CYCLE ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENT

Given A single cylinder SI Engine

Bore 80 mm
Stroke 80 mm
Compression ratio 10:1
Assume Ideal Otto cycle, the working fluid is stoichiometric fuel (CH4) and air
Using MS Excel worksheet to predict P and T of working fluid at each degree
crank angle start from compression stroke (-180 CA) when mixture is at 1 atm,
25C to complete one revolution (+180 CA) as assign condition in following
questions:
1. What is an Engine’s
a. Displacement Volume
b. Clearance Volume
 Answer:
- Displacement Volume (Vh) or Swept volume (Vs) of an engine is the
volume which swept by the piston. The difference between total volume
and clearance volume is known as swept volume.
2 2
πB π ×0.08
Vh(Vs) = × L= × 0.08=4.02124 ×10−4 ( m3 )
4 4
where B: bore of cylinder
L: stroke of cylinder
- Clearance Volume (Vc) is the volume of cylinder when the piston is at
Top Dead Center(TDC).
Vh 4.02124 ×10(−4 ) −5 3
Vc = r −1 = 10−1
=4.46804 × 10 (m )
c

2. Investigate instantaneous piston speed/mean piston speed as a function

of engine crank angle.
 Answer:
- Average and instantaneous piston velocity are:
U p =2 ln ;(1)
ds
U p = ; (2)
dt
Where N is the rotational speed of the crank shaft in units revolutions per
second, stroke length L.
 Up π
( 1 ) ;(2)=¿ = × sinθ ⁡¿
Up 2
3. Show relationship plot between In-cylinder pressure-engine crank angle
(P-θ) (motoring curve) and in-cylinder pressure-volume (P-v).
 Answer:
 First we have equation:
CH4 + 2(O2 + 3.76N2)  CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2 + Q
 Mass of reactant and product in 1 stroke is:
mair= 5.2416816x10-4 (kg)
mCH4 = 3.083342118x10-5 (kg)
Calculate g of the mixture
CV of the mixture at 293.15K
CVmix = (mairx0.718 + mCH4x1.709)/ (mair+ mCH4)
CVmix = (5.2416816x10-4x0.718 + 3.083342118x10-5x1.709)/ (mair+
mCH4) = 0.77305556 kJ/KgK
CP of the mixture at 293.15K
CPmix = (mairx1.005 x mCH4x2.232)/ (mair+ mCH4)
CPmix = (5.2416816x10-4x1.005 + 3.083342118x10-5x2.232)/ (mair+
mCH4) = 1.07316667 kJ/KgK
C Pmix 1.07316667
g = C = 0.77305556 =1.38821
Vmix

- Investigate volume of cylinder as the function of crank angle θ:

The cylinder volume at any crank angle is:
π B2 ( π 0.082 (
V =V c + l+ a−s ) =V c + 0.04−0.04 cosθ )
4 4
Where a = L/2 = 0.04 : Crank shaft radius
Process 1-2: isentropic compression stroke (S = constant) (-180≤q≤0)
( γ=1.38821)

( )
γ
P2 V 1
=
P1 V 2

Process 2-3: Constant-volume heat input (V = constant) (q = 0)

( γ=1.38821)

P2 T 2
=
P3 T 3

Process 3-4: isentropic expansion stroke (S = constant) (0≤q≤180)

( γ=1.38821)
 ( )
γ
P3 V 4
=
P4 V 3

4. Show relationship plot between In-cylinder Temperature and engine

crank angle (T-). (motoring curve)
Process 1-2: isentropic compression stroke (S = constant) (-180≤q≤0)
( γ=1.38821)

( )
γ−1
T2 V 1
=
T1 V 2

Process 2-3: Constant-volume heat input (V = constant) (q = 0)

( γ=1.38821)

P2 T 2
=
P3 T 3

Process 3-4: isentropic expansion stroke (S = constant) (0≤q≤180)

( γ=1.38821)

( )
γ −1
T3 V4
=
T4 V3

5. Show (and give some comments) In-cylinder pressure-engine crank

angle (P-) and in cylinder pressure-volume (P-v). plot of an ideal spark
ignition engine with constant volume heat addition process at TDC.
(total amount of Qin is the amount of complete combustion mixture at
TDC).
The combustion equation per mole of fuel can be written as:
CH4 + 2(O2 + 3.76N2)  CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2 + Q
Calculate in 1 kmole of CH4 react
} }
16 kg fuel+ 9.38 kmole air → 10.52 kmoles products
272 kg 288 kg
Calculate the heating value:
 298.15
(∆H) = -50 +8.3143*10-3*(10.52-9.38)* 16 =-49.8 MJ/Kg fuel
The enthalpy of the products per kilogram of mixture:
1∗(−393.52 ) +2∗(−241.83)
hp = 288
=-3.04 KJ/Kg
The enthalpy of the reactants per kilogram of mixture:
−49.8∗16 −83
hR = hp - 288
=−3.03−
30
=−0.26333 KJ / Kg

