中三數學教學筆記

Chapter 01 More about Factorization of Polynomials (續多項式因式分解) New Century Mathematics (Oxford Canotta Maths)

Section Topic Teaching Notes Classwork or Homework

1.1 Factorization Using Identities - Students should be able to take out Common Factor and use Identities for
factorization.
- Students should be able to justify whether factorization has been completed. Ex.1A
- Students should be able to identify certain features to facilitate factorization.
- Students should be able to apply identities for factorization. Ex.1B
1.2 Factorization Using the Cross-method - Students should be able to write down answers of Binomial Expansion. Ex.1C, 1D
- Students should be able to factorize quadratic polynomials in one variable
by Cross-Method (十字相乘法).
- Students should be able to factorize quadratic polynomials in two variables.
1.3 Factorization Using the Difference - Students should be able to use identities of sum or difference of two cubes Ex.1E Q.16-18
and Sum of Two Cubes Identities in factorization.
Supp. Solve simple quadratic equations - Students should be able to solve and find the root(s) (根) of simple Handout 01-3
quadratic equations with one unknown (一元二次方程).
Harder examples:
1. Solve for θ if 2 cos2θ + 3 sin θ + 3 = 0 where 0o < θ < 90o. 30o
2. Solve for 2 sin2θ - 3 sin θ cos θ + cos2θ = 0 where 0o < θ < 90o. 26.6o or 45o
3. 《九章算術》
「勾股」第十七問： 今有邑方二百步，各中開門，出東門十五步有木。問出南門幾何步而見木﹖

