5 1 +  ( y − 0.2) +  y
2


= 0.5 1 + 0.34(0.79 − 0.2 ) + (0.79) 2 
= 0.91
1
 =
 +  2 − LT , y
2

1
=
0.91 + 0.912 − 0.792
= 0.73  1.0
Af y 58.7( 275)
N b,Rd =  = (0.73)  10−1 = 1178.4kN
 M1 1.0
Minor axis bending

Lcr ,z = 1.0L = 4000mm

Lcr 1  4000  1 
LT ,z = =   = 0.90
iz 1  51.3  86.4 

From Table 6.3 and Table 6.5 of EC3-1-1:

h 203.2
= = 0.99  1.2 ; tf < 100 mm; S275;
b 203.6
choose curve “c” for z-z axis,  = 0.49
 
= 0.5 1 +  ( z − 0.2 ) +  z
2


= 0.5 1 + 0.49(0.90 − 0.2 ) + (0.90) 2 
= 1.08
1
 =
 +  2 − LT , z
2

1
=
1.08 + 1.082 − 0.902
= 0.60  1.0
Af y 58.7( 275)
N b,Rd = = (0.60)  10−1 = 968.6kN
 M1 1.0

N Ed 592.1
= = 0.61  1.0
N b,Rd 968.6

The flexural buckling resistance is adequate.

Step 5 Buckling Moment Resistance
f yW pl , y
M y ,b , Rd =  LT
 M1
where Wy = Wpl,y for class 1 and class 2 cross-sections

Determine Mcr

 2 EI z  I w Lcr 2GIT 
M cr = C1  + 
Lcr 2  I z  2 EI z 
From Table 4.2 of Chapter 4,  = -15.93/15.93 = -1.0, C1 = 2.752

Loading and support conditions Bending moment diagram  Value of C1

+ 1.00 1.000

+ 0.75 1.141

+ 0.50 1.323

+ 0.25 1.563

0.00 1.879

- 0.25 2.281

- 0.50 2.704

- 0.75 2.927

- 1.00 2.752

  2 (210000 )(1550  10 4 )  143  109 (6000) 2 (81000 )(22.2  10 4 ) 

M cr = 2.752 
 1550  10 4 +  2 (210000 )(1550  10 4 ) 
 6000 2  
= 420.9kNm

Non-dimensional lateral torsional slenderness  LT ,

 M pl, Rd Wpl, y f y 497 103  275
LT = = = = 0.57
M cr M cr 420.9 106

Select buckling curve and imperfection factor αLT,

Using Table 6.5 of EN 1993-1-1,

h/b = 203.2/203.6 = 0.99

Therefore, for a rolled H-section with h/b< 2, use buckling curve “b”, αLT = 0.34 from Table
6.5 of EN 1993-1-1.
  LT  1.0
1 
 LT = but    1
 LT + [ LT − (   LT ) ]
2 2 0.5
 LT 2
  LT
 LT = 0.5[1 +  LT ( LT −  LT ,0 ) +  ( LT ) 2 ]

 LT = 0.5 1 + 0.34(0.57 − 0.4) + (0.75)(0.57) 2 = 0.65 
1
 LT = = 0.93  1.0
0.65 + 0.65 − (0.75)(0.57) 2
2

1 1
= 3.08  1.0 ; take  LT = 0.93
LT 0.572
2

Buckling moment resistance:

f yW pl , y
275( 497)
M y ,b,Rd =  LT  10−3 = 127.1kNm
= 0.93
 M1 1.0
Step 6: Design requirement for column in simple construction

N Ed M y ,Ed M z ,Ed
+ + 1.5  1.0
N min,b,Rd M y ,b,Rd M z ,cb ,Rd

592.1 0.75  15.93

+ + 0 = 0.70  1.0
968.6 127.1
The use of 203×203×46 UKC is adequate.

Design for internal column from storey 2 to ground level.

Af y
N b ,Rd =  ;
 M1
N  1169.7(1.0)
A = Ed M 1 =  103 = 7089.1mm 2 = 70.89cm 2
f y 0.6(275)

From section property table, try 254x254x73UKC (A = 93.1 cm2):

b = 254.6 mm, h = 254.1 mm, t f = 14.2 mm, t w = 8.6 mm, c f / t f = 7.77, cw / t w = 23.3,
W pl = 497  103 mm 3 , I y = 11400cm 4 , I z = 3910 cm4 , i y = 11.1 cm, i z = 6.48 cm, A = 93.1 cm 2 .
Step 2: Section classification (refer to Table 5.2)

Since tf = 14.2 mm <40 mm, fy = 275N/mm2

0.5
 235 
 =  = 0.92
 275 
cf/tf = 7.77 < 14, the flange is NOT Class 4
cw/tw = 23.2 < 42, the web is NOT Class 4
 The section is NOT classified as Class 4 section (Class 1, 2 or 3 section).

