3.

8 Related Rates 155

48. Is there anything special about the tangents to the curves y' ~x' D 10 Exercises 51 aod 52, fmd both dy/dx (treatingy as a differentiable
and lx' + 3y' ~ 5 at the points (I, ± I)? Give reasons for your function of x) and dx/dy (treating x as a differentiable function ofy).
answer. How do dy/dx aod dx/dy seern to be related? Explain the relationship
geometrically in terms of the graphs.
y 51. xy' + x'y ~ 6 52. x' + y' ~ sin'y

COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS
Use a CAS to perform the following steps in Exercises 5~.
a. Plot the equation with the implicit plotter of a CAS. Check to
see that the given point P satisfies the equation.
b. Using implicit differentiatioo, find a formula for the deriva-
tive dy/dx aod evaluate it at tlte given pnint P.
c. Use tlte slope found in part (b) to fmd an equation for tlte tan-
gent line to tlte curve at P. Then plot tlte implicit curve and
tangent line togetlter no a single graph.
49. Verify that the following pairs of curves meet orthogoualiy.
a. x' + y' ~ 4, x' ~ 3y' 53. x' - xy + y' ~ 7, P(2, I)
54. x' + y'x + yx' + y' ~ 4, P(I, I)
b. x ~ I - y', x ~ ly' , _2+x
3
55. y + Y - I _ x' P(O, I)
50. The graph of y' ~ x'
is called a semicubica! parabola aod is
shown in the accoropaoying figure. Determine the coostant b so 56. y' + cos xy ~ x', P(1,O)
that the line y ~ -l
x + b meets this graph orthogoually.
57. x+tan(~) ~2, P(I,-;r)
58. xy' + tan (x + y) ~ I, p(-;r, 0)
59. 2y' + (xy)l/' ~ x' + 2, P(1, 1)
60. xv'1+2.Y + y ~ x', P(I,O)

Related Rates
3.8
In this section we look at problems that ask for the mte at which some variable changes
when it is known how the mte of some other related variable (or perhaps several variables)
changes. The problem of finding a mte of change from other known rates of change is
called a related rates problem.

Related Rates Equations

Suppose we are pumping air into a spherical balloon. Both the volume and radius of the
balloon are increasing over time. If V is the volume and r is the radius of the balloon at an
instant of time, then
156 Chapter 3: Differentiation

Using the Chain Rule, we differentiate both sides with respect to t to rmd an equatiDJI
relating the rates of change of V and r,

So if we know the radius r of the balloon and the rate dV/dt at which the volume is in-
creasing at a given instant of time, then we can solve this last equation for dr/dt to fmd
how fast the radius is increasing at that instant. Note that it is easier to directly measure the
rate of increase of the volume (the rate at which air is being pumped into the balloon) than
it is to measure the increase in the radius. The related rates equation allows us to calculate
dr/d, from dV/dt.
Very often the key to relating the variables in a related rates problem is drawing a picture
that shows the geometric relations between them. as illustrated in the following example.

EXAMPLE 1 Water runs into a conical tank at the rate of 9 W/min. The tank stands
point down and has a height of lOft and a base radius of 5 ft. How fast is the water level
rising when the water is 6 ft deep?

Solution Figure 3.32 shows a partially filled conical tank. The variables in the problem are
V = volume (W) of the water in the tank at time t (min)
x - radius (ft) of the surface of the water at time t
y = depth (ft) of the water in the tank at time t.
We assume that V, x, and y are differentiable functions of t. The constants arc the dimen-
sions of the tank. We arc asked for dy/dt when
FIGURE 3.32 The geometry of the
conical tank and the rate at which water
y ~ 6 ft and <IJ, ~ 9 ft'/min.
rills the tank dctmnine how fast the water
The water forms a cone with volume
level rises (Example 1).

This equation involves x as well as V and y. BecllU8C no information is given about x and
dx/dt at the time in question, we need to eliminate x. The similar triangles in Figure 3.32
give us a way to express x in terms of y:
x ~
5
Y 10
Therefore, fmd

to give the derivative

dV _ 1T 3 2dy _ 1T 2dy
di - 12' ~ dt -"4Y dt'
Finally, use y = 6 and dV/dt = 9 to solve for dy/dt.

