1. Difference between List and Tuple ?

List :

a. Lists are mutable.

b. List is a container to contain different types of objects and is used to iterte objects.

c. Syntax of List

list = [1,2,4,'A','B', True]

d. List iteration is slower.

e. Lists consume more memory.

f. operations like insertion and deletion are better performed.

Tuple :

a. Tuples are immutable.

b. Tuple is also similar to list but contains immutable objects.

c. Syntax of Tuple

tup = (1,2,'a','d')

d. Tuple processing is faster than list.

e. Tuple consume less memory.

f. Elements can be accessed better.

2. What is decorator . Explain it with an example.

A Decorator is just a function that takes another function as an argument, add some kind of
functionality and then returns another function.

All of this without altering the source code of the original function that you passed in.
e.g.

def decorator_func(func):

def wrapper_func(func):

print("wrapper_func Worked")

return func()

print("decorator_func Worked")

return wrapper_func

def show():

print("Show Worked")

decorator_show = decorator_func(show)

decorator_show

other way to write this

@decorator_func

def display():

print('Display Worked')

display()

output:

decorator_func Worked

warpper_func Worked

Show Worked / display Worked

3. What is the difference between List Comprehension & Dict Comprehension ?

List Comprehension :

syntax:

[expression for item in iterable if conditional]

Example:

Common Way:

l = []

for i in range(10):

if i % 2:

l.append(i)

print(i)

Using List Comprehension

ls = [i for i in range(10) if i % 2]

Output:

[1,3,5,7,9]

Dict Comprehension :

syntax:

{key:value for (key, value) in iterable if conditional}

 Example:

Common Way:

d = {}

for i in range(1, 10):

sqr = i* i

d[i] = i * i

print(d)

Using Dict Comprehension

d1 = {n:n*n for n range(1,10)}

print(d1)

Output:

[1:1, 2:4, 3:9,4:16,5:25,6:36,7:49,8:64,9:81]

4. How Memory is Managed in Python ?

. Memory Management in python involves a private heap containing all python objects and data
structures. Interpreter takes care of python heap and that the programmer has no access to it.

. The allocation of heap space for python objects is done by Python memory manager. The core API of
python provides some tools for the programmer to code reliable and more robust program.

. Python also has a build in garbage collector which recycles all the unused memory. When an object is
no longer referenced by the program, the heap space it occupies can be freed. The garbage collector
determines

. objects which are no longer referenced by the program frees the occupied memory and make it
available to the heap space.

. The gc module defines functions to enable/disable garbage collector.

- gc.enable() - Enables automatic garbage collection.

 - gc.disable() - Disables automatic garbage collection.

5. Difference between generator and Iterator ?

Generator :

. Generators are iterators which can execute only once.

. Generators uses "yield" keyword.

. Generators are mostly used in loops to generate an iterator by returning all the values in the
loop without affecting the iteration of the loop.

. Every generator is an iterator.

e.g.

def sqr(n):

for i in range(1, n + 1):

yield i * i

a = sqr(3)

print(next(a))

print(next(a))

print(next(a))

Output:

9
 Iterator:

. An iterator is an object which contains a countable number of values and it is used to iterate
over iterable objects like list, tuples, sets, etc.

. Iterators are used mostly to iterate or convert other objects to an iterator using iter() function.

. Iterator uses iter() and next() functions.

.Every iterator is not a generator.

e.g.

iter_list= iter(['A','B','C'])

print(next(iter_list))

print(next(iter_list))

print(next(iter_list))

Output:

6. What is init keyword in python ?

__init__.py file

The __init__.py file lets the python interpreter know that a directory contains code for a python
module. It can be blank. Without one , you cannot import modules from another folder into your
project.

The role of the __init__.py file is similar to the __init__ function in a python class. The file essentially the
constructor of your package or directory without it being called such. It sets up how packages or
functions will be imported into your other files.
 __init__() function

The __init__method is similar to constructors in c++ and java. Constructors are used to initialize the
object's state.