Step 3: Cross-sectional resistance (Cl. 6.2.4)

The design compressive force, NEd should not be greater than the cross-section resistance
N Ed
Nc,Rd.  1.0
N c , Rd
For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross section,
Af y 93.1  275
N c ,Rd = =  10−1 = 2560.3kN
 M0 1.0
N Ed 1169.7
= = 0.46  1.0
N c,Rd 2560.3
 The compression resistance of the cross section is adequate.

Step 4: Buckling Resistance (Cl. 6.3.1)

The resistance to flexural buckling about minor axis is the critical case in this example.
Therefore the flexural buckling resistance (Nb,Rd) is determined for the z-z axis only.
N Ed
 1.0 For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross section under flexural buckling,
N b, Rd
Af y
N b , Rd = 
 M1
1
=  1.0
 + 2 −  2


 = 0.5 1 +  ( − 0.2) +  2 
Af y Lcr 1
 LT = =
N cr i 1
E
1 = = 93.9 = 93.9(0.92) = 86.4
fy
Lcr , y = 1.5L = 7500mm Lcr ,z = 1.0L = 5000mm
Lcr 1  7500  1 
LT , y = =   = 0.78
i y 1  111  86.4 
L 1  5000  1 
LT ,z = cr =   = 0.89
iz 1  64.8  86.4 
 Minor axis will govern the design

From Table 6.3 and Table 6.5 of EC3-1-1:

h 254.1
= = 1.0  1.2 ; tf < 100 mm; S275; choose curve “c”
b 254.6
 = 0.49
 
= 0.5 1 +  ( z − 0.2 ) +  z
2


= 0.5 1 + 0.49(0.89 − 0.2 ) + (0.89) 2 
= 1.07
1
 =
 +  2 − LT , z
2

1
=
1.07 + 1.072 − 0.892
= 0.60  1.0
Af y 93.1( 275)
N b,Rd =  = (0.60)  10−1 = 1536.2kN
 M1 1.0
N Ed 1169.7
= = 0.76  1.0
N b,Rd 1536.2
The flexural buckling resistance is adequate.

Step 5 Buckling Moment Resistance

f yW pl , y
M y ,b , Rd =  LT
 M1
where Wy = Wpl,y for class 1 and class 2 cross-sections

Determine Mcr

 2 EI z  I w
Lcr 2GIT 
M cr = C1  + 
Lcr 2  I z  2 EI z 
From Table 4.2 of Chapter 4,  = -48.13/48.13 = -1.0, C1 = 2.752

  2 ( 210000)(3910  104 )  562  109 (7500) 2 (81000)(57.6  104 ) 

M cr = 2.752  +
75002  3910  10  2 ( 210000)(3910  104 ) 
4

= 857.3kNm
Non-dimensional lateral torsional slenderness  LT ,

M pl ,Rd W pl , y f y 992  103  275

LT = = = = 0.56
M cr M cr 857.3  106

Select buckling curve and imperfection factor αLT,

Using Table 6.5 of EN 1993-1-1,

 h 254.1
= = 1.0  1.2 ; tf < 100 mm; S275; choose curve “b”
b 254.6
Therefore, for a rolled H-section with h/b< 2, use buckling curve “b”, αLT = 0.34 from Table
6.5 of EN 1993-1-1.
  LT  1.0
1 
 LT = but    1
 LT + [ LT − (   LT ) ]
2 2 0.5
 LT 2
  LT
 LT = 0.5[1 +  LT ( LT −  LT ,0 ) +  ( LT ) 2 ]

 LT = 0.5 1 + 0.34(0.56 − 0.4) + (0.75)(0.56) 2 = 0.64 
1
 LT = = 0.78  1.0
0.64 + 0.642 − (0.75)(0.56) 2
1 1
= 3.19  1.0 ; take  LT = 0.78
LT 0.562
2

Buckling moment resistance:

f yW pl , y
275(992)
M y ,b,Rd =  LT  10−3 = 212.8kNm
= 0.78
 M1 1.0
Step 6: Design requirement for column in simple construction

N Ed M y ,Ed M z ,Ed
+ + 1.5  1.0
N min,b,Rd M y ,b,Rd M z ,cb ,Rd

1169.7 0.75  48.13

+ + 0 = 0.93  1.0
1536.2 212.8
The use of 254x254x73 UKC is adequate.