9~~(6)':
dy 1
dt = 1T Rj 0.32

At the moment in question, the water level is rising at about 0.32 ft/min. •
 3.8 Related Rates 157

Related Rates Problem Strategy

1. Draw a picture and name the variablea and conatants. Use t for time. Assume
that all variables are differentiable functions oft.
2. Write dawn the numerical information (in terms of the symbols you have
chosen).
3. Writedown what you are asked tofmd (usually amte, expressed 88 a derivative).
4. Write an equadon that relates the variables. You may have to combine two or
more equations to get a single equation that relates the variable whose rate
you want to the variables whose rates you know.
5. Differentiate with respect to t. Then express the rate you want in terms of the
rates and variables whose values you know.
6. Evaluate. Use known values to f"md the unknown rate.

EXAMPLE 2 A hot air balloon rising straight up from a level field is tracked by a range
finder 500 ft from the liftoff point At the moment the range fmder's elevation angl.e is
'1r/4, the angle is increasing at the rate of 0.14 md/min. How fast is the balloon rising at
that moment?
: - 0.14 radJmin
when 6 - trl4 Solution We answer the question in six steps.
, "d, - ?
[ when 8 - 'frI4 1. Draw a picture and name the variables and constants (Figure 3.33). The variables in
the picture are
(J = the angle in radians the range fmder makes with the ground.
y - the height in feet of the balloon.
FIGURE 3.33 The rate of change of the We let t represent time in minutes and assume that (J and y are differentiable functions oft.
baIloon'!l height is :related to the rate of The one constant in the picture is the distance from the range finder to the liftoff point
change of the angle the range finder makes (500 ft). There is no need to give it a special symbol.
with the ground (Example 2).
2. Write down the additional numerical information.

: ~ 0.14mdjnrin when
4
(J = '1r

3. Write down what we are tofind. We want dy/dt when (J - '1r/4.

4. Write an equation that relates the variables y and (J.
y
500 - lan8 or y - 500tan(J

5. Differentiate with respect to t using the Chain Rule. The result tells how dy/tit (which
we want) is related to d8/tit (which we know).
dy ~ 500 (sec' 0) dO
dt dt
6. Evaluatewith(J = v/4andd8/dt = 0.14tofinddy/dt.

: ~ 500(V2)2(0.14) ~ 140

At the moment in question, the balloon is rising at the rate of 140 ft/min. •
EXAMPLE 3 A police cruiser, approaching a right-angled intersection from the north, is
chasing a speeding car that has honed the corner and is now maving straight east. When the
cruiser is 0.6 mi north of the intersection and the car is 0.8 mi to the east, the police deter-
mine with radar that the distance between them and the car is increasing at 20 mph. If the
cruiser is moving at 60 mph at the instant of measurement, what is the speed of the car?
158 Chapter 3: Differentiation

y Solution We picture the car and cruiser in the coordinate plane, using the positive x-axis
as the eastbound bighway and the positive y-axis as the southbound bighway (Figure 3.34).
Situation when
x ~ 0.8.y ~ 0.6 We let t represent time and set

y
x = position of car at time t

fly ~-60 y = position of cruiser at time t

dt
s = distance between car and cruiser at time t.
-nl---~:II:D-"_x
o dx_? x
We assume that x, y, and s are differentiable functions of t.
tit - .
We want to f'md dx/ dt when
FIGURE 3.34 The speed of the caris dy tis
related to the speed of the police cruiser x = O.Smi, y = 0.6mi, dt = -60mph, dt = 20 mph.
and the rate of change of the distance
between them (Example 3). Note that dy/ dt is negative because y is decreasing.
We differentiate the distance equation
S2=X 2 +y2
(we could also use s = Y x 2 + y2), and obtain

tis dx dy
2sdt=2xdt+2Ydt

~=}(x:+yt)
=
Yx2
I
+ y2
(x dxdt + y ddt'
Y)

Finally, we use x = O.S, Y = 0.6, dy/dt = -60, tis/dt = 20, and solve for dx/dt.