答：六百六十六步，太半步。

「勾股」第十八問： 今有邑，東西七里，南北九里，各中開門。出東門十五里有木。問出南門幾何步而見本﹖
﹙一里相當於 300 步﹚

答：三百一十五步。

「勾股」第十九問： 今有邑方不知大小，各中開門。出北門三十步有木，出西門七百五十步見木。問邑方幾
何﹖

答：一里。

「勾股」第二十問： 今有邑方不知大小，各中開門。出北門二十步有木。出南門十四步，折而西行一千七百
七十五步見木。問邑方幾何﹖

答：二百五十步。
解：設邑長 x 步。
x
2 1775
20 = 20 + x + 14
(x + 284)(x – 250) = 0
x = -284 (rej.) or x = 250
因式分解步驟：
第一步：依降冪 (descending power of variables) 及字母次母排列多項式各項。
第二步：抽取共有因式 (common factor)：首項的負號、各項的分母均屬共有因式。
第三步：數數項數。
3.1 若項數是 2，檢查是否 A2 – B2, A3 + B3, A3 – B3 三款恆等式 (identities) 可以解決。若兩者皆是，先作平方差來解決。若兩者皆不是，除少數題目外，應
已完成因式分解。
eg. 16a2 – 64b2 = 16(a2 – 4b2) = 16(a + 2b)(a – 2b)
6 3 3
x -1 = (x + 1)(x – 1) = (x + 1)(x2 – x + 1)(x – 1)(x2 + x + 1)
exceptional examples: x4 + x2 + 1 = (x4 + 2x2 + 1) – x2 = (x2 + 1)2 – x2 = (x2 + x + 1)(x2 – x + 1)
3.2 若項數是 6, 8, 9 或更多項，利用分組法 (grouping)，先以加號分開各組；每組再自行抽取共有因式，然後完成因式分解。
eg. a2 + 2ab + b2 – x2 + 2x – 1 = (a2 + 2ab + b2) + (-x2 + 2x – 1) = (a + b)2 – (x – 1)2 = (a + b + x – 1)(a + b – x + 1)
3.3 若項數是 3，先檢視是否 (A + B)2 或 (A – B)2 的恆等式，
eg. 4a2 + 4a + 1 = (2a + 1)2
然後留意各係數 (coefficient) 的特徵，分解多項式。
如：雙、單、雙組合﹙不會有單、單、單的係數組合；雙、雙、雙的係數即未抽取共有因式﹚
eg. 2x2 – 3x – 2 = (2x + 1)(x – 2)
3x2 – 7x – 6 = (x – 3)(3x + 2)
或首尾的係數是否平方數的倍數。
eg. 6x2 – 7x – 49 = (2x – 7)(3x + 7)
2
4x – 5x – 6 = (x – 2)(4x + 3)
3.4 若項數是 4，唯有憑數學的經驗，看看是否可以分拆為 2 + 2, 1 – 3 或 3 – 1 的組合。
eg. ax + a – x – 1 = (ax + a) + (-x – 1) = a(x + 1) – (x + 1) = (a – 1)(x + 1)
9x2 – 6x + 1 – 4y2 = (9x2 – 6x + 1) – 4y2 = (3x – 1)2 – 4y2 = (3x + 2y – 1)(3x – 2y – 1)
49x2 – 16y2 + 8y – 1 = 49x2 – (16y2 – 8y + 1) = 49x2 – (4y – 1)2 = (7x + 4y – 1)(7x – 4y + 1)
Chapter 01 More about Factorization of Polynomials Handout 01-1
F.3_____ Name:_________________________________________________( )
A. (a + b)2 ≡ a2 + 2ab + b2 B. (a - b)2 ≡ a2 - 2ab + b2 C. (a + b)(a - b) ≡ a2 - b2 D. a3 + b3 ≡ (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
a3 - b3 ≡ (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
Expand the following Expand the following Expand the following
expressions. expressions. expressions. Factorize the following
1. (x + 4)2 1. (2x - 3)2 1. (x - 3)(x + 3) 21. x4 - y4 21. 2u4 - 32 expressions.
2. (3p + 5)2 2. (5p - 1)2 2. (s + t)(s - t) 22. a4 - 1 22. 2p2 - pq - q2 - p + q 1. 8 - d3
3. (2t + 3)2 3. (3 - 4t)2 3. (7x - y)(7x + y) 23. 16t4 - 81s4 23. a2 - 4ab + 4b2 - c2 2. x3 + 125
4. (3x + 7y)2 4. (x - 3y)2 4. (9a + 7)(9a - 7) 24. p2 - q2 + 4p + 4q 1 2 1 1 3. 4x3 - 108
x2 - y2 + x - y 24. x2 + xy + y2 - z2
5. (10x + 3y)2 5. (6p - 5q)2 5. (8a - 5b)(8a + 5b) 25. 1
6. 2(3x + 5y)2 6. (7a - 5b)2 6. (x2 + 5)(x2 - 5) 26. e2 - (h2 + 2h + 1) 25. x(2x - 2) - (x2 - 1) 4. x3 + x3
7. 3(5a + 2b)2 7. (x - 2ab)2 7. (3u2 - v)(3u2 + v) 27. 4 - x2+ 2xy - y2 26. (x2 + x)2 - 14(x2 + x) + 49 1
8. (x2 + y2)2 8. 3(2a - 3b)2 8. (y3 + 2)(y3 - 2) 28. -81 + 16x4 2z 5. 2 - 4n3
1 9. (a2 - t)2 9. (rs - t2)(rs + t2) 29. 1 - (c - 1)4 27. 6 + yz - 3xy - x
9. (x + 4 )2 3
10. (1 - 2x2)2 1 1 30. (a + 1)4 - 1 28. 4x2 - 9z2 - 20xy + 25y2 6. 4 + 6g3
10. (a + b )(a - b ) x2 - 2x + 1 - 4y2
a 1 31. 29. 36x - 9 + 4y2 - 36x2 7. k6 - 1
10. (3 + b)2 11. (2y - 2 )2 (a - 1)4 - (b - 1)4
32. 30. (ax + by)2 - (bx + ay)2 8. 1 - c6
11. (a + b + c)2 31. (pm + qnx)2 + x(pn - qm)2 9. t6 - 8t3r3
32. x3(x +2y) - y3(y + 2x) 10. p3 + q3 + p + q
33. 2ab - 2mn + m2 11. (x + n)3 - (x - n)3
Factorize the following Factorize the following Factorize the following Harder exercises: - a2 - b2 + n2 4 4
expressions. expressions. expressions. 34. a - 2ab + b2 + 4a - 4b + 4
2 12. 3 π(R + r)3 - 3 πr3
1. x2 + 2x + 1 1. y2 - 8y + 16 1. x2 - 9 1. a2bc + ab2c - abc2 35. p2(2q - 1) - 4q2(p - 1) 13. 27s3 - (r - 1)3
2. g2 + 10g + 25 2. 36 - 12a + a2 2. y2 - 144 2. xp - xq - (p - q)2 - 2q + p 14. x9 - 1
3. 9b2 + 12b + 4 3. 4x2 - 12x + 9 3. 25t2 - 16 3. ac - 2ab - 3bc + 6b2 36. 4(ab - xy)2 15. 8(r + s)3 + 27(2r - s)3
4. 16 + 24n + 9n2 4. 25 - 20x + 4x2 4. 121 - 4m2 4. x2y2 + y2z - y4 - x2z - (a2 + b2 - x2 - y2)2 16. 64x6 + 125(y - 1)3
5. 27y2 + 18y + 3 5. 8m2 - 8m + 2 5. 169a2 - 16y2 5. ac2 - 3b2 + (3a - 1)bc
6. x2 + 4xy + 4y2 6. 9y2 - 24yz + 16z2 6. t2s2 - 36 6. y(x2 - 2z2) + xz(y2 - 2)
17. (3x + y)6 - (x + 3y)6
7. 25a2 + 80ab + 64b2 7. 25m2 - 40mn + 16n2 7. x2y2z2 - 1 7. πR2 - πr2 + ar + aR
8. 80r2 + 40rs + 5s2 8. 9p2 - 6pqr + q2r2 8. 16p2 - 49d2g2 8. -2x2 + 6x2 + 72x4 - x 18. x6 - y-6
9. 4a2 + 20ab + 25b2 1 9. 100x2y2 - a2b2 9. 20x4 + 60x2 + 45
9. 9x2 - 2x + 9 10. (p + q)2 - 81 2a6 - 24a4 + 72a2
10. 144k2 + 24k + 1 10.
9 1 11. 225 - (c + 2d)2 11. 4(x - y)2 + 4z(x - y) + z2
11. k2 + 6 + k2 10. 4 - 5xy + 25x2y2 12. 16a2 - (4a - b)2 12. (a + b)2 + 2a(a + b) + a2
12. k4 + 26k2 + 169 b2 13. 9(h + k)2 - 25b2 13. 4x2 - 20x + 25 - y2
13. (x - 1)2 + 2(x - 1) + 1 11. 3a2 - 2ab + 3 14. 1 - 9(x - y)2 14. z2 - (16x2 - 40xy + 25y2)
12. a3 - 10a2 + 25a 15. (x + 1)2 - (x - 1)2 15. 3(x + y)2 - 4x - 4y + 1
3t 1 16. (5 - t)2 - (2t + 1)2 16. 2(t + 1)2 + 3t + 1
13. 9t2 - p + 4p2 17. 16(x + y)2 - (x - y)2 17. 1 + a2b2 - a2 - b2
18. 81(x - y)2 - 64(2x + y)2 18. b2(a + 1) - c(ac + b)
14. (x - y)2 - 4(x - y) + 4
19. 9a3 - 25ax2y2 19. a(a - 1) - c(c - 1)
20. 8r2 - 50s2 20. 9t2 - s + 3st - 1
A. (a + b)2 ≡ a2 + 2ab + b2 B. (a - b)2 ≡ a2 - 2ab + b2 C. (a + b)(a - b) ≡ a2 - b2