4.2 External Column

In EC3-1-1, clause 6.3.3(4) gives two expressions that should be satisfied for member with combined
bending and compression. However for column in simple construction, the two expressions may be
replaced by a single equation:

N Ed M y ,Ed M z ,Ed
+ + 1.5  1.0 (4.1)
N min,b,Rd M y ,b,Rd M z ,cb ,Rd
Where:
Nmin,b,Rd is the minimum axial buckling resistance
My,b,Rd is the buckling moment resistance at y-y axis
Mz,cb,Rd is the buckling moment resistance at z-z axis

The Eq. 4.1 is given as the Non-Contradict Complementary Information (NCCI) and stated in Access-
steel document SN048. The equation is valid to use within the following criteria:
• The column is a hot-rolled I or H section, or an RHS.
• The cross section is Class 1, 2 or 3 under compression
• The bending moment diagrams about each axis are linear
 • The column is restrained laterally in both the y-y and z-z directions at each floor level, but is
unrestrained between the floors.

Storey Loading S.W of Total load Reduc Total I.L Total load
(kN) col. DL(kN) IL(kN) tion in after D.L + I.L after
(kN) I.L reduction reduction
(kN) (kN)
4 DL = 72 5 77 27 0 27 1.35x77
IL = 27 +1.05x27=132.3
3 DL = 72 5 154 99 10% 89.1 1.35x154
IL = 72 (9.9) +1.05x89.1=301.4
2 DL = 72 6 235 171 20% 136.8 1.35x235
IL = 72 (34.2) +1.05x136.8=460.9
1 DL = 72 6 313 243 30% 170.1 1.35x313
IL = 72 (72.9) +1.05x170.1=601.2

Design for external column from storey 4 to storey 3.

Af y
N b ,Rd =  ;
 M1
N Ed  M 1 301.4(1.0)
A= =  103 = 1827mm 2 = 18.27cm 2
f y 0.6(275)

From section property table, try 203 x 203 x 46UKC (A = 58.7 cm2):

b = 203.6 mm, h = 203.2 mm, t f = 11.0 mm, t w = 7.2 mm, c f / t f = 8.0, cw / t w = 22.3,
I y = 4570 cm4 , I z = 1550 cm4 , i y = 8.82 cm, iz = 5.13 cm, A = 58.7 cm2 , I w = 143  109 mm 6 ,
I T = 22.2  10 4 mm 4 , G = 81000 N / mm 2 , W pl = 497cm 3

Determination of NEd
From load distribution, N Ed = 341.6kN

Step 2: Section classification (refer to Table 5.2)

Since tf = 11.2 mm <40 mm, fy = 275N/mm2

0.5
 235 
 =  = 0.92
 275 
cf/tf = 8.0 < 14, the flange is NOT Class 4
cw/tw = 22.3 < 42, the web is NOT Class 4
 The section is NOT classified as Class 4 section (Class 1, 2 or 3 section).

Step 3: Cross-sectional resistance (Cl. 6.2.4)

The design compressive force, NEd should not be greater than the cross-section resistance
N Ed
Nc,Rd.  1.0
N c , Rd
For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross section,
 Af y 58.7  275
N c , Rd = = 10−1 = 1614.2kN
 M0 1.0
N Ed 301.44
= = 0.19  1.0
N c , Rd 1614.2
 The compression resistance of the cross section is adequate.

Step 4: Buckling Resistance (Cl. 6.3.1)

The resistance to flexural buckling about minor axis is the critical case in this example.
Therefore the flexural buckling resistance (Nb,Rd) is determined for the z-z axis only.

