ETHICS

WHAT IS ETHICS? the blind spots as the differences between who you
- Ethics or moral philosophy can be provisionally want to be and who you are.
described as the empirical study of moral decisions.  - For moralists, following one's interests is not wrong;
- It is a discipline concerned with what is morally good an ethical individual must be able – at least
and evil, right and wrong.  occasionally–to place the needs of others ahead of
- refers to any scheme or philosophy of universal ideals self-interest, because of our duty to civil society.
or beliefs. (Bazerman, Max H. & Tenbrunsel Ann E. (2012),
- derived from the Greek word “ethos” which may mean Silverstone, Sean (2011)
tradition, habit, character, or attitude. - the study of ethics should consider making it possible
- not only about the nature of specific courses of action, for an individual to fully understand what his
but it is also about the goodness of people and what it conscience is, how he has gained it, how far he is
means to lead a decent life. (Leandro, Jr & Gubia-on, willing and able to respect his outward manifestations
2018) with protection, and how well he can strengthen it and
- concerned about the correctness and wrongness of make it even smarter. Leano Jr. & Gunta-on (2018)
the act. importance of ethics were profounded and
**is a very important discipline because it these are follows:
involves critical thinking, as it explores and describes (1) through ethics people can determine the difference
fundamental beliefs, standards, ideals, and traditions; a between right from wrong, good and bad; (2) people
higher level of human discipline. can eliminate actions that do not conform to what is
- ethics is divided into normative and meta-ethics. right; (3) people will be very careful to the actions and
**normative ethics concerns human behavior decisions to make; (4) people will not be disturbed of
in general, is to address our questions about the the internal and external factors of not doing the right
essence of human behavior. by definition, examine thing; (5) establish good habits of characters of a
whether or not a particular act should or should not be person; (6) come up to rational decisions in facing an
carried out. ethical dilemma; (7) it makes a person responsible in
- two fields of normative ethics: moral the family, school and society; (8) a person becomes
philosophy and applied ethics or practical ethics. sensitive to the needs of others more than himself or
- Moral philosophy deals with moral ideas such herself; and (9) reminds a person to fully need
as what human beings "must do or how human beings conscience in decision making and a person can
should be." acknowledge the actions made.
- also deals with moral obligation, the meaning of the THE DIFFERENCES OF MORAL AND NON-MORAL
act, or the purpose of the act. STANDARDS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL
- Applied ethics is a philosophy that discusses STANDARDS
strong and basic moral issues linked to abortion. - Moral standards refer to the guidelines we have on
**Meta-ethics is a discipline that relies on the types of acts that we find to be morally permissible
meaning. and morally unacceptable.
- normative ethics seeks to examine how human beings - It deals with issues that can either potentially
respond to a moral question; also aims to clarify and threaten or greatly benefit human beings. (Leandro, Jr
prescribe common expectations on what human beings & Gubia-on, 2018)
should do to interact with others in society and in a - Moral standards normally promote the common
meaningful way. (Maboloc, 2012) good, that is, the welfare and well-being of human
beings, animals, and the environment.
- Moral standards are a blending of norms and values.
Characteristics of morals standards as mentioned
by Velasquez (2012) and vocabularies such as:
(1) Moral standards entail serious harm or benefit.
Examples of this are the following: theft & the murder
of innocent people (cause harm), respect others & a
feeding program for the poor, (produce benefits and
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS the action has done is helpful to human beings).
- ethics is all about decisions. Why does others lack of (2) Moral standards are not determined by authority
ethics? Bazerman and Ann Trebrunsel (2011) identify figures. Moral values should always be upheld, even
ETHICS
though they are at odds with self-interest. Example: right and wrong to guide their decision-making.
Cheating on examination wherein the students should HOW MORAL STANDARDS ARE FORMED
not cheat during exams as a rule in an educational - Morals are shaped by the beliefs of an individual.
institution and in doing such an act, cheating, is wrong. - Values are the basis of the capacity of an individual to
distinguish between right and wrong.
(3) Moral standards should be adopted over other - Morals build on this to form concrete, context- driven
values, including self-interest. Moral standards should rules that regulate the actions of an individual.
always be retained even if they are at stake with self- - formed from the experience of a person's life and are
interest. subject to opinion.
