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Working Stress Method-I

This document discusses reinforced cement concrete structures and the working stress method. It covers key concepts like stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, stress-strain curves for concrete and steel. It defines grades of concrete and permissible stresses. It also discusses concepts like neutral axis, equivalent concrete stress, equivalent concrete area, and types of reinforcement - singly, doubly reinforced and T-beams. It provides formulas to calculate neutral axis, moment of resistance and compares balanced, under-reinforced and over-reinforced sections.

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Vivek Saxena
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304 views17 pages

Working Stress Method-I

This document discusses reinforced cement concrete structures and the working stress method. It covers key concepts like stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, stress-strain curves for concrete and steel. It defines grades of concrete and permissible stresses. It also discusses concepts like neutral axis, equivalent concrete stress, equivalent concrete area, and types of reinforcement - singly, doubly reinforced and T-beams. It provides formulas to calculate neutral axis, moment of resistance and compares balanced, under-reinforced and over-reinforced sections.

Uploaded by

Vivek Saxena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Working Stress Method-I


IV SEMESTER CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
RAJENDRA SINGH
PRINCIPAL
LUCKNOW POLYTECHNIC LUCKNOW
𝐹
STRESS = :1 N/m2 = 1 Pa : 1N/mm2 = 1Mpa
𝐴

Δ𝐿
STRAIN =
𝐿
E (Modulus of Elasticity) = STRESS/ STRAIN

ES=2X105 N/mm2

(Stress -Strain curve for Mild steel)


Ec= 5000 𝑓𝑐𝑘 N/mm2
fck- characteristics compressive strength of concrete

Ec Short term modulus of Elasticity

𝐸𝑐
Ece= ; Ɵ- Creep Coefficient= Creep Strain /
1+Ɵ
Elastic strain ; IS 456-2000 pp 16

Ece Long term of Modulus of Elasticity

Stress -Strain curve for Concrete


𝐸𝑠
Modular Ratio m=
𝐸𝐶
GRADES OF CONCRETE
IS456: 2000 M – MIX ; fck- 28 days
compressive strength of 150 mm size cube
Ordinary Concrete M 10 to M20
Standard Concrete M25 to M55
High Strength Concrete M60 to M80
fy =500

fy =415

fy =250
WORKING STRESS METHOD
Both Concrete and steel – Elastic and obey Hook’s Law

C/S & Material Should be such that it


L can resist this SF and BM

𝑀𝑦 𝐼
fc/t= or M= fc/tx 𝑦
𝐼
𝑏𝑑 2
MR= f x ; fc/t - allowable stress
6
of material

if MR ˃ PL/4 ; section is safe against


bending
Assumptions in working stress method
1- At any section , plane section before bending remain plane
after bending (Strain is Linear)
2- Tensile Stresses are taken by steel and none by concrete.
(fcr = .7 𝑓𝑐𝑘)

3- Stress strain relationship of steel and concrete is straight


line.
280
m= where σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 is permissible compressive stress due
3σ𝑐𝑏𝑐
to bending in N/mm2

(takes partially in to account long term effect such as creep


Permissible stresses in concrete and steel as per IS456-2000
concrete bending Compression Direct Compression
Grade σ cbc ( ≈ 0.33fck) MPa σ cc (≈0.25fck)MPa
M15 5 4
M20 7 5
M25 8.5 6
M30 10 8

Steel Mild Steel Fe250,MPa HYSD Fe415,MPa


Tension ≈0.55fy ≈0.55fy
σ st
Ø<=20mm 140 230
> 20mm 130 230
Compression 130 190
in Column
SINGLY REINFORCED; DOUBLY REINFORCED AND T-BEAM
CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT CONCRETE STRESS AND
EQUIVALENT CONCRETE AREA
P=Pc+Ps; Pc-Load Taken by Concrete; Ps- Load Taken by Steel
P=σcAc +σsAs (1);
σs-Stress in Steel; σc-Stress in Concrete
For Perfect Bonding,
ϵs= ϵc;
σs σ𝑐
Es = Ec
σs σ𝑠
or, σc= =
Es/Ec 𝑚
σc is Equivalent
Concrete Stress of steel
Equation (1) can be rewritten as:
P= σcAc+mσcAs; σc(Ac+mAs)
mAs is Equivalent Concrete Area of Steel
SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION

Section of Beam Equivalent stress Equivalent Area


Diagram Diagram
CRITICAL NEUTRAL AXIS(nc)-From Equivalent Stress Diagram
σcbc σst/m
=
𝑛𝑐 𝑑−𝑛𝑐
σcbc 3σst(140)σcbc
For Fe250 &M15 : = ; nc = 0.4d
𝑛𝑐 280(𝑑−𝑛𝑐)
nc is Independent of Grade of Concrete
Similarly, For Fe415 nc = 0.29d
ACTUAL NEUTRAL AXIS (na) From Equivalent Area Diagram
𝑏𝑛𝑎2
=mAst(d-na)
2
Example:
M20; Fe250; 5bars of 14mm φ
σcbc=7MP; σst=140MPa;
find na and nc ?

m=13.33;
π
Ast=5x 4 x142 mm2
=769.69 mm2
σcbc σst/m
=
𝑛𝑐 𝑑−𝑛𝑐
nc =0.4d=0.4x500=200mm
𝑏𝑛𝑎 2
=mAst(d-na)
2
250𝑛𝑎2 /2=13.33x769.69(500-na)
𝑛𝑎2 +82.079na-41039.87=0
−82.079± 82.0792 +4𝑥41039.87
na = 2
=165.65mm
BALANCED; UNDER REINFORCED AND OVER
REINFORCED SECTION

nn
a=n
a=n
cc

Section Balanced Section Under-reinforced Over- reinforced


na= nc Section na<nc section na>nc
BALANCED UNDER OVER
REINFORCED REINFORCED
na=nc na<nc na>nc
Steel and Concrete Steel reaches its Concrete reaches its
both reach permissible permissible permissible value
value simultaneously value first. first
𝑛 Ductile Failure sudden failure
MR=σstAst(d- 3𝑎 )
𝑛𝑎 (0+σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 ) 𝑛
(0+σ ) 𝑛 MR=σstAst(d- 3 ) MR= bna(d- 𝑎)
MR= 2𝑐𝑏𝑐 bna(d- 3𝑎 ) 2 3
Percentage Steel in Balanced Section:

Total Compression= Total Tension


σcbcbnc
=Ast σst;
2
5𝑥𝑏𝑥0.4𝑑
For Fe250 &M15: = Astx140
2
Ast
x100=0.72% (Depends upon Grade of Concrete and
𝑏𝑑
Steel)
MOMENT OF RESISTANCE(MR)

MR= CxLever Arm ;or TxLever Arm


0+𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑎
= bna(d- ) or σstAst (d- )
2 3 3
For Balanced Section na=nc
(For M15)
0+5
= 2
bx0.4dx (d-0.4d /3);
=2.5x0.4bdx0.867d=0.867bd2
For M20
MR=1.2138bd2
In previous example, nc=200mm;na=165.65mm;Ast
=769.69mm2 ;d=500mm;b=250mm M20;Fe250
na<nc –Section is under reinforced
𝑛𝑎
MR=σst Ast(d- 3 )
=140x769.69x(500-165.65/3)
=47928339.74N-mm=47.928KN-m
Concrete is not reaching its permissible stress
6
𝜎𝐶
47.928x10 = x250x165.65(500-165.65/3);
2
σc=5.20MPa;
Alternatively, from Equivalent Stress Diagram:
σc 140
= ; σc = 5.20MPa
165.65 13.33𝑥334.35
THANK YOU

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