N Ed
 1.0 For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross section under flexural buckling,
N b, Rd
Af y
N b , Rd = 
 M1
1
=  1.0
 + 2 −  2


 = 0.5 1 +  ( − 0.2) +  2 
Af y Lcr 1
 LT = =
N cr i 1
E
1 = = 93.9 = 93.9(0.92) = 86.4
fy
Lcr , y = 1.5L = 6000mm Lcr ,z = 1.0L = 4000mm
Lcr 1  6000  1 
LT , y = =   = 0.79
i y 1  88.2  86.4 
L 1  4000  1 
LT ,z = cr =   = 0.90
iz 1  51.3  86.4 

From Table 6.3 and Table 6.5 of EC3-1-1:

h 203.2
= = 0.99  1.2 ; tf < 100 mm; S275;
b 203.6
choose curve “b” for y-y axis,  = 0.34
 
= 0.5 1 +  ( y − 0.2) +  y
2


= 0.5 1 + 0.34(0.79 − 0.2 ) + (0.79) 2 
= 0.91
 1
 =
 +  2 − LT , y
2

1
=
0.91 + 0.912 − 0.792
= 0.73  1.0
Af y 58.7( 275)
N b,Rd =  = (0.73)  10−1 = 1178.4kN
 M1 1.0
Minor axis bending

Lcr ,z = 1.0L = 4000mm

Lcr 1  4000  1 
LT ,z = =   = 0.90
iz 1  51.3  86.4 

From Table 6.3 and Table 6.5 of EC3-1-1:

h 203.2
= = 0.99  1.2 ; tf < 100 mm; S275;
b 203.6
choose curve “c” for z-z axis,  = 0.49
 
= 0.5 1 +  ( z − 0.2 ) +  z
2


= 0.5 1 + 0.49(0.90 − 0.2 ) + (0.90) 2 
= 1.08
1
 =
 +  2 − LT , z
2

1
=
1.08 + 1.082 − 0.902
= 0.60  1.0
Af y 58.7( 275)
N b,Rd = = (0.60)  10−1 = 968.6kN
 M1 1.0

N Ed 301.4
= = 0.31  1.0
N b, Rd 968.6

The flexural buckling resistance is adequate.

Step 5 Buckling Moment Resistance

f yW pl , y
M y ,b , Rd =  LT
 M1
where Wy = Wpl,y for class 1 and class 2 cross-sections

Determine Mcr
   2 (210000 )(1550  10 4 )  143  109 (6000) 2 (81000 )(22.2  10 4 ) 
M cr = 2.752 
 1550  10 4 +  2 (210000 )(1550  10 4 ) 
 6000 2  
= 420.9kNm

Non-dimensional lateral torsional slenderness  LT ,

M pl ,Rd W pl , y f y 497  103  275

LT = = = = 0.57
M cr M cr 426.7  106

Select buckling curve and imperfection factor αLT,

Using Table 6.5 of EN 1993-1-1,

h/b = 203.2/203.6 = 0.99

Therefore, for a rolled H-section with h/b< 2, use buckling curve “b”, αLT = 0.34 from Table
6.5 of EN 1993-1-1.
  LT  1.0
1 
 LT = but   LT  1
 LT + [ LT − (   LT ) ]
2 2 0.5
 2
  LT
 LT = 0.5[1 +  LT ( LT −  LT ,0 ) +  ( LT ) 2 ]

 LT = 0.5 1 + 0.34(0.57 − 0.4) + (0.75)(0.57) 2 = 0.65 
1
 LT = = 0.93  1.0
0.65 + 0.652 − (0.75)(0.57) 2
1 1
= 3.08  1.0 ; take  LT = 0.93
LT 0.572
2

Buckling moment resistance:

f yW pl , y
275( 497)
M y ,b,Rd =  LT  10−3 = 127.1kNm
= 0.93
 M1 1.0
Step 6: Design requirement for column as simple construction

Eccentricity moment
(1.35 × 72 + 1.05 × 72) (0.1 + 0.1) = 34.6kNm
10% restraint moment
(1.35 × 10.8 + 1.05 × 10.8) = 32.4
The values for the 10% restraint moment are calculated from the
unfactored floor loads (i.e. 10% of WL2/ 8)
Dead = 0.1 × 24 × 6 2/ 8 = 10.8
Imposed = 0.1 × 24 × 6 2/ 8 = 10.8

Total = 67.0 kNm

Divide moment equally between upper and
lower column lengths = 33.5 kNm
Horizontal Wind load 0.75 x 7.97 = 6.0kNm
Total design moment Mx = 39.5 kNm
Step 6: Design requirement for column in simple construction

N Ed M y ,Ed M z ,Ed
+ + 1.5  1.0
N min,b,Rd M y ,b,Rd M z ,cb ,Rd

301.4 39.5
+ + 0 = 0.62  1.0
968.6 127.1

The use of 203×203×46 UKC is adequate.