Expand the following expressions. Expand the following expressions. Expand the following expressions.
1. (x + 4)2 x2 + 8x + 16 1. (2x - 3)2 4x2 - 12x + 9 1. (x - 3)(x + 3) x2 - 9
2. (3p + 5)2 9p2 + 30p + 25 2. (5p - 1)2 25p2 - 10p + 1 2. (s + t)(s - t) s3 - t2
3. (2t + 3)2 4t2 + 12t + 9 3. (3 - 4t)2 16t2 - 24t + 9 3. (7x - y)(7x + y) 49x2 - y2
4. (3x + 7y)2 9x2 + 42xy + 49y2 4. (x - 3y)2 x2 - 6xy + 9y2 4. (9a + 7)(9a - 7) 81a2 - 49
5. (10x + 3y)2 100x2 + 60xy + 9y2 5. (6p - 5q)2 36p2 - 60pq + 25q2 5. (8a - 5b)(8a + 5b) 64a2 - 25b2
6. 2(3x + 5y)2 18x2 + 60xy + 50y2 6. (7a - 5b)2 49a2 - 70ab + 25b2 6. (x2 + 5)(x2 - 5) x4 - 25
7. 3(5a + 2b)2 75a2 + 60ab + 12b2 7. (x - 2ab)2 x2 - 4abx + 4a2b2 7. (3u2 - v)(3u2 + v) 9u4 - v2
8. (x2 + y2)2 x4 + 2x2y2 + y4 8. 3(2a - 3b)2 12a2 - 36ab + 27b2 8. (y3 + 2)(y3 - 2) y6 - 4
1 x 1 9. (a2 - t)2 a4 - 2a2t + t2 9. (rs - t2)(rs + t2) r2s2 - t4
9. (x + 4 )2 x2 + 2 + 16 4x4 - 4x2 + 1
10. (1 - 2x2)2 1 1 1
10. (a + b )(a - b ) a2 - b2
a a2 2ab 1 1
10. (3 + b)2
2
11. (2y - 2 )2 4y2 - 2y + 4
9 + 3 +b
11. (a + b + c)2 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab +2bc + 2ca
Factorize the following expressions.
Factorize the following expressions. 1. x2 - 9 (x + 3)(x -3)
Factorize the following expressions. 1. y2 - 8y + 16 (y - 4)2 2. y2 - 144 (y + 12)(y - 12)
1. x2 + 2x + 1 (x + 1)2 2. 36 - 12a + a2 (a - 6)2 3. 25t2 - 16 (5t + 4)(5t - 4)
2. g2 + 10g + 25 (g + 5)2 3. 4x2 - 12x + 9 (2x - 3)2 4. 121 - 4m2 -(2m + 11)(2m - 11)
3. 9b2 + 12b + 4 (3b + 2)2 4. 25 - 20x + 4x2 (2x - 5)2 5. 169a2 - 16y2 (13a + 4y)(13a - 4y)
4. 16 + 24n + 9n2 (3n + 4)2 5. 8m2 - 8m + 2 2(2m - 1)2 6. t2s2 - 36 (st + 6)(st - 6)
5. 27y2 + 18y + 3 3(3y + 1)2 6. 9y2 - 24yz + 16z2 (3y - 4z)2 7. x2y2z2 - 1 (xyz + 1)(xyz - 1)
6. x2 + 4xy + 4y2 (x + 2y)2 7. 25m2 - 40mn + 16n2 (5m - 4n)2 8. 16p2 - 49d2g2 (4p + 7dg)(4p - 7dg)
7. 25a2 + 80ab + 64b2 (5a + 8b)2 8. 9p2 - 6pqr + q2r2 (3p - qr)2 9. 100x2y2 - a2b2 (10xy + ab)(10xy - ab)
8. 80r2 + 40rs + 5s2 5(4r + s)2 1 1 2 10. (p + q)2 - 81 (p + q + 9)(p + q - 9)
9. 9x2 - 2x + 9 9 (9x - 1) 11. 225 - (c + 2d)2
9. 4a2 + 20ab + 25b2 (2a + 5b)2 -(c + 2d + 15)(c + 2d - 15)
10. 144k2 + 24k + 1 (12k + 1)2 1 1 2 12. 16a2 - (4a - b)2 b(8a - b)
9 3 10. 4 - 5xy + 25x2y2 4 (10xy - 1) 13. 9(h + k)2 - 25b2 (3h + 3k + 5b)(3h + 3k - 5b)
11. k2 + 6 + k2 (k + k )2 14. 1 - 9(x - y)2 -(3x - 3y + 1)(3x - 3y - 1)
b2 1 2
12. k4 + 26k2 + 169 (k2 + 13)2 11. 3a2 - 2ab + 3 3 (3a - b) 15. (x + 1)2 - (x - 1)2 4x
13. (x - 1)2 + 2(x - 1) + 1 x2 12. a3 - 10a2 + 25a a(a - 5)2 16. (5 - t)2 - (2t + 1)2 -(t + 6)(3t - 4)
3t 1 1 17. 16(x + y)2 - (x - y)2 (5x + 3y)(3x + 5y)
13. 9t2 - p + 4p2 (3t - 2p )2 18. 81(x - y)2 - 64(2x + y)2 -(25x - y)(x + 17y)
14. (x - y)2 - 4(x - y) + 4 (x - y - 2)2 19. 9a3 - 25ax2y2 a(3a + 5xy)(3a - 5xy)
20. 8r2 - 50s2 2(2r + 5s)(2r - 5s)
21. x4 - y4 (x + y)(x - y)(x2 + y2) 13. 4x2 - 20x + 25 - y2 (2x + y - 5)(2x - y - 5)
4 2 2 2 2
22. a -1 (a + 1)(a - 1)(a + 1) 14. z - (16x - 40xy + 25y ) -(4x - 5y + z)(4x - 5y - z)
23. 16t4 - 81s4 (2t + 3s)(2t - 3s)(4t2 + 9s2) 15. 3(x + y)2 - 4x - 4y + 1 (x + y - 1)(3x + 3y - 1)
2 2 2
24. p - q + 4p + 4q (p + q)(p - q + 4) 16. 2(t + 1) + 3t + 1 (t + 3)(2t + 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
25. x -y +x-y (x - y)(x + y + 1) 17. 1+ab -a -b (1 + a)(1 - a)(1 + b)(1 - b)
2 2 2
26. e - (h + 2h + 1) (e - h - 1)(e + h + 1) 18. b (a + 1) - c(ac + b) (b - c)(ab + ac + b)
2 2
27. 4 - x + 2xy - y (2 - x + y)(2 + x - y) 19. a(a - 1) - c(c - 1) (a - c)(a + c - 1)
28. -81 + 16x4 (2x + 3)(2x - 3)(4x2 + 9) 20. 9t2 - s + 3st - 1 (3t - 1)(3t + s + 1)
4 2 4
29. 1 - (c - 1) -c(c - 2)(c - 2c + 2) 21. 2u - 32 2(u + 2)(u - 2)(u2 + 4)
30. (a + 1)4 - 1 a(a + 2)(a2 + 2a + 2) 22. 2p2 - pq - q2 - p + q (p - q)(2p + q - 1)
2 2 2 2 2
31. x - 2x + 1 - 4y (x - 2y - 1)(x + 2y - 1) 23. a - 4ab + 4b - c (a - 2b + c)(a - 2b - c)
4 4 2 2
32. (a - 1) - (b - 1) (a-b)(a+b-2)(a +b -2a-2b+2) 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
24. x2 + xy + y2 - z2 (x + y + z )(x + y - z )