# A sample class with init method

class Person:

# init method or constructor

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

# sample method

def say_hi(self):

print("Hello, my name is ',self.name)

p = Person('Sorav')

p.say_hi()

7. Difference between Module and Package ?

Module :

The module is a simple python file that contains collections of functions and global variables and with
having a .py extension file. It is an executable file and to organize all the modules we have the concept
called package in python.

A module is a single file (or files ) that are imported under one import and used.

e.g.

import <my_module>
 import numpy

Package:

The package is a simple directory having collections of modules . This directory contains Python
modules and also having __init__.py file by which the interpreter interprets it as a package. The package
is simply a namespace . The package also contains sub-packages inside it.

A package is a collection of modules in directories that give a package hierarchy.

e.g.

from my_package.abc import a

8. What is the difference range() and xrange() ?

Range :

Return Type - It returns a list of integers.

Memory Consumption - Since range() returns a list of elements, it takes more memory.

Speed - Its execution speed is slower.

Python version - Python 2, Python3

Operations - Since it returns a list, all kinds of arithmetic operations can be performed.

Xrange :

Return Type - It returns a generator object..

Memory Consumption - Its Comparison to range(), it takes less memory.

Speed - Its execution speed is faster.

Python version - In python 3, No longer exists.

Operations - Such operation cannot be performed.

9. What are Generators . Explain it with Example.

. Generators are iterators which can execute only once.

. Generators uses "yield" keyword.

. Generators are mostly used in loops to generate an iterator by returning all the values in the
loop without affecting the iteration of the loop.

. Every generator is an iterator.

e.g.

def sqr(n):

for i in range(1, n + 1):

yield i * i

a = sqr(3)

print(next(a))

print(next(a))

print(next(a))

Output:

10. What are inbuilt data types in python or Explain Mutable & Immutable data Types in Python ?

A first fundamental distinction that python makes on data is about whether or not the value of an object
changes.

It the value can change, the object is called Mutable.

While if the value cannot change, the object is called Immutable.

 Boolean, Integer, Float, String, Tuple, Froznset are all Immutable datatypes.

List, sets, dictionary are Mutable data types.

B.

11. What is Ternary Operators in python ?

The syntax for the Python Ternary statement is as follows:

[if_true] if [expression] else [if_false]

Ternary Operator Example:

age = 25

discount = 5 if age< 65 else 6

print(discount)

12. What is Inheritance in Python ?

In inheritance, the child class acquires the properties and can access all the data members and
functions defined in the parent class. A child class can also provide its specific implementation to the
functions of the parent class.

In python, a derived class can inherit base class by just mentioning the base in the bracket after the
derived class name.

class Animal:

def speak(self):

print("Animal Speaking")

#child class Dog inherits the base class Animal

class Dog(Animal):
 def bark(self):

print("dog barking")

d = Dog()

d.bark()

d.speak()

Output:

dog barking

Animal Speaking

13. What is the difference between Local & Global Variable ?

Local Variable:

. It is declared inside a function.

. If it is not initialized, a garbage value is stored.

. It is created when the function starts execution and lost when the functions terminate.

. Data Sharing is not possible as data of the local variable can be accessed by only one function.

. Parameters passing is required for local variables to access the value in other function.

. When the value of the local variable is modified in one function, the changes are not visible in
another function.

. Local variables can be accessed with the help of statements, inside a function in which they are
declared.

. It is stored on the stack unless specified.

Global Variable:

. It is declared outside the function.

 . If it is not initialized zero is stored as default.

. It is created before the program's global execution starts and lost when the program
terminates.

. Data Sharing is possible as multiple functions can access the same global variable.

. Parameters passing is not necessary for a global variable as it is visible throughout the
program.

. When the value of the global variables is modified in one function changes are visible in the
rest of the program.

. You can access global variables by any statement in the program.

. it is stored on a fixed location decided by the compiler.

14. What is break , continue and pass statements ?

. A break statement , when used inside the loop , will terminate the loop and exit. If used inside
nested loops , it will break out from the current loop.

. A continue statement will stop the current execution when used inside a loop, and the control will go
back to the start of the loop.

. A pass statement is a null statement . When the Python interpreter comes across the pass
statement, it does nothing and is ignored.