20 = Y I
(O.S)' + (0.6),
(o.s: + (0.6)(-60»)

dx 20Y(0.S)2 + (0.6), + (0.6)(60)

~= M =W

At the moment in question, the car's speed is 70 mph. •

EXAMPLE 4 A particle P moves clockwise at a constant rate along a circle of radius 10 ft
centered at the origin. The particle's initial position is (0, 10) on the y-axis and its f'mal
y destination is the point (10, 0) on the x-axis. Once the particle is in motion, the tangent line
atP intersects the x-axis at a point Q (which moves over time). Ifit takes the particle 30 sec
to travel from start to f'mish, how fast is the point Q moving along the x-axis when it is 20 ft
from the center of the circle?

x Solution We picture the situation in the coordinate plane with the circle centered at the
origin (see Figure 3.35). We let t represent time and let 0 denote the angle from the x-axis
to the radial line joining the origin to P. Since the particle travels from start to finish in
30 sec, it is traveling along the circle at a constant rate of'1f/2 radians in 1/2 min, or
'1f rad/min. In other words, dO/ dt = -'1f, with t being measured in minutes. The negative
FIGURE 3.35 The particle P sign appears because 0 is decreasing over time.
travels clockwise aloog the circle Setting x(t) to be the distance at time t from the point Q to the origin, we want to f'md
(Example 4). dx/dtwhen

x = 20 ft and ~ = -'1f rad/min.

 3.8 Related Rates 159

To relate the variables x and 0, we see from Figure 3.35 that x cos 0 = 10, or
x = 10 sec O. Differentiation oflhis last equation gives

ax dO
dt = 10 sec 0 tan 0 dt = -1O'IT sec 0 tan O.

Note that ax/dt is negative because x is decreasing (Q is moving towards the origin).
When x = 20, cosO = 1/2 and sec 0 = 2. Also, tanO = Vsec2 0 - 1 = Vi It
follows that

At the moment in question, the point Q is moving towards the origin at the speed of
20Y3'IT RJ 108.8 ft/min. •

EXAMPLE 5 Ajet airliner is flying at a constant altitude of 12,000 ft above sea level as it
approaches a Pacific island The aircraft comes within the direct line of sight of a radar station
located on the island, and the radar indicates the initial angle between sea level and its line of
sight to the aircraft is 30°. How fast (in miles per hour) is the aircraft approacbing the island
when trrst detected by the radar instroment if it is turning upward (counterclockwise) at the
rate of2/3 deg/ sec in order to keep the aircraft within its direct line of sight?
~~-L------~~x
R
Solution The aircraft A and radar station R are pictured in the coordinate plane, using
FIGURE 3.36 Jet airliner A the positive x-axis as the horizontal distance at sea level from R to A, and the positive
traveling at constant altitude y-axis as the vertical altitode above sea level. We let t represent time and observe that
toward radar station R y = 12,000 is a constant. The general situation and line-of-sight angle 0 are depicted in
(Example 5). Figure 3.36. We want to find ax/dtwhen 0 = 'IT/6 rad and dO/dt = 2/3 deg/sec.
From Figure 3.36, we see that
12,000
-x- = tan 0 or x = 12,000 cot O.

Using miles instead offeet for our distance units, the last equation translates to
12,000
x = 5280 cotO.

Differentiation with respect to t gives

ax 1200 _2 dO
dt = - 528 csc- 0 dt'

When 0 = 'IT/6, sin2 0 = 1/4, so csc' 0 = 4. Converting dO/dt = 2/3 deg/sec to radians
per hour, we find

dO 2('IT)
dt = 3 180 (3600) radJhr. 1 hr ~ 3600 sec, 1 deg ~ ,,/180 tad

Substitotion into the equation for ax/dt then gives

ax
dt = (1200) 3 ( 180
- 528 (4) (2) 'IT ) (3600) RJ -380.