(4) Moral standards are focused on objective - various factors on how moral standards are
considerations. The basis of considerations and influenced:
decisions must not be favorable only to a particular (1) the moral values or principles that we conform
person or group. Anyone who commits mistakes and with, in our rearing; (2) the character and manners
wrongful acts then is punished accordingly. It must be that imbibed with us by means of birthright; (3) the
an unbiased or impartial consideration. religious values that our forefathers taught us; (4) the
(5) Moral standards are perceived to be universal. We values we learned from school; (5) the moral conduct,
want everyone to live up to these norms and feel ways and habits of those people around us; (6) the
resentful when somebody doesn't live up to them. direct and implied cultural norms; (7) our life
Moral standards believed to be universal as it is experiences; and (8) our critical thinking in these
applicable anywhere and anytime. For instance, lying. experiences.
Telling the truth is a universal standard. Hence, we
should not lie.
(6) Moral standards are correlated with different
feelings and vocabulary. If anyone doesn't live up to
the norm or standards, he will feel guilty, bad, and
wrong. The same is true when someone else does not
MODULE 2: WHAT ARE MORAL DILEMMAS
live up to the expectations, norms, and standards,
- a moral dilemma is a situation in which a decision-
others may feel disgusted at this person.
maker must give preference to one moral principle
- Non-moral standards, on the contrary, apply to laws
over another.
which are not related to social or legal considerations.
A person experienced with a dilemma must
Examples of non-moral standards are the following:
decide whether the moral duty will be given priority;
etiquette, statutes, code of professional ethics, etc.
"whatever action is taken will offend an important
(Leandro, Jr & Gubia-on, 2018)
moral value." definition of Kvalnes (2019)
- a moral dilemma may arise as a result of a prior
personal mistake. It's called a self-inflicted dilemma.
Kvalnes explained (2019)
- a moral dilemma is a situation in which people
assume that they should morally do one thing and that
they should morally do another thing, and occasionally
a third thing or even a fourth thing, but they're not
- Etiquette is a decorum doing any of these mutually contradictory choices
- Etiquette refers conventional ways and uses the rules together. Kurie & Albin (2007)
of etiquette. - ethical dilemma or a moral dilemma is a situation
- Decorum implies modesty and a sense of what is whereby a person has to make a decision. expounded
becoming or is fitting for a person of good breeding: a by Figar & Dordevic, (2016)
fine sense of decorum. The above definitions characterized moral
- Legality and morality are distinct(but often people are dilemma or ethical dilemma as:
confused about these terms). We believe that what is (1) Making an option to one moral value over the
moral is also legal and that what is immoral is not other;
good. Not all that is lawful is moral. (2) A situation where moral values are equally
- The Professional Code of Ethics is a set of guidelines significant;
intended to help practitioners differentiate between
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(3) A scenario where a person has a strong moral (4) Must have a well-balanced interdependence and
reason in action, but not equally strong moral reason co0rdination.
in acting in another way;
(4) A state where a person should morally do one, two, MODULE 3: FREEDOM AS FOUNDATION FOR MORAL
or more and have difficulty in deciding any of those ACTS
conflicting choices. 3.0 KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON FREEDOM AND
- Every human being, experience struggling to make a MORALITY, THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE AND
decision especially if there is an urgency to make a FAIRNESS
choice. 1. KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON FREEDOM
THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS Kant's definition of freedom is the right to
1. ORGANIZATIONAL ETHICAL OR MORAL DILEMMA control one's actions based on reason, not desire.
- As discussed by Lamberto et. al(2013), an - can be simplified to the definition of autonomy.
organizational ethical dilemma refers to a situation - The term Autonomy derives from the Greek term,
that causes an organization to respond negatively or which translates into self-legislator.
positively to an ethical issue that affects staff, - libertarian freedom is not absolute, but in fact, it is
shareholders, and society, as well as corporate ethics the subjugation of oneself to one's wish.
