Antenna Arrays (Contd.) : Prof. Girish Kumar
Uploaded by
Mohamed ShabanaAntenna Arrays (Contd.) : Prof. Girish Kumar
Uploaded by
Mohamed ShabanaAntenna Arrays (Contd.
Prof. Girish Kumar
Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Bombay
[email protected]
(022) 2576 7436
N Isotropic Point Sources of Equal Amplitude and Spacing
where
As Ψ 0, Emax = n, Enorm
Radiation Pattern of N Isotropic Elements Array
Array Factor
First SLL
= 20log0.22
= -13.15dB
Radiation Pattern for array of n isotropic radiators of equal
amplitude and spacing.
Null Directions for Arrays of N Isotropic Point Sources
Enorm
For Finding Direction of Nulls:
For Broadside Array, δ = 0
Null Direction and First Null Beamwidth
Null directions and beam width between first nulls for linear arrays
of n isotropic point sources of equal amplitude and spacing
First Null Beamwidth (FNBW)
For long array, (n-1)d is
equal to array length L
= d/λ
Directions of Max SLL for Arrays of N Isotropic Point Sources
Magnitude of SLL:
For very large n:
for k =1 (First SLL)
SLL in dB = 20Log 0.212 = -13.5dB
Direction of Minor Lobe Maxima
Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) of Array
For calculating HPBW, find Ψ, where radiated power
is reduced to half of its maximum value
Solution:
For large n, HPBW is small : ~
nΨ/2 = 1.3915
For Broadside: = 2.783/n
Cos ϕ = Sin (90 - ϕ) = 1.3915/ (πnd/λ) = 0.443/Lλ (radian)
HPBW ~ 2 x (90 - ϕ) = 50.80 /Lλ
Aperture, Directivity and Beamwidth
Grating Lobes for Arrays of N Isotropic Point Sources
To Avoid Grating Lobes:
where is direction of
max. radiation
For Broadside Array:
For Endfire Array:
Arrays with Missing Source
(a) (c)
(b) (d)
Radiation Pattern of linear array of 5 isotropic point sources of equal amplitude and λ/2 spacing (a) all 5 sources ON
(b) one source (next to the edge) OFF (c) one source (at the centre) OFF, and (d) one source (at the edge) OFF
Radiation Pattern of Broadside Arrays with Non-Uniform Amplitude
(5 elements with spacing = λ/2, Total Length = 2 λ)
SLL < -13 dB No SLL SLL < -20 dB Grating Lobes
All 5 sources are in same phase but relative amplitudes are different
Binomial Amplitude Distribution Arrays
Binomial Amplitude Coefficients are defined by
m=5 1 4 6 4 1
m =6 1 5 10 10 5 1
No side lobe level but broad beamwidth
Gain decreases (practically not used)
Non-Uniform Amplitude Distribution
Non-Uniform Amplitude Distribution (Contd.)
Current Distribution for Line-Sources and Linear Array
Radiation Characteristics for Line-Sources and Linear Array
Radiation Characteristics for Circular Aperture and Circular Array
Rectangular Planar Array
where,
Rectangular Planar Array
and where k = 2π/λ
The principal maximum(m = n = 0) and grating lobes can be located by:
m = 0, 1, 2,….
n = 0, 1, 2,….
Radiation Pattern of 5x5 Planar Array
Directivity of Planar Array
Directivity of Rectangular Array