The negative sign appears because the distance x is decreasing, so the aircraft is approaching
the island at a speed of approximately 380 miJhr when first detected by the radar. •

EXAMPLE 6 Figure 3.37(a) shows a rope running through a pulley at P and bearing a
weight Wat one end The other end is held 5 ft above the ground in the hand M of a worker.
Suppose the pulley is 25 ft above ground, the rope is 45 ft long, and the worker is walking
160 Chapter 3: Differentiation

rapidly away from the vertical line PW at the rate of 6 ft/sec. How fast is the weight being
raised when the worker's hand is 21 ft away from PW?

SoLution We let OM be the horizontal line of length x ft from a point 0 directly below
the pulley to the worker's hand M at any instant oftime (Figure 3.37). Let h be the height
o of the weight W above 0, and let z denote the length of rope from the pulley P to the
worker's hand. We want to know dh/dt when x = 21 given that dx/dt = 6. Note that the
I + - - -x - - + j
height of P above 0 is 20 ft because 0 is 5 ft above the ground. We assume the angle at 0
is a right angle.
(a)
At any instant of time t we have the following relationships (see Figure 3.37b):
20 - h +z= 45 Total length of rope is 45 ft.
20 2
+ x2 = z2 Angle at 0 is a right angle.

20ft
z If we solve for z = 25 + h in the first equation, and substitute into the second equation,
we have

j h
j.
20 2 + x2 = (25 + h)2. (1)

o I+-- - x _ _ _IM Differentiating both sides with respect to t gives

(b) 2x dx = 2(25 + h) dh
dt dt'
FIGURE 3.37 A worker atM and solving this last equation for dh/ dt we find
walks to the right pulling the
weight W upwards as the rope dh x dx
(2)
moves through the pulley P dt 25 +h dt'
(Example 6).
Since we know dx/dt, it remains only to find 25 + h at the instant when x = 21. From
Equation (1),

so that
(25 + h? = 841, or 25 +h = 29.

Equation (2) now gives

dh 21 126
dt = 29· 6 = 29 ~ 4.3 ft/ sec

as the rate at which the weight is being raised when x = 21 ft.

•
Exercises 3.8

1. Area Suppose that the radius r and area A = 'Tf'r2 of a circle are 8. If x 2y 3 = 4/27 and dy/ dt = 1/2, then what is dx/ dt when x = 2?
differentiable functions of t. Write an equation that relates dA/dt
9. IfL = Yx 2 + y2, dx/dt = -1, anddy/dt = 3, find dL/dt when
to dr/dt. x
5 andy = 12.
=
2. Surface area Suppose that the radius r and surface area
S = 4'Tf'r2 of a sphere are differentiable functions of t. Write an 10. If r + s2 + v 3 = 12, dr/dt = 4, and ds/dt = -3, find dv/dt
whenr = 3 ands = 1.
equation that relates dS/dt to dr/dt.
3. Assume that y = 5x and dx/dt = 2. Find dy/dt. 11. If the original 24 m edge length x of a cube decreases at the rate
of 5 m/min, when x = 3 m at what rate does the cube's
4. Assumethat2x + 3y = l2anddy/dt = -2. Finddx/dt.
5. If Y = x 2 and dx/dt = 3, then what is dy/dt when x = -I? a. surface area change?

6. Ifx = y3 - Y and dy/dt = 5, then what is dx/dt wheny = 2? b. volume change?

7. Ifx 2 + y2 = 25 anddx/dt = -2, then what is dy/dt when x = 3 12. A cube's surface area increases at the rate of72 in2/ sec. At what rate
andy = -4? is the cube's volume changing when the edge length is x = 3 in?
 3.8 Related Rates 161