15. What is self keyword in python ?

The 'self' parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class, and is used to access variables
that belongs to the class.

class car():

# init method or constructor

def __init__(self, model, color):

self.model = model

self.color = color
 def show(self):

print("Model is", self.model )

print("color is", self.color )

# both objects have different self which

# contain their attributes

audi = car("audi a4", "blue")

ferrari = car("ferrari 488", "green")

audi.show() # same output as car.show(audi)

ferrari.show() # same output as car.show(ferrari)

16. What is Pickling and Unpickling ?

Pickling:

In python, the pickle module accepts any Python object, transforms it into a string
representation , and dumps it into a file by using the dump function.

This process is known as pickling . The function used for this process is pickle.dump().

Unpickling:

The process of retrieving the original python obect from the stored string representation is
called unpickling.

The function used for this process is pickle.load().

- They are inverses of each other.

- Pickling, also called serialization, involves converting a Python object into a series of bytes
which can be written out to a file.
 - Unpickling , or de-serialization , does the opposite - It converts a series of bytes into the
python objects it represents.

17. What are the functions of list, tuples, sets, Dictionary ?

List:

sort(),append(), extend(),index(), max(),min(),len(),cmp(),type()

Tuples:

cmp(),len(),max(),min(),sum(),any(),all(),sorted(),index(),count()

Sets:

add(),clear(),copy(),difference(),difference_update(),discard(),intersection(),intersection_update(),
pop(),remove(),union(),update()

Dictionary:

clear(),copy(), fromkeys(),get(), items(),

keys(),pop(),popitem(),setdefault(),update(),values(),cmp()

18. What are Python Iterators ?

Iterator:

. An iterator is an object which contains a countable number of values and it is used to iterate
over iterable objects like list, tuples, sets, etc.

. Iterators are used mostly to iterate or convert other objects to an iterator using iter() function.

. Iterator uses iter() and next() functions.

.Every iterator is not a generator.

 e.g.

iter_list= iter(['A','B','C'])

print(next(iter_list))

print(next(iter_list))

print(next(iter_list))

Output:

19. Explain Type Conversions in Python (int, float, str, oct etc.) ?

int()

Converts any datatype into an integer.

a = '100'

d = int(a)

print(d)

print(type(d))

float()

Returns a floating point number from s number os string

a = '100'

d = float(a)

print(d)

print(type(d))
 oct()

Returns its octal representation in a string format.

a = 100

d = oct(a)

print(d)

print(type(d))

hex()

Convert the integer into a suitable hexadecimal form for the number of the integer.

a = 100

d = hex(a)

print(d)

print(type(d))

ord()

Returns the integer of the Unicode point of the character in the Unicode case or the byte value
in the case of an 8-bit argument.

a ='A'

d = ord(a)

print(d)

print(type(d))

chr()

Returns the character (string) from the integer (represents unicode code point of the character).

a = 100
 d = chr(a)

print(d)

print(type(d))

eval()

Parses the expression argument and evaluated it as a python expression.

a = '100+2+'3

d = eval(a)

print(d)

print(type(d))

20. What does *args and **kwargs mean ? Explain

When you are not clear how many arguments you need to pass to a particular function, then we use
*args and **kwargs .

The *args keyword represents a varied number of arguments. it is used to add together the values of
multiple arguments.

The **kwargs keyword represents an arbitrary number of arguments that are passed to a function.
**kwargs keywords are stored in a dictionary . You can access each item by referring to the keyword you
associated

with an argument when you passed the argument.

21. What is use of Open and With statements Keyword ?

Both Statements are used in case of file handling.

With the 'With' statement , you get better syntax and exceptions handling.

f = open('srv.txt')
 content = f.read()

print(content)

f.close

With open('srv.txt')

contnt=f.read()

print(content)

22. What are the different ways to read/write files in Python ?

Read Only r

Read and Write r+

Write only w

Write and Read w+

Append Only a

Append and Read a+

Text mode t

Exclusive creation x

Binary mode b

23. What is PythonPath ?

PythonPath is an environment variable which you can set to add additional directories where python
will look for modules and package.