For 2nd storey to ground level

Af y
N b ,Rd =  ;
 M1
N Ed  M 1 601.2(1.0)
A= = 10 3 = 3644mm 2 = 36.44cm 2
f y 0.6(275)

From section property table, try 203 x 203 x 71UKC (A = 90.4 cm2):

b = 206.4 mm, h = 215.8 mm, t f = 17.3 mm, tw = 10.0 mm, c f / t f = 5.09, cw / tw = 16.1,
I y = 7620 cm4 , I z = 2540 cm4 , i y = 9.18 cm, iz = 5.30 cm, A = 90.4 cm2 , I w = 250 109 mm 6 ,
IT = 80.2 10 4 mm 4 , G = 81000 N / mm 2 ,W pl = 799cm 3

Determination of NEd
From load distribution, N Ed = 601.2kN

Step 2: Section classification (refer to Table 5.2)

Since tf = 14.2 mm <40 mm, fy = 275N/mm2

0.5
 235 
 =  = 0.92
 275 
cf/tf = 5.09 < 14, the flange is NOT Class 4
cw/tw = 16.1 < 42, the web is NOT Class 4
 The section is NOT classified as Class 4 section (Class 1, 2 or 3 section).

Step 3: Cross-sectional resistance (Cl. 6.2.4)

The design compressive force, NEd should not be greater than the cross-section resistance
N Ed
Nc,Rd.  1.0
N c , Rd
For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross section,
Af y 90.4  275
N c, Rd = =  10−1 = 2486.0kN
M0 1.0
 N Ed 601.2
= = 0.24  1.0
N c , Rd 2486.0
 The compression resistance of the cross section is adequate.

Step 4: Buckling Resistance (Cl. 6.3.1)

The resistance to flexural buckling about minor axis is the critical case in this example.
Therefore the flexural buckling resistance (Nb,Rd) is determined for the z-z axis only.

N Ed
 1.0 For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross section under flexural buckling,
N b, Rd
Af y
N b , Rd = 
 M1
1
=  1.0
 + 2 −  2


 = 0.5 1 +  ( − 0.2) +  2 
Af y Lcr 1
 LT = =
N cr i 1
E
1 = = 93.9 = 93.9(0.92) = 86.4
fy
Lcr, y = 1.5L = 7500mm Lcr, z = 1.0L = 6000mm
Lcr 1  7500  1 
LT , y = =   = 0.95
i y 1  91.8  86.4 
Lcr 1  6000  1 
LT , z = =   = 1.31
iz 1  53.0  86.4 

From Table 6.3 and Table 6.5 of EC3-1-1:

h 215.8
= = 1.05  1.2 ; tf < 100 mm; S275;
b 206.4
choose curve “b” for y-y axis,  = 0.34
  ( )
= 0.5 1 +   y − 0.2 +  y
2


= 0.5 1 + 0.34(0.95 − 0.2) + (0.95) 2 
= 1.08
1
 =
 +  2 − LT , y
2

1
=
1.08 + 1.082 − 0.952
= 0.63  1.0
Af y 90.4(275)
Nb, Rd = = (0.63)  10−1 = 1566.2kN
 M1 1.0
Minor axis bending
 Lcr, z = 1.0L = 6000mm

Lcr 1  6000  1 
LT , z = =   = 1.31
iz 1  53.0  86.4 

From Table 6.3 and Table 6.5 of EC3-1-1:

h 215.8
= = 1.05  1.2 ; tf < 100 mm; S275;
b 206.4

choose curve “c” for z-z axis,  = 0.49

  ( )
= 0.5 1 +  z − 0.2 + z
2


= 0.5 1 + 0.49(1.31 − 0.2) + (1.31)2 
= 1.63
1
 =
 +  2 − LT , z
2

1
=
1.63 + 1.632 − 1.312
= 0.38  1.0
Af y 90.4(275)
Nb, Rd = = (0.38)  10−1 = 944.7kN
 M1 1.0

N Ed 601.2
= = 0.64  1.0
Nb, Rd 944.7

The flexural buckling resistance is adequate.