13. Volume The radius r and height h of a right circular cylinder are a. How is dA/dtrelated to d6/dt if a andb are constant?
related to the cylinder's volume Vby the formula V ~ '1Tr'h. b. How is dA/dtrelated to d6/dt and da/dt ifouly b is constant?
a. How is dV/dt related to dh/dt ifr is constant? c. How is dA/dtrelated to d6/dt, da/dt, anddb/dt ifnone of a,
b. How is dV/dt related to dr/dt ifh is constant? b, and 6 are constant?
c. How is dV/dt related to dr/dt and dh/dt ifneither r nor h is 20. Heating a plate When a circular plate of metsl is heated in an
constant? oven, its radius increases at the rate of 0.01 cro/min. At what rate
14. Volume The radius r and height h of a right circular cone are re- is the plate's area increasing when the radius is 50 em?
lated to the cone's volume Vby the equation V ~ (1/3)'1Tr'h. 21. Cbanging dimensions in a rectangle The length I of a rectangle
a. How is dV/dt related to dh/dt ifr is constant? is decreasing at the rate of2 cro/sec wbile the width w is increasing
at the rate of 2 cro/ sec. When I ~ 12 cro and w ~ 5 ern, fmd the
b. How is dV/dt related to dr/dt ifh is constant?
rates of change of <a) the area, (b) the periroeter, and <c) the
c. How is dV/dt related to dr/dt and dh/dt ifneither r nor h is lengths of the diagonals of the rectangle. Which of these quantities
constant? are decreasing. and which are increasing?
15. Changing voltage The voltsge V (volts), current I (amperes), 22. Changing dimensions in a rectangular box Suppose that the
and resistsnce R (ohms) of an electric circuit like the one shown edge lengths x, y, and z of a closed rectangular box are changing
here are related by the equation V ~ IR. Suppose that V is in- at the following rates:
creasing at the rate of I volt/sec while I is decreasing at the rate
dx dy dz
of 1/3 amp/sec. Let t deuote time in seconds. dt ~ 1 m/sec, dt ~ -2 m/sec, dt ~ 1m/sec.

+,~- Find the rates at which the box's <a) volume, (b) surface area, and
r-----l, ,1--, <c) diagonal length s ~ Vx' + y' + z' are changing at the
instaotwhenx ~ 4,y ~ 3, andz ~ 2.
23. A sliding ladder A 13-ft ladder is leaning against a house when
its base starts to slide away (see accompanying figure). By the
R time the base is 12 ft ftum the house, the base is moving at the
a. What is the value of dV/dt? rate of5 ft/sec.
b. What is the value of dI/ dt? a. How fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall then?
c. What equation relates dR/dt to dV/ dt and dI/dt? b. At what rate is the area of the triangle formed by the lAdder,
wall, and grouod changing then?
d. Find the rate at which R is changing when V ~ 12 volts and
I ~ 2 amp. Is R increasing, or decreasing? c. At what rate is the angle 6 between the ladder and the grnuod
changing then?
16. Electrical power The power P (watts) of an electric circuit is
y
related to the circuit's resistance R (ohms) and current! (amperes)
by the equation P ~ RJ'.
a. How are dP/dt, dR/dt, and dI/dt related ifnone ofP, R, and I y(1) •
are constant?
13-ft lAdder
b. How is dR/ dt related to dI/ dt if P is constant?
17. Distance Let x aod y be differentiable functions of t and let
s ~ Vx' + y' be the distance between the points (x, 0) aod (0, y) 6
in the xy-plaoe. ~------------~--~.~ ,
a. How is ds/dtrelAted to dx/dt ify is constant?
o ,(I)