Now calculate in the amount of CH4 for 1 cycle of engine

 Number of mole of reactants and products
Number of mole of CH4 = 3.083342118*10-5/16 = 1.927*10-6kmol
Number of mole of Air = 5.2416816x10-4/28.97 = 1.80935*10-5 kmol
Number of mole of product = 2.03643*10-5 kmol
 Mass of reactant and product in 1 stroke is:
mair= 5.2416816x10-4 (kg)
mCH4 = 3.083342118x10-5 (kg)
mCO2 = 9.12x10-5 (kg)
mH2O = 6.84x10-5 (kg)
mN2 = 4x10-4 (kg)
The heating value of CH4
(∆H) = -49.8*3.083342118x10-5 = -1.5355*10-3MJ
The enthalpy of the products:
hp = -3.04*5.55*10-4 = -1.6872*10-3KJ
The enthalpy of reactants:
hR = -0.26333*5.55*10-4 = 1.46148*10-4KJ

Heat capacity at constant volume of CO2, H2O, N2 at NTP:

CVCO2 = 0.635 + 4.32x10-4*t (kJ/kgoC)
CVH2O = 1.3863 + 2.977x10-4*t (kJ/kgoC)
CVN2 = 0.7285 + 7.547x10-6*t (kJ/kgoC)
Heat capacity at constant volume of CO2, H2O, N2 at TDC:
CVCO2 = 0.8150625 + 6.9770833x10-5xt (kJ/kgoC)
CVH2O = 1.48167 + 2.465556x10-4xt (kJ/kgoC)
 CVN2 = 0.7839642857 + 5.20357143x10-5xt (kJ/kgoC)
Heat analysis:
(∆H)+hR = hp + tfinal*Cvproduct*mmixture – tinitial*Cvproduct*mmixture
 tfinal = 2557.36 oC => Tfinal = 2830.533438
g of the product at process 3-4
Cvpro = (mCO2*CvCO2+mH2O*CvH2O+mN2*CvN2)/mmixture = 0.81061 KJ/Kg.K
Cppro = (mCO2*CpCO2+mH2O*CpH2O+mN2*CpN2)/mmixture = 1.1094
g of the product = 1.3686
6. Show relationship plot between In-cylinder pressure-engine crank angle
(P-) and in-cylinder pressure-volume (P-v) of an ideal spark ignition
engine with linear heat release process with burn duration of
a. 20º crank angle. (when ignition timing is 15ºBTDC, 20ºBTDC and
25ºBTDC)
b. 30º crank angle. (when ignition timing is 25ºBTDC, 30ºBTDC and
35ºBTDC)
In this exercise we do calculate step by step
First we have the reaction formular for 1 mole of CH4:
CH4 + 2(O2 + 3.76N2)  CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2 + Q
But in this exercise, in each interval of burning duration, only X mass fraction
burned then we have to calculate base on the mass of mixture burn:
 Number of mole of reactants and products in each interval
Number of mole of CH4 = 3.083342118*10-5/16 = 1.927*10-6kmol*X
Number of mole of Air = 5.2416816x10-4/28.97 = 1.80935*10-5
kmol*X
Number of mole of product = 2.03643*10-5 kmol*X
 Mass of reactant and product in each interval is:
mair= 5.2416816x10-4 (kg)*X
mCH4 = 3.083342118x10-5 (kg)*X
mCO2 = 9.12x10-5 (kg)*X
mH2O = 6.84x10-5 (kg)*X
mN2 = 4x10-4 (kg)*X
 X: mass fraction of reactant burned