and customers. - There is only one inherent right, freedom
Based on the article of Michigan State (independence from being limited by the option of
University online.com (2020) and Small Business another) to the degree that it can coexist with the
Chron.com (2019), there are common ethical issues in freedom of each other following universal law". "says
the organization such as: Kant,"
(1) Unethical leadership/bad leadership behavior. (2) - Kant makes equality the first of three concepts, such
Toxic workplace culture. (3) Discrimination and as the freedom of a human being as a member of a
harassment/ Peril of employee favoritism. (4) state, the dignity of each person as a subject, and the
Unrealistic and conflicting goals. (5) Use of the freedom of any member of the commonwealth as a
organization’s technology, social media use, resident. (Theory and Practice)
technology, and privacy concerns. (6) Business travel As discussed in “Theory and Practice” Freedom
ethics. highlighted the autonomous right of all individuals to
2. INDIVIDUAL MORAL DILEMMA conceive of happiness in their way.
individual ethical or moral dilemma pertains to a Immanuel Kant accentuates the following
situation where individuals confront with a number of philosophy on freedom:
factors such as peer pressure, personal financial 1. Individuals have the right to choose one's conduct
position, an economic and social status which may based on reason, not desire.
influence all individual ethical standards. mentioned by 2. Individuals have to abide by the rules that they
Smith (2018) follow.
3. STRUCTURAL MORAL DILEMMA 3. Individuals are independent from being limited by
- five concepts in the structural moral dilemma to the option of others to the extent that they may
consider namely: coexist with each other's freedom under universal rule.
(1) Differentiation vs. Integration 4. Equality is the most among the various freedoms
(2) Gap vs Overlap and freedom is the only inherent power. The three
(3) Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity conceps of freedom are the freedom of a human being
(4) Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive Interdependence as a member of a state, the dignity of each person as a
to avoid structural moral dilemma then subject, and the freedom of any member of the
following characteristics must be maintained: commonwealth as a resident.
(1) Must have well-distributed jobs and the laws, 5. Individuals have an autonomous right to be happy in
policies, rules, and regulations must be balanced their own way, and the intervention of another's
through lateral approaches. freedom means forcing others to be happy.
(2) Must have an implicitly defined job description,
roles, and duties to evade from gaps and overlaps.
(3) Must have a clear-cut expectation of the tasks in a
wide range of goals
ETHICS
2. KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON MORALITY Office of Internal Revenue ( BIR)
Kant based his ethical philosophy on the idea Under the 1987 Philippine Constitution
that reason should be used to decide how people will mentioned above, “the rules of taxation shall be
behave. uniform and equal.” “Uniformity in taxation means
- main Kant’s philosophy on morality: equity in the burden of taxation, which can not occur
1. GOOD WILL AND DUTY without uniformity in the mode of assessment as well
2. PERFECT AND IMPERFECT DUTIES as in the rate of taxation. LawDictionary.com, (2015)
3. CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
4. UNIVERSALIZABILITY MODULE 4 WHAT IS CULTURE? HOW DOES IT DEFINE
5. HUMANITY AS AN END IN ITSELF OUR MORAL BEHAVIOR?
Kant's expounded five moral philosophies. 4.0 WHAT IS CULTURE?
(1) The goodwill and duty where he described it as one - culture is at the root of human alienation from the
of a kind because it is always good and maintain moral environment. It's not just a compilation of artifacts or
values. reflection of people's preferences and appreciation of
(2) Kant differentiate perfect and imperfect duties. beauty. Kohak (1984)
Perfect duties for Kant is always true and it is more - culture is derived from the Latin word, “cultus”,
important than imperfect duties. Telling the truth is an which means giving respect to the sacredness of all.
example of a perfect duty. - culture as a concept that refers to a broad and
(3) Kant also made a distinction between categorical diverse collection of often intangible areas of social
imperative and hypothetical imperative. life. Cole (2019)
(4) Besides, universalizability is was set off by Kant. The - culture consists of ideals, beliefs, language systems,
theory of universalizability centered on the action to communication, and behaviors that people have in
be acceptable or permissible, this theory must be common and that can be used to describe them as a
applied to all citizens without any contradictions. group. (sociologists)
(5) Humanity as an end itself of Kant pointed out that a - culture as the collective knowledge and schemes
human intrinsic worth does not depend on something generated by a group of people to perceive, view,
else, it does not depend on whether a person loves his convey, and react to the social realities around them.
or her life or makes other people's lives better. Introduced by Lederach, (1995)
3. KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS - culture as the characteristics and awareness of a
Kant’s corollary meaning of justice and fairness specific community of people, including language,
are the following: religion, food, social behavior, etiquette, fashion,
(1) Justice involves external acts through which an music, and the arts. explicated by Zimmerman (2017)
individual may directly or indirectly influence others. From the definitions above of culture, several
(2) Justice does not affect the desires, wishes, or needs characteristics were drawn:
of others. 1. Culture is an analects of items with cultural or
(3) Justice is concerned primarily with the nature of historical interest.
interpersonal relationships and not with their 2. Culture is a remark of peoples’ choices and0
substance. admiration of beauty.