The PythonPath variable holds a string with the name of various directories that need to be added to the
sys.path directory list by python.
The primary use of this variable is to allow users to import modules that are made installable yet.

24. How Exception is handled in Python ?

Try : This block will test the exceptional error to occur.

Except : Here you can handle the error.

Else : If there is no exception then this block will be executed.

Finally : Finally block always gets executed either exception is generated or not.

try:

# some code..!

except:

# Optional Block

# Handling of exception(If required)

else:

# Some code...

# execute if no exception

finally:

# Some code...(always executed)

25. What is difference between Python 2 and Python 3 ?

Basis of Comparison Python3 python2

Syntax def main():

def main():
 print("Hello World")
print"Hello World !"

if __name__=="__main__":
if __name__=="__main__":

main()
main()

Release date 2008 2000

Function Point print("Hello") print

"Hello"

Division of Integers Whenever two integers are divided When two integers are divided,

,you get a float value

you always provide integer value

Unicode In Python 3, default storing To store Unicode string

value,

of strings is unicode.
you require to define them with "u".

Syntax The syntax is simpler an easily The syntax of python 2

was comparatively

understandable.
difficult to understand.

and many more.

26. What is Pip in Python ?

Python pip is the package manager for Python packages. We can use pip to install packages that
do not come with Python.
 The basic syntax of pip commands in command prompt is :

pip 'arguments'

pip install numpy,pandas

27. Where Python is Used ?

Web Applications

Desktop Applications

Networking Applications

Machine Learning

Artificial Intelligence

Data Analysis

IOT Applications

Games and many more ...!

28. How to use F-string and format / replacement operator ?

name = 'sorav'

print(f"hello , My name is {name}")

print("hello , My name is {}").format(name)

29. How to get list of all the keys in a dictionary ?

x= list(dct.keys())

print(x)

x = [*dct.keys()]

print(x)
 *x, = dct.keys()

print(x)

dct.keys()

30. Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation ?

Abstraction :

. It works on the design level.

. It is implemented to hide unnecessary data and withdrawing relevant data.

. It highlights what the work of an object instead of how the object works is

. It focuses on outside viewing , e.g. shifting the car.

. It is supported in java with the interface and the abstract class.

. In a nutshell , abstraction is hiding implementation with the help of an interface and an abstract
class.

Encapsulation :

. It works on the application level.

. It is the mechanism of hiding the code and the data together from the outside world or misuse.

. It focuses on the inner details of how the object works. Modifications can be done later to the
settings.

. It focuses on interval working or inner viewing , e.g. the production of the car.

. It is supported using, e.g. public, private and secure access modification systems.

. In a nutshell, encapsulation is hiding the data with the help of getters and setters.
31. Does Python Support Multiple Inheritance. (Diamond Problem)

Yes, Python Supports Multiple Inheritance.

Diamond Problem :

Java does not allow is multiple inheritance where one class can inherit properties from more
than one class.

It is known as the diamond problem.

32. How to initialise Empty List, Tuple, Dict & Set .

lis =[]

tup = ()

dict = {}

st = set()

33. What is the difference between .py & .pyc file ?

- .py files contain the source code of program. Whereas, .pyc files contains the bytecode of your
program.

- Python compiles the .py files and saves it as .pyc files , so it can reference them in subsequent
invocations.

- The .pyc contain the compiled bytecode of Python source files. This code is then executed by
Python's virtual machine.

34. How slicing Works in String manipulation . Explain ?

Syntax:

str_object [Start_Position:End_Position:Step]

s = 'HelloWorld'

print(s[0:4])

Hell
 We can gives the negatives values also.

35. Can we Concatenate Two Tuples ? If yes ? How ? Since Tuple is Immutable.

Yes we can concatenate two tuple.

t1 = (1,2,3)

t2 = (7,8,9) are two tuples.

t1= t1 + t2

print("After Concatenation is : ",t1)

Output:

After Concatenation is : (1,2,3,7,8,9)

New Tuple id value different after adding two values.

36. What is the difference between List & Array ?

Lists:

. The list can store the value of different types.

. The list cannot handle the direct arithmetic operations.

. The lists are build-in data structure so we don't need to import it.

. The lists are less compatible than the array to store the data.