25. x(2x - 2) - (x2 - 1) (x - 1)2

26. (x2 + x)2 - 14(x2 + x) + 49 (x2 + x - 7)2
Harder Factorization: Factorize the following expressions.
1. a2bc + ab2c - abc2 abc(a + b + c) 2z -1
27. 6 + yz - 3xy - x x (xy - 2)(3x - z)
2. xp - xq - (p - q)2 (p - q)(x - p + q)
28. 4x2 - 9z2 - 20xy + 25y2 (2x - 5y + 3z)(2x - 5y - 3z)
2
3. ac - 2ab - 3bc + 6b (c - 2b)(a - 3b)
29. 36x - 9 + 4y2 - 36x2 -(6x + 2y - 3)(6x - 2y - 3)
4. x2y2 + y2z - y4 - x2z (x + y)(x - y)(y2 - z) 2 2
30. (ax + by) - (bx + ay) (a+b)(a-b)(x+y)(x-y)
5. ac2 - 3b2 + (3a - 1)bc (c + 3b)(ac - b) 2 2
31. (pm + qnx) + x(pn - qm) (q2x + p2)(n2x + m2)
2 2 2
6. y(x - 2z ) + xz(y - 2) (xy -2z)(x + yz)
32. x3(x +2y) - y3(y + 2x) (x + y)3(x - y)
7. πR - πr + ar + aR
2 2
(R + r)(πR - πr + a)
33. 2ab - 2mn + m2 - a2 - b2 + n2 (m - n + a - b)(m - n - a + b)
2 2 4 2
8. -2x + 6x + 72x - x x(6x - 1)(12x + 2x + 1)
34. a2 - 2ab + b2 + 4a - 4b + 4 (a - b + 2)2
9. 20x4 + 60x2 + 45 5(x2 + 3)2
35. p2(2q - 1) - 4q2(p - 1) - 2q + p (p - 2q)(2pq - p - 2q + 1)
6 4 2 2 2
10. 2a - 24a + 72a 2a (a - 6) 2 2 2 2 2 2
36. 4(ab - xy) - (a + b - x - y )
11. 4(x - y)2 + 4z(x - y) + z2 (2x - 2y + z)2
(x-y+a-b)(x-y-a+b)(a+b-x-y)(a+b+x+y)
12. (a + b)2 + 2a(a + b) + a2 (2a + b)2
Chapter 01 More about Factorization of Polynomials Handout 01-2(a)
F.3_____ Name:________________________________________( )
A. Factorization of Quadratic Polynomials in One Variable

[Level 1] [Level 1]
1. a2 + 4a + 3 29. -529 + u2 40. 2a2 + 3a + 1 68. -77u + 42u2 - 49
2. b2 + 8b + 7 30. -72 + v2 + 14v 41. 3b2 + 7b + 2 69. 30 - 25v2 - 5v
3. c2 + 12c + 11 31. w2 + 121 - 22w 42. 5c2 + 8c + 3 70. -132x + 56 + 72x2
4. d2 - 3d + 2 32. 256 + x2 + 32x 43. 2d2 - 5d + 3 71. 16 + 49y2 + 56y
5. e2 - 6e + 5 33. -10y + y2 - 96 44. 2e2 - 11e + 5 72. 36z2 + 49 - 84z
6. f 2 - 8f + 7 45. 7f 2 - 9f + 2
7. g2 + 2g - 3 Expand and factorize the following 46. 5g2 + 3g - 2 Expand and factorize the following
8. h2 - 4h- 5 expressions. 47. 2h2 + 9h - 5 expressions.
9. i2 - 10i - 11 48. 3i2 - 4i - 7
34. a2 + 8(a - 6) 73. 5a(20a + 3) - 1
[Level 2] 35. b(b - 7) - 120 [Level 2] 74. 2(3 + 5b2) - 61b
10. a2 + 8a + 15 36. c(c + 2) - 2(8 + c) 49. 2a2 + 13a + 15 75. 15c(c - 3) + 4(2c + 5)
11. b2 + 10b + 21 37. (d + 3)2 - 12d 50. 8b2 + 31b + 21 76. 4[d(d - 1) + 1] - 3
12. c2 - 10c + 25 38. 18e + (e - 8)(e - 2) 51. 9c2 + 12c + 4 77. 8e + (2e - 1)2
13. d2 - 13d + 22 *39. (2f + 1)2 - 3(f 2 + 3) - 88 52. 10d2 + 21d + 11 *78. (3f - 1)2 + (3f - 2)(3f + 2) - 57
14. e2 + 5e - 14 53. 5e2 - 22e + 21
15. f 2 - 225 54. 64f 2 + 8f - 6
16. g2 - 2g - 35 55. 8g2 - 7g - 15
17. h2 + 24h + 144 56. 4h2 - 12h + 9
18. i2 - 10i - 39 57. 10i2 - 7i - 26
19. j2 + 8j + 12 58. 6j2 + 11j - 35
20. k2 + 11k + 30 59. 15k2 - 77k + 10
21. l 2 - 10l + 24 60. 27l2 + 30l - 25
22. m2 + 2m - 24 61. 24m2 - 10m - 39
23. n2 + 12n - 28 62. 16n2 + 38n - 63
24. p2 - 3p - 18 63. 42p2 - 41p - 66
25. q2 + q - 42 64. -4q2 + 4q + 3
26. r2 - 2r - 48 65. -10r2 + 33r - 27
27. s2 - 10s - 56 66. -18s2 - 21s + 49
28. t 2 - 70 + 3t 67. 3t2 - 63 + 12t
 Handout 01-2(b)
B. Factorization of Quadratic Polynomials in Two Variables