3.1 TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES THE RULES 3. Culture is in harmony with the environment and an
EMBODIED UNDER THE LAW individual has a role to play on it.
Taxation policy in the Philippines is regulated 4. Culture is wider in scope as it includes beliefs, ideals,
primarily by the Constitution of the Philippines and the communication, language systems, behaviors, and
three Republic Acts. commonality of people within a group.
(1) Constitution: Article VI, Section 28 of the 5. Culture embraces material objects that are
Constitution provides that "the rules of taxation shall significant to a particular group or society.
be uniform and equal" and that "a democratic system 6. Culture is related to the social structure and
of taxation shall be established by the Congress." economic aspects of society.
(2) National law National Internal Revenue Code— 7. Culture is a combination of the skills, talents,
enacted as Republic Act No. 8424 or the Tax Reform capacities, and artifices brought about by a group of
Act of 1997 people to look at, relay messages, and respond to the
(3) Local laws realities of social life.
(4) Taxes levied at national level are collected by the 8. Culture is the attributes and observation of a
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particular group of people which includes language, - Cultural relativism is the desire to consider a culture
religion, social behavior, etiquette, fashion, music, and on its own terms and not to make conclusions based
arts. on the norms of one's own community.
4.1 THE INFLUENCES OF CULTURE IN MORAL - Cultural relativism (CR) is a moral theory that
DEVELOPMENT contends that there are no objective universal moral
Leano & Gubia-on (2018), Baring (shared five rules, and the moral rules that do exist are culturally
points in how culture influences the moral bound.
development of the people and these are following: The definitions of cultural relativism:
1. Culture is always social and communal by which the 1. In cultural relativism, no one can judge a society by
relationship of the people towards one another and their standards in the principle of right or wrong,
their experience as people are the culture’s meadow. eccentric or natural.
2. The culture defines the normative principles and 2. People must understand other societies’ cultures.
behaviors of society. 3. In cultural relativism, the aim is to strengthen our
3. A culture, as best exemplified in the experience of knowledge and interpretation of the practices and
the people, develops restrictions and sets boundaries cultural traditions that are not part of our culture and
and limitations as they live and relate with one that not uncommon to other cultures.
another. 4. Cultural relativism is a moral theory that claims the
4. As culture helps in generating the character and idea of no objective universal moral rules that would
identity of its people, it also includes their moral apply to every culture and it varies depending on the
character. culture of the society.
5. The culture identifies the authorities or the 4.1 PROS OR ADVANTAGES OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM
governing individuals or groups. - advantages of cultural relativism:
4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF FILIPINO CULTURE 1. It creates learning opportunities that could make
Dumaraos (2018) expounded some of the humanity stronger.
characteristics of the Filipinos that set them apart from 2. It eliminates the concept of separate, but equal.
any other culture and society: 3. It creates a system of niche expertise.