b. How is ds/dtrelAted to dx/dt and dy/dt ifneither x nory is 24. Commercial air traffic 1\vo commercial airplAnes are flying at
an altitode of 40,000 ft along straight-line courses that intersect at
constant?
right aogles. PlAne A is approaching the intersection point at a
c. How is dx/dtrelated to dy/dt ifs is constant? speed of 442 knots (nautical miles per hour; a nsutical mile is
18. Diagonals If x, y, aod z are lengths of the edges of a rectangular 2000 yd). PlAne B is approaching the intersection at 481 knots. At
box, the common length of the box's diagonals is s ~ what rate is the distance between the planes chaoging when A is 5
Vx' + y' +z'. nautical miles from the intersection point and B is 12 nautical
a. Assuming that x, y, and z are differentiable functions of t, how miles from the intersection point?
is ds/dtrelated to dx/dt, dy/dt, aoddz/dfl 25. Flying a kite A girl flies a kite at a height of300 ft, the wind car-
b. How is ds/dtrelAted to dy/dt and dz/dt ifx is constant? rying the kite bnrizonta1ly away ftum ber at a rate of25 ft/sec. How
fast must she let out the striog when the kite is 500 ft away from her?
c. How are dx/dt, dy/dt, and dz/dt related if s is constant?
26. Boring a cylinder The mechanics at Lincoln Automotive are
19. Area The area A of a triangle with sides of lengths a aod b
reboring a 6-in.-deep cylinder to fit a new piston. The machine
enclosing an angle of measure 8 is they are using increases the cylinder's mdius one thousandth of an
inch every 3 min. How rapidly is the cylinder volume increasing
A ~ tabsin6. when the bore (diameter) is 3.800 in.?
162 Chapter 3: Differentiation

27. A growing sand pile Sand falls from a conveyor belt at the rate 33. A balloon and a bicycle A balloon is rising vertically above a
of 10 m 3/min onto the top of a conical pile. The height of the pile level, straight road at a constant rate of 1 ft/ sec. Just when the
is always three-eighths of the base diameter. How fast are the (a) balloon is 65 ft above the ground, a bicycle moving at a constant
height and (b) radius changing when the pile is 4 m high? Answer rate of 17 ft/ sec passes under it. How fast is the distance s(t)
in centimeters per minute. between the bicycle and balloon increasing 3 sec later?
28. A draining conical reservoir Water is flowing at the rate of y
50 m 3/min from a shallow concrete conical reservoir (vertex
down) of base radius 45 m and height 6 m.
a. How fast (centimeters per minute) is the water level falling
when the water is 5 m deep?
b. How fast is the radius of the water's surface changing then?
Answer in centimeters per minute.
29. A draining hemispherical reservoir Water is flowing at the rate
of 6 m 3/min from a reservoir shaped like a hemispherical bowl of
radius 13 m, shown here in profile. Answer the following ques-
s(t)
tions, given that the volume of water in a hemispherical bowl of ra-
diusR is V = ('7T/3)y2(3R - y)when the waterisy meters deep.

Center of sphere
/
)x
o x(t)

34. Making coffee Coffee is draining from a conical filter into

a cylindrical coffeepot at the rate of 10 in3/min.
a. How fast is the level in the pot rising when the coffee in the
cone is 5 in. deep?
b. How fast is the level in the cone falling then?
a. At what rate is the water level changing when the water is 8 m
deep?
b. What is the radius r of the water's surface when the water is
ymdeep?
c. At what rate is the radius r changing when the water is 8 m deep?
30. A growing raindrop Suppose that a drop of mist is a perfect
sphere and that, through condensation, the drop picks up moisture
at a rate proportional to its surface area. Show that under these
circumstances the drop's radius increases at a constant rate.
31. The radius of an inflating balloon A spherical balloon is in-
flated with helium at the rate of 100'7T WImino How fast is the
balloon's radius increasing at the instant the radius is 5 ft? How
fast is the surface area increasing?
32. Hauling in a dinghy A dinghy is pulled toward a dock by a
rope from the bow through a ring on the dock 6 ft above the bow. is this
The rope is hauled in at the rate of 2 ft/ sec. level rising?
a. How fast is the boat approaching the dock when 10ft of rope
are out?
b. At what rate is the angle () changing at this instant (see the 35. Cardiac output In the late l860s, Adolf Fick, a professor of
figure)? physiology in the Faculty of Medicine in Wfuzberg, Germany, de-
veloped one of the methods we use today for measuring how much
Ring at edge blood your heart pumps in a minute. Your cardiac output as you
of do~ck~ii:tI_. read this sentence is probably about 7 L/min. At rest it is likely to
be a bit under 6 L/min. If you are a trained marathon runner
running a marathon, your cardiac output can be as high as
30L/min.
Your cardiac output can be calculated with the formula
Q
y=I5'
 3.8 Related Rates 163