At process 1-2: we calculate like exercise 3-4

But at the combustion duration we have the equation:
In the interval of combustion duration:
(∆H)*mCH4 + hr*mmixture = hp*mmixture + Cvpro*(tfinal - tNTP)*mproduct + sensible heat
transfer to odd reactant + sensible heat transfer to the product created in the
previous step of burn duration. (1)
(∆H): heating value of CH4 in 1kg of fuel
hr = enthalpy of reatant in 1kg of mixture
hp*mmixture: formation heat of product
Cvpro*(tfinal - tNTP)*mproduct : sensible heat of product in that interval burning duration.
tNTP: temperature at NTP
tfinal: temperature after combustion in burning interval
Sensible heat transfer to odd reactant: after burning, there will always have the odd
reactant which will absorb the heat from CH4 burned. Then it will be calculated by:
Cvmixture*(1-X*n)*(tfinal – tmedium)*mtotalreactant
tmedium: the temperature inside cylinder.
mtotalreactant: mass of mixture burned in 1 cycle of combustion
n: ordinal of interval
Sensible heat transfer to the product created in the previous step of burn duration:
after the interval burning duration there will have the product, and this amount of
product will participate in the next burning interval and will absorb the heat form
CH4 burn:
Cvproduct*X*(n-1)* (tfinal – tmedium)*mtotalproduct
mtotalproduct: mass of product create in 1 cycle of combustion.
After re-do equation (1) in each step then we will have the result show in excel.
The expansion stroke calculate like exercise 5
 7. Compare the cases in 6) and give some technical comments.
As we can see in the figure:
Clearly, the burning duration of 20 degree in the 15o crank angle have the highest
output pressure. Then we have to set the MTB timing for the highest output power.
As the lesser burning duration, the higher output pressure of engine. And also this
have the output pressure far less than ideal cycle.
8. Show relationship plot between In-cylinder pressure-engine crank angle
(P-) and in-cylinder pressure-volume (P-v). Plot of an ideal spark
ignition engine with S-curve heat release process (Wiebe function with
a=5, m=2) with burn duration of
a. 20º crank angle.(when ignition timing is 15ºBTDC, 20ºBTDC and
25ºBTDC)
b. 30º crank angle. (when ignition timing is 25ºBTDC, 30ºBTDC and
35ºBTDC)
Xn order to calculate the mass fraction of reactant burn we have to used Wiebe
function.

Xb: mass fraction burned.

θ: crank angle
θ0: start of combustion
∆θ: total combustion duration
In this exercise we do calculate step by step
First we have the reaction formular for 1 mole of CH4:
 CH4 + 2(O2 + 3.76N2)  CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2 + Q
But in this exercise, in each interval of burning duration, only X mass fraction
burned then we have to calculate base on the mass of mixture burn:
 Number of mole of reactants and products in each interval
Number of mole of CH4 = 3.083342118*10-5/16 = 1.927*10-6kmol*
Xn
Number of mole of Air = 5.2416816x10-4/28.97 = 1.80935*10-5 kmol*
Xn
Number of mole of product = 2.03643*10-5 kmol* Xn
 Mass of reactant and product in each interval is:
mair= 5.2416816x10-4 (kg)* Xn
mCH4 = 3.083342118x10-5 (kg)* Xn
mCO2 = 9.12x10-5 (kg)* Xn
mH2O = 6.84x10-5 (kg)* Xn
mN2 = 4x10-4 (kg)* Xn
Xn: mass fraction of reactant burned at step n

At process 1-2: we calculate like exercise 3-4

But at the combustion duration we have the equation:
In the interval of combustion duration:
(∆H)*mCH4 + hr*mmixture = hp*mmixture + Cvpro*(tfinal - tNTP)*mproduct + sensible heat
transfer to odd reactant + sensible heat transfer to the product created in the
previous step of burn duration. (1)
(∆H): heating value of CH4 in 1kg of fuel
hr = enthalpy of reatant in 1kg of mixture
hp*mmixture: formation heat of product
Cvpro*(tfinal - tNTP)*mproduct : sensible heat of product in that interval burning duration.
tNTP: temperature at NTP
tfinal: temperature after combustion in burning interval
Sensible heat transfer to odd reactant: after burning, there will always have the odd
reactant which will absorb the heat from CH4 burned. Then it will be calculated by:
Cvreactant*(1- (X1+X2+…Xn)*(tfinal – tmedium)*mtotalreactant
tmedium: the temperature inside cylinder.
mtotalreactant: mass of mixture burned in 1 cycle of combustion
n: ordinal of interval
Sensible heat transfer to the product created in the previous step of burn duration:
after the interval burning duration there will have the product, and this amount of
product will participate in the next burning interval and will absorb the heat form
CH4 burn:
Cvproduct*(0+X1+X2+…Xn)* (tfinal – tmedium)*mtotalproduct
mtotalproduct: mass of product create in 1 cycle of combustion.
After re-do equation (1) in each step then we will have the result show in excel.
The expansion stroke calculate like exercise 5

9. Compare the cases in 8) and give some technical comments.

We can see in the figures below:
As the same for Wiebe’s function. The burning duration of 20 degree in the 15o
crank angle have the highest output pressure. Then we have to set the MTB timing
for the highest output power. As the lesser burning duration, the higher output
pressure of engine.