1. The Filipino people are very resilient. 4. It encourages respect.
2. Filipinos take pride in their families. 4.2 THE CONS OR DISADVANTAGES OF CULTURAL
3. Filipinos are very religious. RELATIVISM
4. Filipinos are very respectful. - disadadvantages of cultural relativism:
5. Filipinos help one another. 1. There will be actions taken that would be defined by
6. Filipinos values traditions and culture. some as “violent,” “unsafe,” or “wrong.”
7. Filipinos have the longest Christmas celebration. 2. It is based on a concept that people are perfect.
8. Filipinos love art and architecture. 3. It creates a personal bias.
9. The Filipinos are hospitable people. 4. It eliminates the idea that reform or change can be a
4.4 WEAKNESSES OF FILIPINO CHARACTER good thing.
1. Extreme Personalism
2. Extreme Family Centeredness MODULE 6: Universal Values
3. Lack of Discipline 6.0 WHAT IS UNIVERSAL VALUE?
4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative - "value" means something that a person or a group
5. Colonial Mentality believes has a value that merits being sought,
6. Kanya-kanya Syndrome promoted, or privileged.
7. Lack of Self Analysis and Reflection - can be a thing (money, food, art), a state of mind
(peace, protection, certainty), or a behavior that
MODULE 5 CULTURAL RELATIVISM results from those things or states of mind (protecting
5.0 DEFINITION OD CULTURAL RELATIVISM innocent people, telling the truth, being creative).
- Cultural relativism means that we do not judge a Universal values can be unerstood in two ways:
society by our own criteria of what is right or wrong, (1) it could be that something has universal value
odd or natural. because everyone finds it important. (2) it could have
- we will make an effort to understand the cultural universal value when all people have reason to believe
traditions of other communities in their own cultural it has value.
context. Universal value is a concept that it is not
ETHICS
obvious to define because a principle is connected with Declaration of Human Rights, are no less valid today
morality or ethics. Didactic Encyclopedia (2015) than when, over half a century ago, those documents
were drafted by representatives of many different
nations and cultures.” Progress, equal ritghts, human
dignity are accutely needed in this age of globalization.
****lecture by Secretary-General Kofi Annan on Global Ethics,
entitled “Do We Still Have Universal Values?”, at Tübingen
University, Germany
“all states reaffirmed certain fundamental
values as being essentials to international relations in
6.1 SCHWARTS CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL VALUES the twenty-first century”: freedpm, equality, solidarity,
Schwartz described 'values' as 'conceptions of tolerance, respect for nature and shared
what is important that affect the way people choose responsibility.” Millenium Declaration according to Annan
action and evaluate events.' (Sen, 1999) 6.3 BASIC UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES
Schwartz's ten types of universal value are: - basic univeral human values:
power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self- (1) Happiness – it refers to good fortune; pleasure;
direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, contentment; joy. Note of Aristotle’s Nicomachean
conformity, and security. Ethics, “happiness or flourishing or living well is a
1. Power: authority; leadership; dominance, social complete and sufficient good.
power, wealth (2) Peace – is a freedom from disturbance; tranquility.
2. Achievement: success; capability; ambition; It is a state or period in which there is no war or a war
influence; intelligence; self-respet. has ended.
3. Hedonism: pleasure; enjoying life (3) Freedom – is the state of being free or at liberty,
4. Stimulation: daring activities; varied life; exciting life freedom from control, interference, obligation,
5. Self-direction: creativity; freedom; independence; restriction, hampering conditions, etc.
curiosity; choosing your own goals (4) Safety - is the state of being safe; freedom from the
6. Universalism: broadmindedness; wisdom; social occurrence or risk of injury, danger, or loss.
justice; equality; a world at peace; a world of beauty; (5) Intelligence – is a capacity for learning, reasoning,
unity with nature; protecting the environment; inner understanding, and similar forms of mental activity;
harmony aptitude in grasping truths, relationships, facts,
7. Benevolence: helpfulness; honesty; forgiveness; meanings, etc.
loyalty; responsibility; friendship (6) Respect - is a formal expression or gesture of
8. Tradition: accepting one's portion in life; humility; greeting, esteem, or friendship
devoutness; respect for tradition; moderation (7) Equality – is the state or quality of being equal;
9. Conformity: self-discipline; obedience correspondence in quantity, degree, value, rank, or
10. Security: cleanliness; family security; national ability: promoting equality of opportunity in the
security; stability of social order; reciprocation of workplace.
favours; health; sense of belonging (8) Justice – is the quality of being just; righteousness,
****Schwartz also tested an eleventh possible equitableness, or moral rightness: to uphold the justice
universal value, 'spirituality', or 'the goal of finding of a cause.
meaning in life', but found that it does not seem to be (9) Nature – is the material world, especially as
recognised in all cultures. surrounding humankind and existing independently of
human activities.
(10) Health – is the general condition of the body or
mind with reference to soundness and vigor: good
health; poor health. soundness of body or mind;
freedom from disease or ailment to have one's health;
to lose one's health.