[Level 1]
1. a2 + 3ab+ 2b2 Expand and factorize the following 58. 294x2 + 595xy + 125y2
2. x2 + 8xy + 7y2 expressions. 59. 392c2 + 223cd - 105d2
3. m2 - 6mn + 5n2 31. 21(u2 + v2) - 58uv
4. r2 - 12rs + 11s2 32. 77xy + 4(5x2 - 3y2) 60. 64x2 + 204xy - 135y2
5. c2 + 2cd - 3d2 33. 6k2 - 8p(2k + 15p) 61. 512x2 - 176x - 1815
6. b2 - 12bc - 13c2 34. (x - y)2 + 2(xy - y2)
7. 5x2 + 11xy + 2y2 35. 4(mn - 2n2) + (m - 2n)2 62.(a) Factorize t2 – 2t – 3
8. 2h2 - 7hk + 3k2 (b) Hence, or otherwise, factorize
9. 3p2 - 4pq - 7q2 [Level 3] (x2 + 2x)2 – 2(x2 + 2x) - 3
36. 30x2 + 37ax – 84a2
[Level 2] 37. 12x2 – 68bx + 91b2
10. m2 + 18mn + 56n2
11. k2 + 19kp + 60p2 38. 45x2 - 106x + 45
12. b2 + 4bc - 45c2 39. 32x2 + 60x + 27
13. c2 + 6cd - 40d2 40. 27x2 - 165xy - 100y2
14. a2 - 12ab + 36b2 41. 100x2 - 641x + 100
15. x2 - 7xy - 78y2
42. 30x2 + 161xy - 396y2
16. 6y2 + 19yz + 15z2
17. 14p2 + 3pq - 27q2 43. 54x2 + 105x - 125
18. 21r2 - 17rs - 8s2 44. 250a2 - 435a + 189
19. 12c2 + 16cd - 35d2 45. 80x4 - 51x2y - 275y2
20. 100x2 + 180xy + 81y2 46. 160x2 - 140xy + 15y2
21. 30m2 + 76mn - 80n2
47. 300x2 - 140xy - 1029y2
22. -19x2 + 36xy + 63y2
23. -6y2 + 35yz - 50z2 48. 50x2 + 225xy - 243y2
24. -120u2 - 70uv + 245v2 49. 18x2 - 165xy + 375y2
25. -256m2 + 196k2 50. 147a2 - 42ab - 144b2
26. 2k2 + 126p2 - 32kp 51. 150x2 + 175xy - 294y2
27. 196a2 + 15b2 - 112ab
28. -5mn + 5m2 - 280n2 52. 125x2 + 220xy + 96y2
29. 270pq + 81q2 + 225p2 53. 330t2 + 455t + 125
30. -184xy - 140y2 + 96x2 54. 54x2 + 165xy - 250y2
55. 243x2 + 630xy - 125y2
56. 24x2 + 310xy + 125y2
57. 160x2 - 444xy + 189y2
Answers:

1. (a + 1)(a + 3) 34. a2 + 8a – 48 61. (12m + 13)(2m – 3) 1. (a + b)(a + 2b) 29. 9(25p2 + 30pq + 9q2) 51. (10x + 21y)(15x – 14y)
2. (b + 1)(b + 7) = (a + 12)(a – 4) 62. (2n + 7)(8n – 9) 2. (x + y)(x + 7y) = 27(5p + 3q)2 52. (5x + 4y)(25x + 24y)
3. (c + 1)(c + 11) 35. b2 – 7b – 120 63. (6p – 11)(7p + 6) 3. (m – n)(m – 5n) 30. 4(24x2 – 46xy – 35y2) 53. 5(66t2 + 91t + 25)
4. (d – 1)(d – 2) = (b + 8)(b – 15) 64. –(4q2 – 4q – 3) 4. (r – s)(r – 11s) = 4(12x + 7y)(2x – 5y) = 5(t + 1)(66t + 25)
5. (e – 1)(e – 5) 36. c2 – 16 = -(2q + 1)(2q – 3) 5. (c + 3d)(c – d) 54. (6x + 25y)(9x – 10y)
6. (f – 1)(f – 7) = (c + 4)(c – 4) 65. –(10r2 – 33r + 27) 6. (b + c)(b – 13c) 31. 21u2 – 58uv + 21v2 55. (9x + 25y)(27x – 5y)
7. (g + 3)(g – 1) 37. d2 – 6d + 9 = -(2r – 3)(5r – 9) 7. (x + 2y)(5x + y) = (3u – 7v)(7u – 3v) 56. (2x + 25y)(12x + 5y)
8. (h + 1)(h – 5) = (d – 3)2 66. –(18s2 + 21s – 49) 8. (h – 3k)(2h – k) 32. 20x2 + 77xy – 12y2 57. (4x – 9y)(40x – 21y)
9. (i + 1)(i – 11) 38. e2 + 8e + 16 = -(3s + 7)(6s – 7) 9. (p + q)(3p – 7q) = (20x + 3y)(x – 4y) 58. (14x + 25y)(21x + 5y)
= (e + 4)2 67. 3(t2 + 4t – 21) 33. 6k2 – 16kp – 120p2 59. (8c + 7d)(49c – 15d)
10. (a + 3)(a + 5) 39. f 2 + 4f – 96 = 3(t + 7)(t – 3) 10. (m + 4)(m + 14) = 2(3k2 – 8kp – 60p2) 60. (4x + 15y)(16x – 9y)
11. (b + 3)(b + 7) = (f + 12)(f – 8) 68. 7(6u2 – 11u – 7) 11. (k + 4p)(k + 15p) = 2(3k + 10p)(k – 6p) 61. (16x – 33y)(32x + 55y)
12. (c – 5)2 = 7(2u + 1)(3u – 7) 12. (b + 9c)(b – 5c) 34. x2 – y2
13. (d – 2)(d – 11) 40. (a + 1)(2a + 1) 13. (c + 10d)(c – 4d) = (x + y)(x – y) 62.(a) (t + 1)(t – 3)
14. (e + 7)(e – 2) 41. (b + 2)(3b + 1) 69. -5(5v2 + v – 6) 14. (a – 6b)2 35. m2 – 4n2 (b)
15. (f + 15)(f – 15) 42. (c + 1)(5c + 3) = -5(5v + 6)(v – 1) 15. (x + 6y)(x – 13y) = (m + 2n)(m – 2n) (x2 + 2x + 1)(x2 + 2x – 3)
16. (g + 5)(g – 7) 43. (2d – 3)(d – 1) 70. 4(18x2 – 33x + 14) 16. (2y + 3z)(3y + 5z) = (x + 1)2(x – 1)(x + 3)
17. (h + 12)2 44. (2e – 1)(e – 5) = 4(3x – 2)(6x – 7) 17. (2p + 3q)(7p – 9q) 36. (5x + 12a)(6x – 7a)
18. (i + 3)(i – 13) 45. (f – 1)(7f – 2) 71. (7y + 4)2 18. (3r + s)(7r – 8s) 37. (2x – 7b)(6x – 13b)
19. (j + 2)(j + 6) 46. (g + 1)(5g – 2) 72. (6z – 7)2 19. (2c + 5d)(6c – 7d) 38. (5x – 9)(9x – 5)
20. (k + 5)(k + 6) 47. (h + 5)(2h – 1) 20. (10x + 9y)2 39. (4x + 3)(8x + 9)
21. (l – 4)(l – 6) 48. (i + 1)(3i – 7) 73. 100a2 + 15a – 1 21. 2(15m2 + 38mn – 40n2) 40. (9x + 5y)(3x – 20y)
22. (m + 6)(m – 4) = (5a + 1)(20a – 1) = 2 (3m + 10n)(5m – 4n) 41. (4x – 25)(25x – 4)
23. (n + 14)(n – 2) 49. (a + 5)(2a + 3) 74. 10b2 – 61b + 6 22. –(19x2 – 36xy – 63y2) 42. (5x + 36y)(6x – 11y)
24. (p + 3)(p – 6) 50. (b + 3)(8b + 7) = (10b – 1)(b – 6) = -(19x + 21y)(x – 3y) 43. (9x + 25)(6x – 5)
25. (q + 7)(q – 6) 51. (3c + 2)2 75. 15c2 – 37c + 20 23. –(6y2 – 35yz + 50z2) 44. (25a – 21)(10a – 9)
26. (r + 6)(r – 8) 52. (10d + 11)(d + 1) = (3c – 5)(5c – 4) = -(2y – 5z)(3y – 10z) 45. (16x2 + 25y)(5x2 – 11y)
27. (s + 4)(s – 14) 53. (5e – 7)(e – 3) 76. 4d2 – 4d + 1 24. -5(24u2 + 14uv – 49v2) 46. 5(32x4 – 28x2y + 3y2)
28. (t + 10)(t – 7) 54. 2(32f 2 + 4f – 3) = (2d – 1)2 = -5(4u + 7v)(6u – 7v) = 5(8x2 – y)(4x2 – 3y)
29. (u + 23)(u – 23) = 2(4f – 1)(8f + 3) 77. 4e2 + 4e + 1 25. 4(49k2 – 64m2) 47. (30x + 49y) (10x – 21y)
30. (v + 18)(v – 4) 55. (g + 1)(8g – 15) = (2e + 1)2 = 4(7k + 8m)(7k – 8m) 48. (5x + 27y) (10x – 9y)
31. (w – 11)2 56. (2h – 3)2 78. 18f 2 – 6f – 60 26. 2(k2 – 16kp + 63p2) 49. 3(6x2 – 55xy + 125y2)
32. (x + 16)2 57. (10i + 13)(i – 2) = 6(3f 2 – f – 10) = 2(k – 7p)(k – 9p) = 3(x – 5y)(6x – 25y)
33. (y + 6)(y – 16) 58. (2j + 7)(3j – 5) = 6(3f + 5)(f – 2) 27. (14a – 3b)(14a – 5b) 50. 3(49a2 – 14ab – 48b2)
59. (15k – 2)(k – 5) 28. 5(m2 – mn – 56n2) = 3(7a + 6b)(7a – 8b)
60. (3l + 5)(9l – 5) = 5(m + 7n)(m – 8n)
Chapter 01 More about Factorization of Polynomials Handout 01-3
F.3_____ Name:_________________________________________( )
Solve the following quadratic equations:
22. 3x2 - 4x - 4 = 0 48. 96x2 - 79x - 135 = 0
[Level 1] 23. 2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 49. 27x2 - 96x + 64 = 0
1. (x - 1)(x - 3) = 0 24. 2x2 - 7x - 39 = 0 50. 40x2 - 438x + 189 = 0
2. 2(2x - 1)(x - 5) = 0 25. 3x2 - 17x + 10 = 0 51. 72x2 - 145x + 72 = 0
3. (3x - 2)(2x + 3) = 0 26. 5x2 - 7x + 2 = 0 52. 36x2 - 19x - 80 = 0
4. x(x - 3) = 0 27. 4x2 - 8x - 5 = 0 53. 96x2 - 241x + 135 = 0
5. 5x(13x + 4) = 0 28. 6x2 - 37x + 6 = 0 54. 640x2 - 1624x - 1029 = 0
6. 3(x - 3)2 = 0 29. 7x2 - 15x - 18 = 0 55. 44 + 7x - x2 = 0
30. 4x2 + 18cx + 8c2 = 0 (c is a constant) 56. 35 - 11x - 6x2 = 0
[Level 2] 31. 12x2 - 23x + 10 = 0 57. 4 - 10x + 6x2 = 0
7. x2 = 9 32. 4x2 - 12x + 9 = 0 58. 12 - 4x - 5x2 = 0
8. 4x2 - 25 = 0 33. 30x2 - 12x - 18 = 0 59. x2 + 4x = -4
9. 7x2 - 28 = 0 34. 9x2 - 6x + 1 = 0 60. x2 + 2x = 15
10. 3x2 = 2x 35. 8x2 + 15x - 2 = 0 61. 3x - 10 = -x2
11. x2 - 5x + 6 = 0 36. 10x2 - 18x - 4 = 0 62. 35x2 + 2 = 19x
12. x2 - 6ax + 8a2 = 0 (a is a constant) 37. 15x2 + 29x - 14 = 0 63. -3 = 26x - 9x2
13. x2 + 7x + 12 = 0 38. 21x2 + 29x - 10 = 0 64. x2 + 121 = 22x
14. x2 + x - 30 = 0 39. 6x2 - 29x + 35 = 0 65. 16x2 - 11 = 14x
15. x2 + 3x - 28 = 0 40. 6x2 - 11x - 35 = 0 66. 3x2 + 3x = 18
16. x2 - 5x - 36 = 0 41. 7x2 + 5x - 18 = 0 67. 2x2 = 12 - 5x
17. x2 - 15x + 44 = 0 42. 24x2 + 15x - 9 = 0 68. (2x - 1)(x + 3) = 9
18. x2 - 22x - 75 = 0 43. 6x2 + 22x + 20 = 0 69. (x - 2)(3x - 2) = 10(x - 2)
19. x2 + 3bx - 54b2 = 0 (b is a constant) 44. 15x2 + 15x - 90 = 0 70. 4x(2x - 5) = 6x - 15
20. x2 + 7x - 78 = 0 45. 72x2 + 65x - 112 = 0 71. (x - 2)2 = 4(2x + 5)2
21. x2 + 23x + 120 = 0 46. 512x2 + 144x - 45 = 0 72. (3x + 2)(x - 3) = 9x2 - 4
47. 225x2 - 706x + 225 = 0
Answers 15. (x + 7)(x – 4) = 0 27. (2x + 1)(2x – 5) = 0 37. (3x + 7)(5x – 2) = 0
x = -7 or x = 4 -1 5 -7 2