Step 5 Buckling Moment Resistance

f yW pl , y
M y ,b , Rd =  LT
 M1
where Wy = Wpl,y for class 1 and class 2 cross-sections

Determine Mcr
 2 EI z  I w
Lcr 2GIT 
M cr = C1  + 
Lcr 2  I z  2 EI z 
From Table 4.2 of Chapter 4,  = -24.06/24.06 = -1.0, C1 = 2.752

  2 ( 210000)(2540  104 )  250  109 (7500) 2 (81000)(80.2  104 ) 

M cr = 2.752  +
75002  2540  10  2 ( 210000)(2540  104 ) 
4

= 725.08kNm
Non-dimensional lateral torsional slenderness  LT ,

M pl , Rd W pl , y f y 799  103  275

LT = = = = 0.55
M cr M cr 725.08  106
 Select buckling curve and imperfection factor αLT,
Using Table 6.5 of EN 1993-1-1,
h/b = 215.8/206.4 = 1.05

Therefore, for a rolled H-section with h/b< 2, use buckling curve “b”, αLT = 0.34 from Table
6.5 of EN 1993-1-1.
  LT  1.0
1 
 LT = but    1
 LT + [ LT − (   LT ) ]
2 2 0.5
 LT 2
  LT
 LT = 0.5[1 +  LT ( LT −  LT ,0 ) +  ( LT ) 2 ]

 LT = 0.5 1 + 0.34(0.55 − 0.4) + (0.75)(0.55)2 = 0.64 
1
 LT = = 0.94  1.0
0.64 + 0.642 − (0.75)(0.55) 2
1 1
= 3.31  1.0 ; take  LT = 0.94
LT 0.552
2

Buckling moment resistance:

fW 275(799)
M y ,b, Rd =  LT y pl , y = 0.94  10− 3 = 206.5kNm
 M1 1.0
Step 6: Design requirement for column as simple construction
Eccentricity moment
(1.35 × 72 + 1.05 × 72) (0.1 + 0.1) = 34.6kNm
10% restraint moment
(1.35 × 10.8 + 1.05 × 10.8) = 32.4
The values for the 10% restraint moment are calculated from the
unfactored floor loads (i.e. 10% of WL2/ 8)
Dead = 0.1 × 24 × 6 2/ 8 = 10.8
2
Imposed = 0.1 × 24 × 6 / 8 = 10.8

Total = 67.0 kNm

Divide moment equally between upper and
lower column lengths = 33.5 kNm
Horizontal wind load 0.75 x 24.06 = 18.0 kNm
Total design moment Mx = 51.5 kNm

From Table 4.2 of Chapter 4,  = -24.06/24.06 = -1.0, C1 = 2.752

Step 6: Design requirement for column in simple construction

N Ed M y ,Ed M z ,Ed
+ + 1.5  1.0
N min,b,Rd M y ,b,Rd M z ,cb ,Rd

601.2 51.5
+ + 0 = 0.89  1.0
944.7 206.5

Use 203×203×71 UKC, adequate.

Check for connections
Calculations are given for a connection to a perimeter column at first floor level as the
moment developed from the wind is maximum.

Dead load plus imposed load plus wind load

Design moment at ULS: (Moment from 10% beam restraint and wind horizontal loads)
M = (1.35 × 10.8 + 1.05 × 10.8) + 0.75(13.08+24.06) = 53.8 kNm < 80kN.m OK

Design shear at ULS: (Shear from beam reactions and horizontal force due to wind)
Fv = (1.35 × 72 + 1.05 × 72) + 53.8 / 3 = 190.7 kN < 258kN OK

Column panel shear at ULS

Connection has an effective lever arm of 384 mm.

Column size 203 x 203 x71

Shearing force on column web panel = 53.8/0.384 = 140.1kN < 353kN OK

Size of beam 457 x 152 x 52 UKB

10.6kN 2.66kNm 5.31kNm

2.0

21.2kN 7.97kNm 15.93kNm Fc4 2.0

2.0

21.2kN 13.28kNm 26.55kNm Fc3 2.0

2.0

23.9kN 24.06kNm 48.13kNm Fc2 2.0

2.5

Fc1 2.5

10.6kN 2.66kNm

21.2kN 10.62kNm

21.2kN 21.24kNm

23.9kN 37.34kNm
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

Sway deflections can be calculated using any recognized method. The method used in the
design example is a simplified procedure developed by Wood and Roberts.

The actual frame is replaced by a substitute beam-column frame. The basis of the substitute
frame is that:

(i) For horizontal loading on the actual frame, the rotations of all joints at any one level are
approximately equal, and

(ii) Each beam restrains a column at both ends.

