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Lesson 1 Material Testing

Material testing is a branch of engineering that determines the properties of materials. There are various techniques and principles involved in material testing through the use of equipment and analysis of results. Test methods are used to establish metrics like strength, hardness, elasticity and more for materials like metals, woods, cement, plastics and others. Proper material selection involves considering available materials, required properties, costs and testing to verify suitability for an application. Standardized specifications help define material quality and properties to facilitate consistent selection and procurement.

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Deniell Kahlil Kyro Gabon
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83 views

Lesson 1 Material Testing

Material testing is a branch of engineering that determines the properties of materials. There are various techniques and principles involved in material testing through the use of equipment and analysis of results. Test methods are used to establish metrics like strength, hardness, elasticity and more for materials like metals, woods, cement, plastics and others. Proper material selection involves considering available materials, required properties, costs and testing to verify suitability for an application. Standardized specifications help define material quality and properties to facilitate consistent selection and procurement.

Uploaded by

Deniell Kahlil Kyro Gabon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Material Testing

It is a branch of engineering especially those dealing with materials, properties of which


must be determined by test.

The Basic Study of Material Testing

1. TECHNIQUE OF TESTING. How do commonly used types of equipments operate? Is the


apparatus widely used? What are commonly variants of ordinary apparatus? What
limitations are imposed by the apparatus in the accuracy that can be obtained? Lacking
first class equipment, how can one get rough but significant results from crude test in
the field?
2. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE TESTING APPARATUS AND
PROCEDURE. Are the assumed conditions satisfied? What are the most likely go wrong
or incorrect results? What apparent crudities can be overlooked? What refinement can
be obtained with greater accuracy?
3. THEORY OF MEASUREMENT. What is the precision of results? Which of the
measurement involved control the precision of the final result? Are those effort wasted
securing needless precision in some of the measurement?
4. VARIABILITY OF MATERIALS. How many tests are necessary to give significant average?
What variation from the average is cause for rejection of the individual values? What
range in strength may be expected from the given material as it is used under job
condition?
5. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS. What is the significance of test results? Can be
numerical results applied directly to design similar use, or are they of value only for the
comparison with other results? How can the results of arbitrary test be interpreted?
Considering the method of testing and the kind of material, what are the limitations of
the test result or how reliable are the test data?

ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Principal material used in building structures and machines are metal, woods, Portland
cements, concretes, bituminous mixtures, clay products, masonry materials and plastics.
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

CLASS PROPERTIES

1. General - Density or relative density


- Porosity
- moisture content
- macrostructure
- microstructure

2. Chemical - oxide or compound composition


- Acidity or alkalinity
- Resistance to corrosion and
weathering

3. Physicochemical - Water absorption or water repellent


action
- Shrinkage and swell due to
moisture change

4. Mechanical - Strength
- Tension, compression, shear and
flexure
- Elasticity, plasticity
- Ductility, brittleness
- Hardness, wear resistance

5. Thermal - specific heat


- Expansion
- Conductivity

6. Electrical and magnetic - magnetic, magnetic permeability


- Galvanic action

7. acoustical - sound transmission


- sound reflection

8. optical - color
- light transmission
- light reflection
TWO SOURCES IN SELECTION OF MATERIALS

1. Knowledge or record of performance of material actual service


2. The result of test made to supply data on performance

CONSIDERATION INVOLVE IN SELECTION OF MATERALS

1. Kinds of material available


2. Properties of various materials
3. Service requirements of materials
4. Relative economy of various materials and various form of particular material.
5. Method of preparation of various materials
6. Method of specifications and their relation to uniformity and dependability of
product secure
7. Method of testing and inspection and their significance with respect to measures of
desired properties.

TESTING OF MATERIALS

OBJECTIVE OF TESTING MATERIALS

1. To supply routine information on the quality of project commercial or control testing.


2. To develop new or better information on known materials to develop new material
research and development work.
3. To obtain accurate measurement of fundamental properties or physical constant.

COMMERICIAL TESTING

Is concerned principally either the acceptability of materials under purchase


specifications or with the control of production or manufacture.

COMMON PURPOSES OF MATERIAL RESEARCH

1. To obtain new understanding of known material.


2. To discover the properties of new materials.
3. To develop meaningful standards of quality or test procedures.

GENERAL METHOD IN INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF TEST

1. Test on full size of structure, members or parts.


2. Test on models of structure, members or parts.
3. Test of specimens out from finish part.
4. Test on specimen of raw or processed materials.
SPECIFICATIONS

It is the attempt on the part of the consumer to tell the procedure what is wanted.
Obviously, the skill and accuracy with which thing can be specified depends upon the state of
knowledge concerning it and on the precision with which its qualities can be determined.

SPECIFICATION TYPES

A specification often falls short of the ideal for a number of reasons, some of which are
the following:

Failure of Specifications

1. It may be so loose as to admit material inferior quality.


2. It may be overly restrictive and so exclude an equal or more efficient material.
3. It may be based on inadequate or improper criteria with respect to the type of service
required.
4. It may make no provision or inadequate provision for proper enforcement.

Specification for materials of construction may define the requirements for acceptability of the
material in one or all of the following ways:

1. By specifying the method of manufacturer.


2. By specifying form, dimension, and finished.
3. By specifying desired chemical, physical or mechanical properties.

STANDARD SPECIFICATION

A notable development of the twentieth century has been the preparation and use of
standard specifications. A standard specification for materials is usually the result of agreement
among those concerned in a particular field and involves acceptance for use by participating
agencies.

ADVANTAGES OF STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS:

1. They usually represent the combined knowledge of the producer and consumer and
reduced the possibility of misunderstanding to a minimum.
2. They give the manufacturer a standard of production and so tend to result in more
uniform product and to reduce the number required varieties of stock, lowering the
attendant waste and therefore lowering the cost.
3. They lower unit cost by making possible the mass production of standardized
commodities.
4. They permit the consumer to use a specification that has been tried and is enforceable.
5. They permit the designer to select material that there is reasonable assurance of
getting.
6. They simplify the preparation of special use specifications because published standard
specifications can be incorporated by references.
7. They did the purchasing agent in securing truly competitive bids and in comparing bids.
8. They set standard testing of procedures in commercial testing and hence permit
comparison to test result obtained from different laboratories.

Testing to Determine Mechanical Properties

The primary purpose for testing small, clear specimens is to obtain the mechanical
properties of various species and provide the means of control and comparison in production
activities. It provides relationship between mechanical and physical properties, working stress
data, correlation between environment condition, hood imperfection and mechanical properties

Mechanical Test

1. Static bending
2. Impact bending
3. Compression parallel to the grain
4. Compression perpendicular to the grain
5. Tension parallel to the grain
6. Nail withdrawal
7. Radial and tangential shrinkage
8. Toughness
9. Hardness
10. Cleavage
11. Tension perpendicular to the grain
12. Specific gravity
13. Moisture content determination

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