x= 2 or x = 2 x= 3 or x = 5
1. x = 1 or x = 3 16. (x + 4)(x – 9) = 0
1 28. (6x – 1)(x – 6) = 0 38. (3x + 5)(7x – 2) = 0
2. x = 2 or x = 5 x = -4 or x = 9
1 -5 2
17. (x – 4)(x – 11) = 0 x= 6 or x = 6 x= 3 or x = 7
2 -3
3. x = 3 or x = 2 x = 4 or x = 11 29. (7x + 6)(x – 3) = 0 39. (2x – 5)(3x – 7) = 0
4. x=0 or x=3 18. (x + 3)(x – 25) = 0 -6 5 7
x= 7 or x = 3 x= 2 or x = 3
-4 x = -3 or x = 25
5. x=0 or x = 13
19. (x + 9b)(x – 6b) = 0 30. 2(2x + c)(x + 4c) = 0 40. (3x + 5)(2x – 7) = 0
6. x = 3 (repeated root) -c -5 7
x = -9b or x = 6b x= 2 or x = -4c x= 3 or x = 2
7. (x + 3)(x – 3) = 0 20. (x + 13)(x – 6) = 0
31. (3x – 2)(4x – 5) = 0 41. (x + 2)(7x – 9) = 0
x=±3 x = -13 or x = 6 2 5 9
8. (2x + 5)(2x – 5) = 0 x= 3 or x = 4 x = -2 or x= 7
21. (x + 15)(x + 8) = 0
5
x=± 2 x = -15 or x = -8 32. (2x – 3)2 = 0 42. 3(x + 1)(8x – 3) = 0
22. (3x + 2)(x – 2) = 0 3 3
9. 7(x + 2)(x – 2) = 0 x= 2 x = -1 or x= 8
-2
x=±2 x= 3 or x = 2
33. 6(5x + 3)(x – 1) = 0 43. 2(x + 5)(3x + 2) = 0
10. x (3x – 2) = 0 23. (x + 2)(2x + 1) = 0 -3 -2
x= 5 or x = 1 x = -5 or x = 3
2 -1
x = 0 or x = 3 x = -2 or x= 2
34. (3x – 1)2 = 0 44. 15(x + 2)(x – 1) = 0
11. (x – 2)(x – 3) = 0 24. (x + 3)(2x – 13) = 0 1 x = -2 or x= 1
x= 3
x = 2 or x = 3 13 45. (9x + 16)(8x – 7) = 0
x = -3 or x= 2
12. (x – 2a)(x – 4a) = 0 35. (x + 2)(8x – 1) = 0 -16 7
25. (3x - 2)(x – 5) = 0 1 x= 9 or x = 8
x = 2a or x = 4a x = -2 or x= 8
2 46. (32x + 15) (16x – 3) = 0
13. (x + 4)(x + 3) = 0 x= 3 or x = 5
36. 2(5x + 1)(x – 2) = 0 -15 3
x = -4 or x = -3 -1 x = 32 or x = 16
26. (5x – 2)(x – 1) = 0 x= 5 or x = 2
14. (x + 6)(x – 5) = 0 2
x= 5 or x = 1
x = -6 or x = 5
47. (25x – 9) (9x – 25) = 0 57. 2 (3x + 1) (x – 2) = 0 68. 2x2 + 5x – 12 = 0
9 25 -1 (x + 4)(2x – 3) = 0
x = 25 or x = 9 x= 3 or x = 2
3
x = -4 or x= 2
48. (32x + 27)(3x – 5) = 0 58. –(x + 2)(5x – 6) = 0
-27 5 6 69. (x – 2)(3x – 12) = 0
x = 32 or x = 3 x = -2 or x= 5
3(x – 2)(x – 4) = 0
49. (9x – 8)(3x – 8) = 0 59. (x + 2)2 = 0
x = 2 or x = 4
8 8 x = -2
x = 9 or x = 3 2
70. 8x – 26x + 15 = 0
60. (x + 5)(x – 3) = 0
50. (20x – 9)(2x – 21) = 0 (4x – 3)(2x – 5) = 0
x = -5 or x = 3 3 5
9 21 x= 4 or x = 2
x = 20 or x = 2 61. (x + 5)(x – 2) = 0
51. (9x – 8)(8x – 9) = 0 x = -5 or x = 2 71. 15x2 + 84x + 96 = 0
8 9 62. (7x – 1) (5x – 2) = 0 3(5x2 + 28x + 32) = 0
x= 9 or x = 8 1 2
x = 7 or x = 5 3(x + 4)(5x + 8) = 0
52. (4x + 5)(9x – 16) = 0 -8
x = -4 or x = 5
-5 16 63. (9x + 1)(x – 3) = 0
x= 4 or x = 9 -1
x= 9 or x = 3 72. (3x + 2)(2x + 1) = 0
53. (32x – 27)(3x – 5) = 0 -2 -1
x= 3 or x = 2
27 5 64. (x – 11)2 = 0
x = 32 or x = 3
x = 11
54. (40x + 21)(16x – 49) = 0 65. (2x + 1)(8x – 11) = 0
-21 49 -1 11
x = 40 or x = 16 x= 2 or x = 8
55. –(x + 4)(x – 11) = 0 66. 3(x + 3)(x – 2) = 0
x = -4 or x = 11 x = -3 or x = 2
56. –(2x + 7)(3x – 5) = 0 67. (x + 4)(2x – 3) = 0
-7 5 3
x= 2 or x = 3 x = -4 or x = 2
In each of the following, form a quadratic equation in x Easy Problems Leading to Quadratic Equations
with the given roots. 99. The perimeter of a rectangle is 18 cm and its area is
91. The sum of a number and the square of the number is 18 cm2, find the length and width of the rectangle.
73. 2, 3 156. What is the number?
74. 2, -3 100. The parallel sides of a trapezium are (h + 3) cm and
75. 7, 7 92. The product of two consecutive positive odd (h + 5) cm long, and the distance between them is
76. 0, 2 numbers is 195. What are they? h cm. If the area is 32 cm2, find h.
77. -2, 3
78. -7, 0 93. The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive 101. If the area between two concentric circles (同心圓)
-1 odd numbers is 74. Find the two numbers. is 95π cm2 and the radius of the smaller circle is
79. 4, 5
7 cm, find the radius of the larger circle.
-1 -1
80. 2 , 3 94. A stone is thrown up so that its height above the
81. 3, -3 ground after x seconds is (28x - 5x2) . After how 102. A rectangle has a diagonal 10 cm long. If the length
82. 5, -5 many seconds will the stone be 15 m above the of the rectangle is 2 cm longer than its width, find
83. 0, 0 ground? the length and width of the rectangle.
1 1
84. 2 , 2
95. Find m if the result of dividing 72 by m is (m + 1). 103. A positive number y is increased by y%, its value is
-1
85. 0, 3 24. Find the value of y.
1 -1 96. The total area of the six square faces of a cube is
86. 3 , 3 294 cm2, find the length of each side. 104. If a man walks for x hours at a speed of x km/h and
2 5 (x - 1) hours at a speed of (x - 1) km/h, he will
87. 5 , 2
97. An open box has a square base of side x cm, and a travel a total distance of 41 kilometres. Find the
3 -3
88. 5 , 5 height of 3 cm. If 64 cm2 of cardboard are required value of x.
-1 to make the box, find the value of x.
89. 3, 3
105. A right-angled triangle has three sides of length
90. If one of the roots of the quadratic equation 98. One side of a rectangle is longer than the other side x cm, 3(x + 1) cm and (3x + 4) cm, where x > 0.
1 by 1 cm. If its area is 30 cm2, find its perimeter. Find
3x2 + kx - 5 = 0 is 3 , find
(a) the value of x, and
(a) the value of k, and
(b) the perimeter of the triangle.
(b) the other root.
YAN OI TONG TIN KA PING SECONDARY SCHOOL Handout 01-4
1. Factorize 5. Find the quadratic equation with the roots -3 and 5.
(a) x2 - 2x - 575
(b) x2 + 188x - 380 6. If –2 and 0.25 are the roots of a quadratic equation, find that equation.
(c) 3x2 + 5x - 2
(d) 2x2 - 7x - 15
3t 4+t
(e) 6x2 + 13x + 6 7. Solve t + 2 = t
(f) 5x2 - 10x - 2200
(g) x2 - 4xy - 12y2 8. Given 6.sin2θ + 5.cos θ - 7 = 0.
(h) 12x4 – x2y – 6y2 (a) Using the Trigonometric Identity, express the equation in the form of
17 1
(i) x2 - 72 x + 72 a.cos2θ + b.cos θ + c = 0.
2 1 (b) Hence, solve the equation for 0o < θ < 90o, correct to 1 decimal place.
(j) x2 + 3 x - 3