• The total stiffness Kb of a beam in the substitute frame is obtained from a summation
over all the beams in the actual frame at the level being considered.
• The total stiffness Kc of a column in the substitute frame is obtained by a summation
over all the columns in the actual frame at the level being considered.
• In the simplified method of Wood and Roberts, the sway of a storey is dependent
partly on stiffness distribution coefficients calculated for the substitute frame.
• To allow for continuity of columns in a multi-storey structure, it is recognized that
each floor beam restrains column lengths above and below its own level. This is
reflected in the form of the distribution coefficients.
• The stiffness distribution coefficients enable a non-dimensional sway index φ to be
determined from the chart given below .

By definition:
φ = Δ/h / Fh/(12EKc )
Where
Δ/h is the sway angle of the storey being considered
F is the total wind shear on the column of the substitute frame
E is Young’s modulus of elasticity (210 kN/mm2)
 406x140x39UKB
305x165x54UB
10.6kN 10.6kN kb4

203x203x46UKC

203x203x71UC 203x203x46UKC
203x203x52UC

203x203x52UC
457x152x52UKB kc4 4.0
21.2kN 305x165x54UB 21.2kN kb3

457x152x52UKB kc3 4.0

21.2kN 305x165x54UB 21.2kN kb2

254x254x89UC
kc2 4.0
203x203x71UKC
457x152x52UKB

203x203x71UKC
23.9kN 305x165x54UB 23.9kN kb1

kc1 5.0

6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

STIFFNESS IN SUBSTITUTE FRAME

Storey Beam span Total stiffness of beam

I b (cm4) Lb(cm) Kb total = 3Ib/Lb Kb total (cm3)

4 12500 600 3 x 4 x 12500/600 250

3 21400 600 3 x 4 x 21400/600 428
2 21400 600 3 x 4 x 21400/600 428
1 21400 600 3 x 4 x 21400/600 428

Storey External Internal Column Total stiffness of column Kcol. total

I ext. col I int. col height Kcol = Icol/h (cm3)
(cm4) (cm4) h (cm)
4 4570 4570 400 5 x 4570/400 57.1
3 4570 4570 400 5x 4570/400 57.1
2 7620 11400 400 2 x 7620/400 + 123.6
3 x 11400/400
1 7620 11400 500 2 x 7620/500 + 98.9
3 x 11400/500
 STIFFNESS DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS

Joint stiffness coefficients

Storey Kc + Ku
Kt = Kc + Kl
Ktop Kb = Kbottom
K c + K u + K bt K c + K l + K bb

4
0 + 57.1 0.19 57.1 + 57.1 0.21
Kt = Kb =
0 + 57.1 + 250 57.1 + 57.1 + 428

3
57.1 + 57.1 0.21 57.1 + 123.6 0.30
Kt = Kb =
57.1 + 57.1 + 428 57.1 + 123.6 + 428

2
57.1 + 123.6 0.30 123.6 + 98.9 0.34
Kt = Kb =
57.1 + 123.6 + 428 123.6 + 98.9 + 428

1
123.6 + 98.9 0.34 0 0
Kt =
123.6 + 98.9 + 428

where: Ku is the stiffness of the column above the storey

Kl is the stiffness of the column below the storey
Kbt is the stiffness of the beam above the storey
Kbb is the stiffness of the beam below the storey
 Sway deflections for a rigid frame

Storey h (cm)  Fh Δ/h(m

kt kb ϴ F (kN) =
h 12 Ek c Δ(mm)
m)
4  10.6  400  1.39 1/2441 1.6
=
0.19 0.21 1.39 10.6 400 h 12  21000  57.1

3  31.9  400 1.50 1/752 3.0

=
0.21 0.30 1.50 31.9 400 h 12  21000  57.1
2  53.1 400 1.72 1/853 4.7
=
0.30 0.34 1.72 53.1 400 h 12  21000 123.6

1  77.0  500 1.37 1/473 10.6

=
0.34 0 1.37 77.0 500 h 12  21000  98.9
Total 19.9

Sway deflections allowing for connection flexibility

Storey Rigid Limit Wind moment Limit

connection h/300 connection h/300
Δ(mm) (mm) 1.5 x Δ(mm) (mm)
4 1.6 13.3 2.4 13.3
3 3.0 13.3 4.5 13.3
2 4.7 13.3 7.12 13.3
1 10.6 16.7 15.9 16.7
Total 19.9 56.7 29.9 56.7