. It consumes a large memory.

. It is suitable for storing the longer sequence of the data item.

. We can print the entire list using explicit looping.

 Array :

. It can only consist of value of same type.

. It can directly handle arithmetic operations.

. We need to import the array before work with the array.

. An array are much compatible than the list.

. It is a more compact in memory size comparatively list.

. It is suitable for storing shorter sequence of data items.

. We can print the entire list without using explict looping.

37. What is _a, __a, __a__ in python ?

_a :

. Python doesn't have real private methods, so one underline in the begining of a
variable/function/method name means it's a private variable/function/method and it is for internal use
only.

. We also call it weak private.

__a :

. leading double underscore tell python interpreter to rewrite name in order to avoid conflict in
subclass.

. Interpreter changes variable name with class extension and that features known mangling.

. In Mangling python interpreter modify variable name with __ .

. So Multiple time It use as the private member because another class can not access that variable
directly.

. Main purpose for __ is to use variable/method in class only If you want to use it outside of the class
you can make public api.

__a__ :
 . Name with start with __ and ends with same considers special methods in Python.

. Python provide this methods to use it as the operator overloading depending on the user.

. Python provides this convention to differentiate between the user defined function with the
module's function.

38. How to read multiple values from a single input ?

using Split()

x = list(map(int,input("Enter a multiple value : ").split()))

print("List of Values :",x)

39. How to copy & delete a dictionary ?

Delete by using Clear () :

dct.clear()

Delete by using pop() :

dc.pop('A')

Delete by using del() :

del dct['B]

Copy by using copy() :

dct.copy()

copy by using '=' :

dct = dct2
40. What is the difference between Anonymous & Lambda Function ?

Lambda Function :

. It can have any number of arguments but only one expression.

. The expression is evaluated and returned.

. lambda functions can be used wherever function objects are required.

e.g. sq = lambda x:x:x*x*x

sq(5)

Anonymous Function :

. In Python, Anonymous Function is a function that is defined without a name.

. While normal functions are defined using def keyword, Anonymous functions are defined using the
lambda keyword.

. Hence, anonymous functions are also called lambda functions.

def suare(x):

return x*x

41. What is the difference between MutliThreading & Multiprocessing ?

MutliThreading :

. It is a technique where multiple threads are spawned by a process to do different tasks, at about the
same tme, just one after the other.

. This gives you the illusion that the threads are running in parallel, bt they are actually run in a
concurrent manner.

.In Python, the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) prevents the threads fro running simultaneously.

Multiprocessing :
 . It is a technique where parallelism in its truest form is achieved.

. Multiple processes are run across multiple CPU cores, which do not share the resources among
them.

. Each process can have many threads running in its own memory space.

. In Python, each process has its own instance of Python interpreter doing the job of executing the
instructions.

42. What is GIL ,Explain.

. The GIL of python allows only one thread to be executed at a time. It is often a hurdle , as it
does not allow multi-threading in python to save time.

. The Python Global Interpreter Lock or GIL , in simple words , is a mutex(or a lock) that allows
only one thread to hold the control of the Python Interpreter.

. This means that only one thread can be in a state of execution at any point in time. The impact
of the GIL isn't visible to developers who execute single - threaded programs

, but it can be a performance bottleneck in CPU-bound and multi-threaded code.

. Since the GIL allows only one thread to execute at a time even in a multi-thread architecture
with more than one CPU core, the GIL has gained a reputation as an "infamous" feature of Python.

. Basically, GIL in Python doesn't allow multi-threading which can sometimes be considered as a
disadvantage.

43. How Class & Objects are created in Python ?

. Python is an object-oriented programming language.

. Almost everything in Python is an object, with its properties and methods.

. A Class is like an object constructor, or a "blueprint" for creating objects.

Create a Class :

class Student :

name = 'Gorav'
 obj = Student()

print(obj.name)

44. What are namespaces and its types ?

Namespace :

. In python we deal with variable ,function, libraries and modules etc.

. There is a chance the name of the variable you are going to use is already existing as name of
another variable or as the name of another function or another method.