(k) x3 – 27 9. The dimensions of a rectangle are x cm by (x+2) cm.

3
(l) 8x + 125 If the area is 80 cm2, find the value of x.

2. Solve the following: 10. A gardener planned to build the fences of a rectangular garden which lies along a
2
(a) 3x - 2x - 1 = 0 river as shown.
(b) 35x2 - 9x - 2 = 0
(c) (2x + 1)(3x - 4) = 2(x - 1)(2x - 1)
GARDEN
3. Solve (a) t2 – 2t – 3 = 0
(b) (x2 + 2x)2 – 2(x2 + 2x) – 3 = 0
He built the fences only on the three sides, leaving one side open. The total
4. If one of the roots of the quadratic equation length is 14 m, and the area of the rectangular garden is 24 m2. Find the
5x2 + kx – 6 = 0 is 0.4, find possible dimensions of the garden.
(a) the value of k, and
(b) the other root.
Chapter 01 More about Factorization of Polynomials Quiz 01-1

F.3_____ Name:___________________________________________________( ) Marks:_____/ 28

1. If 3x2 + ax – 5 ≡ (bx – 1)(2 – x) – 3, then 4. (a) Factorize x3 + 8
(b) Hence, factorize x3 – 10x – 28 (4 marks)
A. a = –5, b = –3 3 2
(a) x + 8 = (x + 2)(x – 2x + 4)
B. a = –5, b = 3
C. a = –3, b = –5 (b) x3 – 10x – 28 = (x3 + 8) + (–10x – 20)
D. a = 5, b = –3 = (x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 4) – 10(x + 2)
E. a = 3, b = 5 = (x + 2)(x2 – 2x – 6)

2. Factorize a2 – 2ab + b2 – a + b 5. Factorize the following: (21 marks)

(a) –7a – 7b
A. (a – b)(a – b – 1) (b) 18cd + 6c
B. (a – b)(a – b + 1) (c) 16e2 – 49f 2
C. (a – b)(a + b – 1) (d) 27g2 – 75h2
D. (a + b)(a – b + 1) (e) r(p – 2q) – p + 2q
E. (a – b – 1)2 (f) 5s(s – 1) + 2(1 – s)
(g) (u + 3v)2 – (u + 3v)(u + 2v)
3. a3 + 8a-3 = (h) (5 – x)2 – (2x + 1)2
(i) 64y2 – 100z2
2 4 (j) 343a3 + 1331b3
A. (a – a )(a2 + 2 + a2 )
(k) 2cx3 – 16cy3
1 1 (l) e6 – 64
B. (a – 2a )(a2 + 1 + 4a2 )

1 1 1
C. (a + 2a )(a2 – 2 + 4a2 )

2 4
D. (a + a )(a2 – 4 + a2 )

2 4
E. (a + a )(a2 – 2 + a2 )
5.(a) –7a – 7b = –7(a + b) (h) (5 – x)2 – (2x + 1)2 Note for factorizing A6 – B6,

= [(5 – x) + (2x + 1)][(5 – x) – (2x + 1)] the first step must treat the polynomial as difference of

(b) 18cd + 6c = 6c(3d + 1) = (5 – x + 2x + 1)(5 – x – 2x – 1) two squares.

= (x + 6)( –3x + 4)

(a) 16e2 – 49f 2 = (4e + 7f)(4e – 7f) = –(x + 6)(3x – 4) eg. x6 – 1

= (x3 + 1)(x3 – 1)

(d) 27g2 – 75h2 = 3(9g2 – 25h2) (i) 64y2 – 100z2 = 4(16y2 – 25z2) = (x + 1)(x2 – x + 1)(x – 1)(x2 + x + 1)

= 3(3g + 5h)(3g – 5h) = 4(4y + 5z)(4y – 5z)

eg. x6 – 64

(e) r(p – 2q) – p + 2q = r(p – 2q) + (– p + 2q) (j) 343a3 + 1331b3 = (7a + 11b)(49a2 – 77ab + 121b2) = (x3 + 8)(x3 – 8)

= r(p – 2q) – (p – 2q) = (x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 4)(x – 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)

= (p – 2q)(r – 1) (k) 2cx3 – 16cy3 = 2c (x3 – 8y3)

= 2c (x – 2y)(x2 + 2xy + 4y2)

(f) 5s(s – 1) + 2(1 – s) = 5s(s – 1) + 2(–s + 1)

= 5s(s – 1) – 2(s – 1) (l) e6 – 64 = (e3 + 8)(e3 – 8)

= (s – 1)(5s – 2) = (e + 2)(e2 – 2e + 4)(e – 2)(e2 + 2e + 4)

(g) (u + 3v)2 – (u + 3v)(u + 2v)

= (u + 3v)[ (u + 3v) – (u + 2v) ]

= v (u + 3v)