where Q is the number of milliliters of CO2 you exhale io a 40. A building'••hadow On a murning of a day when the auo will
minute aod D is the difference between the C02 concentration pass directly overhead, the shadow of an 80-ft building on level
(mlfL) io the blood pumped to the lungs aod the Co, concentra- ground is 60 ft long. At the moment in question, the aogle 6 the
tion io the blood returning from the lungs. With Q ~ 233 mI/mio sun makes with the grouod is iocreasiog at the rate of 0.27" /min.
andD ~ 97 - 56 ~ 41 mI/L, At wbat rate is the shadow decreasiog? (Remember to use radiaos.
Express your aoswer io ioches per mioute, to the nearest tenth.)
233mlfmio .
y ~ 41 mI/L '" 5.68 L/mm,

fairly close to the 6 L/mio that most people bave at basal (resting)
conditions. (Data courtesy of 1. Keeneth Herd, M.D., Quillao Col-
lege ofMedicioe, East Teonessee State University.)
Suppose that when Q ~ 233 aod D ~ 41, we also know
that D is decreasiog at the rate of 2 uoils a minute but that Q re-
mains uocbaoged What is bappeoiog to the cardiac output?
36. Moving along a parabola A particle moves along the parabola
y = xl in the 1mt quadrant in such a way that its x-coordinate
(measured io meters) ioereases at a steady 10 m/sec. How fast is
the angle ofioclioation 6 of the lioe joioiog the particle to the ori-
gio cbangiog when x ~ 3 m?
37. Motion in lbe plane The coordinstes of a particle io the metric
41. A melting ice layer A spherical iron ball 8 in. in diameter is
xy-plane are differentiable functions of time t with dx/ dt ~
coated with a layer ofice of uniform thickness. If the ice melts at
-Im/secaoddy/dl ~ -5m/sec. How fast is the particle's
the rate of 10in'/mio, how fast is the thickness of the ice de-
distance from the otigio cbaogiog as it passes through the pnint
creasing when it is 2 in. thick? How fast is the outer surface area
(5, 12)?
ofice decreasiog?
38. Videotaping a moving car You are videotapiog a race from a
42. ffighway patrol A highway patrol plane flies 3 mi above a
stand 132 ft from the track, followiog a car that is moviog at
level, straight road at a steady 120 mi/h. The pilot sees ao oncom-
180 mi/h (264 ft/sec), as showo io the accompaoyiog figure.
iog car and with radar determioes that at the iostant the lin.,.of-
How fast will your caroera angle 6 be chaogiog when the car is
sight distance from plaoe to car is 5 mi, the line-<lf-sight distaoce
right io front of you? A balf second later?
is deereasiog at the rate of 160 mi/h. Fiod the car's speed along
Camera the highway.
43. Baseball players A baseball diaroond is a square 90 ft on a
side. A playerruos from fust base to second at a rate of16 ft/sec.
a. At what rate is the player's distance from third base cbaogiog
when the player is 30 ft from fust base?
132' b. At what rates are angles 61 and 62 (see the figure) cbaogiog at
that time?
c. The player slides ioto second base at the rate of 15 ft/sec.At
what rates are aogles 61 aod 62 cbaogiog as the player touches
base?

39. A moving .had.... A light shioes from the top of a pole 50 ft Second base
high. A ball is dropped from the sarae height from a point 30 ft V
away from the light. (See accompaoyiog figure.) How fast is the
sbadow of the ball moviog along the grouod 1/2 sec later?
(Assume the ball falls a distance s ~ 1612 ft in 1 sec J
Light
, Ball at time t ~ 0
)
112 sec later
Home
50-ft
pole
44. Ship. Two ships are steao3ing straight away from a point 0
along routes that make a 120" aogle. Ship A moves at 14 knots
Shadow
~~------~--------~~~--~~-->x
(nautical miles per hour; a nautical mile is 2000 yd). Ship B
o 30 x(t) moves at 21 knots. How fast are the ships moviog spart when
NOf TO SCALE OA ~ 5 and OB ~ 3 nautical miles?