. In such scenario , we need to learn about how all these names are managed by a python program.
This is the concept of namespace.

Categories of namespace : Following are the three categories of namespace

- Local Namespace : All the names of the functions and variables declared by a program are held
in this namespace. This namespace exists as long as the program runs.

- Global Namespace : This namespace holds all the names of functions and other variables that
are included in the modules being used in the python program. It includes all the names that are part of
the Local namespace.

- Built-In Namespace : This is the highest level of namespace which is available with default
names available as part of the python interpreter that is loaded as the programming environnment. It
include Global namespace which in turn include the local namespace.

We can acces all the names defined in the built-in namespace as follows.

builtin_names=dir(__builtins__)

for name in builtin_names:

print(name)

45. Explain Recursion By reversing a list.

 def reverseList(lst):

if not lst:

return[]

return [lst[-1]] + reverseList(lst[:-1])

print(reverseList([1,2,3,4,5]))

Output :

[5,4,3,2,1]

46. What are UnitTest in Python ?

Unit Testing is the first level of software testing where the smallest testable parts of a software are
tested. This is used to validate that each unit of the software performs as designed . The unittest test
framework is python's xUnit style framework. This is how you can import it.

Import unittest

- It is a software testing method by which individual units of source code are put under various tests to
determine whether they are fit for use(Source).It determines and ascertains the quality of your code.

- Generally, when the development process is complete , the developer codes criteria , or the results
that are known to be potentially practical and useful , into the test script to verify a particular unit's
correctness. During test case execution, various frameworks log tests that fail any criterion and report
them in a summary.

- The developers are expected to write automated test scripts, which ensures that each and every
section or a unit meets its design and behaves as expected.

- Though writing manual tests for your code is definitely a tedious and time-consuming task, Python's
built-in unit testing framework has made life a lot easier.

- The unit test framework in Python is called unittest, which comes packaged with Python.
 - Unit Testing makes your code future proof since you anticipate the cases where your code could
potentially fail or produce a bug. Though you cannot predict all of the cases, You still address most of
them.

47. What is the difference between map(), filter(), & reduce() ?

Map() Function :

The map() function iterates through all items in the given iterable and executes the function we
passed as an argument on each of them.

The syntax is :

map(function,iterable(s))

fruit = ["Apple","Banana","Mango"]

mp = map(lambda s : s[0]=="A",fruit)

print(list(mp))

Output:

[True,False,False]

Filter() Function :

The filter() function takes a function object and an iterable and creates a new list. As the name
suggests , filter() forms a new list that contains only elements that satisfy a certain condition, i.e. the
function we passed returns True.

The syntax is :

filter(function,iterable(s))

fruit = ["Apple","Banana","Mango"]
 flt = filter(lambda s : s[0]=="A",fruit)

print(list(flt))

Output:

['Apple','Apricot']

Reduce() Function :

The reduce() function works differently than map() and filter() . It does not return a new list
based on the function and iterable we've passed. Instead , it returns a single value.Also in Python3
reduce() isn't a built-in function anymore, and it can be found in the functools module.

The syntax is :

reduce(function,sequence[,initial])

from functools import reduce

list = [2,4,7,3]

print(reduce(lambda x,y : x+y, list))

print("With an initial value :"+str(reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,list,10)))

Output:

16

With an initial value : 26

48. What is difference between Shallow Copy & Deep Copy ?

Shallow Copy :

. Shallow copies duplicates as little as possible.

 . A shallow copy constructs a new compound object and then (to the extent possible) inserts
references into it to the objects found in the original.

Deep Copy:

. Deep copy duplicates everything.

. A deep copy constructs a new compound object and then, recursively, inserts copies into it of
the objects found in the original.

49. What is Monkey Patching ?

In Python, the term monkey patch refers to dynamic (or run-time) modifications of a class or
module.In Python , we can actually change the behaviour of code at run-time.

50. What is Operator Overloading and Dunder method ?

- Dunder methods in python are special methods.

- In Python, we sometimes see method names with a double underscore(__), such as the
__init__ method that every class has. These methods are called "dunder" methods.

- In Python, Dunder methods are used for operator overloading and customizing some other
function's behaviour.