6.4 THE HUMAN DIGNITY
6.2 UN CHARTER OF UNIVERSAL VALUES - Dignity is the state or quality of being worthy of
“The values of peace, freedom, social progress, honor or respect. Ex. "A man of dignity and unbending
equal rights and human dignity, enshrined in the principle"
Charter of the United Nations and in the Universal - Dignity is earned and cannot be taken away from
ETHICS
anyone. occasion like wedding, baptism and feast (Agoncillo et
The 1987 Philippine Constitution Article 2 Section 11 al., 2010).
provides, “The state recognizes the dignity of every human person - ‘hiya,’ the Filipino value of ‘amor propio’ is derived
and guaranteed full respect for human right.” This implies that any from the concept of ‘face.’
person in whatever capacity, economic and social status, rich or
poor, educated or uneducated deserve to be respected by anyone. - commonly translated as self-respect or self-esteem,
MODULE 7 THE FILIPINO WAY ‘amor propio’ has been characterized as the high
Filipino Moral Characters: Strengths and degree of sensitivity that makes a person intolerant to
Weaknesses Filipino cultural morality especially that criticism and causes him to have an easily wounded
which concerns social ethics, centers on ideally having pride
a “smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) with others - ‘amor propio’ comes from the person’s tendency to
(De Guzman et al. 2017). protect is or her dignity and honor. Because of pride or
The definition of “smooth interpersonal amor proprio, for instance, a person may refuse offers
relationship” in Philippine culture is principally even if he/she wants to accept them. De Guzman et
supported by and anchored on the following Filipino al., (2017)
values and Filipino traits and values (De Guzman et al. Filipino Traits
2017 and Arcega et al., 2018). Trait is a distinguishing feature or character of a
Filipino Values person or a group of people (Agoncillo et al., 2010).
- Values are those aspects in life that include customs, - common traits among Filipino is hospitality or
traditions, etc., which the people regard as necessary keeping the strangers feel warm and welcome.
and important in their dealings with one another - Filipinos are known by other nations through this trait
(Agoncillo et al., 2010). because they really make an effort to welcome their
- ‘pakikisama’ or sense or togetherness. guests. They want their guests happy, contented and
- doing somebody a good deed, such as helping a comfortable (Arcega et al., 2018). -
relative or neighbor build a house without asking for - makes Filipinos prone to being abused or maltreated
compensation, or helping someone looking for a job (De Guzman et al., 2017).
and so on (Agoncillo et al., 2010). - Family is the unit of society and consists, at least very
- Helping other people even in small little way may recent times, of the parent, grandparents, and the
show ‘pakikisama.’ (Arcega et al., 2018). children (Agoncillo et al., 2010).
- ‘pakikisama’ is having and maintaining ‘good public - Respect for the elders is also observed to the
relations.’ De Guzman et al. 2017 Filipinos. Saying po and opo as well as mano po are
- ‘Utang na loob’ or dept or gratitude is very important taught to children as sign of respect to elders; they are
to Filipinos. It is recognizing and returning the favor to also taught not to interrupt or mingle with the elders
that person in the same measure who help them in while they are having conversations; calling kuya or ate
times of need (Agoncillo et al., 2010). the person who is older in age even they are not
- Filipinos may have ‘utang na loob’ if other people biologically related is also a a way f showing respect
help them during sickness, medication, sending their (Arcega et al., 2018).
children to school, finding a job, or they were saved in - respect to elders make one dependent or irrationally
a life threatening situation. Arcega et al., (2018) obedient to parents or elders (De Guzman et al. 2017).
- ‘Hiya’ or ‘kahihiyan’ or sense of shame is another These Filipino social values are important to
Filipino values (Agoncillo et al., 2010). maintain harmony in Filipino relationships in social
- ‘Hiya’ may be observed to Filipinos in accepting the institutions such as family, school, and community.
food that are offered to them. - ‘smooth interpersonal relationship,’ together with
- They also feel ‘hiya’ in approaching higher authorities Filipino ‘pakikipagkapwa-tao,’ has been deemed as a
like school principal, teachers/ professors, deans, and central core of essential cultural traits that form and
executives that’s why they will look someone whom define an almost stereotypic Filipino character and
they think have the courage to approach higher mora behavior (De Guzman et al. 2017).
authorities (Arcega et al., 2018).
- ‘kahihiyan’ maybe observed in the Filipino families
like trying to avoid doing things that may dishonor
their family’s name and reputation. (Arcega et al.,
2018).
- Sense of shame maybe observed also during family’s