Fluid Mechanics

Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic

University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 241

Introduction

Lecture 1

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 Course Instructor
Name: Mohamed Hassan Elgamal

Education:

- Bachelor of Civil Engineering, Cairo University, 1992;

- Master of Science, Groundwater , Cairo University, 1995;

- Ph.D., Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Canada, 2002;

- Associate Professor, Cairo University;

- Associate Professor, Al Imam University, 2014.

Course Textbooks
& Material
Authors of 9th Edition:
Clayton Crown;
Donald Eger
Barbara Wilams
John Roberson

Authors of 10th Edition:

Donald Eger
Barbara Wilams
Clayton Crown;
John Roberson

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 Outline for Today

 Course Synopsis
 Grading System
 Introduction

Importance of Fluid Mechanics

What is the importance

of studying Fluid
Mechanics?

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 Why study Fluid Mechanics?
 Fluids Applications
 Weather & climate
 Vehicles: automobiles, trains, ships, and
planes, etc.
 Environment
 Physiology and medicine
 Sports & recreation
 Many other examples!

Why study Fluid Mechanics?

AERODYNAMICS
Fluid Mechanics plays an important role in designing air crafts

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 Why study Fluid Mechanics?

airfoil
‫قطاع فى جناح‬
‫الطيارة‬

AERODYNAMICS

The Fastest Manned Jet in the World

The Blackbird bomber SR-71 (Mach No. = 3.3 to 3.5)

X-43 Jet is the fastest unmanned Jet
(Max speed 10,000 km/hr)

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 Why study Fluid Mechanics?

Reservoir of a
dam

Spillway

HYDRODYNAMICS
Fluid Mechanics plays an important role in designing Dams

Why study Fluid Mechanics?

OCEANOGRAPHY
Fluid Mechanics is important to study the motion of water
currents in oceans

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 Why study Fluid Mechanics?

Geophysical Fluid Mechanics

Computational Fluid Mechanics can help in identifying the
formation of hurricanes and its paths

Why study Fluid Mechanics?

Air Quality and

Pollution Dispersion

Fluid Mechanics is important in studying out the pollution of air

quality due to factories exhausts and outlets

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 Why study Fluid Mechanics?

Environmental Fluid
Mechanics

Why study Fluid Mechanics?

Petroleum Engineering
Fluid Mechanics also plays an important role in the optimum
production of oil from reservoirs

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 Why study Fluid Mechanics?

Studying FM is essential for proper design of the cooling schemes of electronic

circuits and computer chips in Electrical Engineering

Why study Fluid Mechanics?

Thanks to Fluid Mechanics, we

have understood that Golf balls
with dimples could travel longer
than smooth ones
Smooth ball Fluid Mech. for Sports Ball with dimples

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 Why study Fluid Mechanics?

You can go faster if you use Fluid Mechanics

to study the air resistance while cycling

Why study Fluid Mechanics?

Air Deflector Kit

Using air deflector kit could

save up to 15% of fuel cost

Air Deflector
Kit

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 Why study Fluid Mechanics?
Which load
arrangement is
preferable?

Understanding Fluid Mechanics is

essential for Estimation of Air Resistance

Why study Fluid Mechanics?

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 BIOFLUID MECHANICS

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)

Fusiform: spindle shaped, mayFIGURE

involve considerable portion
4. CT angiography showing anterior (top) and lateral (bottom)
views of an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
of the vessel

Food Processing

Manufacturing of Professional Chocolate

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 FM in Times of War

bouncing bomb

Dam Busters using the concept of

bouncing bomb The breached Möhne Dam after the bombing
By RAF In 1943 Killing 1579 people downstream

FM in Times of War
 (CFD) was in connection
with the Manhattan Project
during World War II
Researchers used computations
to study the propagation and
interaction of shock waves, a
subject crucial to the success of
the atomic bomb

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 Tactics in Wars

High Pressure Water Canons to Produce Holes in Bar lev

Sand Wall
1973 Arab-Israeli War

Aim of the course

 Enable students to understand basic
concepts of fluid mechanics and apply them
to simple engineering problems.

 Realize the importance of the subject and its

applications in aeronautical, mechanical,
civil, biomedical and chemical engineering.

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 Introduction

What is Fluid Mechanics

What is Fluid
Mechanics?

To answer this question, we need first to recall

the different states in materials:
-Solids;
-Liquids;
-Gases.

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 Comparison of Different States

What is a Fluid?

Liquids
Fluids
Gases

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 What is a Fluid?
• A fluid is a substance that flows under the action of
shearing forces and it flows under its own weight and
takes up the shape of any enclosing container
• If a fluid is at rest, we know that the forces on it are in balance
• A gas is a fluid that is easily compressed
• It fills any vessel in which it is contained
• A liquid is a fluid which is hard to compress
• A given mass of liquid will occupy a fixed volume, irrespective of
the size of the container
• A free surface is formed as a boundary between a liquid
and a gas above it

Solids & Fluids Distinction

Fixed
deformation

Δx

Δy Continuous
deformation

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 A Liquid A Gas
• Almost • Relatively easy to
incompressible compress
• Forms a free surface • completely fills any
vessel in which it is
placed
Free Surface
Expands

Liquid
Gas

Examples of Common Fluids

 Liquids:
 water, oil, mercury, gasoline, alcohol
 Gasses:
 air, helium, hydrogen, steam
 Borderline:
 jelly, asphalt, lead, toothpaste, paint

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 What is Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics is a basic science. It is that branch of
physics that studies the fluids and the forces on them.

Fluid mechanics can be divided into:

Fluid Statics: the study of fluids at rest;
Fluid Kinematics: the study of fluids in motion; and
Fluid Dynamics: the study of the effect of forces on fluid
motion.

CFD or Computational Fluid Mechanics: it is a branch of

FM that handles the fluid applications numerically using the
computer.

Dimensions and Units

 Dimension: Generalization of “unit” telling us
what kind of units are involved in a quantitative
statement
 Mass [M], length [L], time [T]
 Unit: Particular dimension
 kg, m, s (SI System International)
 gm, cm, s (French System)
 slug, ft, s (British Gravitational)
 lbm, ft, s (American System)

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 Dimensions and Units
 Derived Dimension
 Force [F] = Mass [M] * Acceleration[L/T2]
 Unit:
 N (System International)
 dyne (French System)
 lbf (British Gravitational)
 pdl (American System)

System of Units
System Length Time Mass Force

French System cm s gm dyne

British ft s slug Ibf

Gravitational BG
English ft s Ibm pdl
Engineering EE
System m s kg N
International SI

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 Exercise 1
Quantity
Write down the Dimensions
-Volume; L3
and the SI units for the
following quantities:
-Velocity; L/T
-Acceleration; L/T2
-Angular Velocity; 1/T
-Discharge; L3/T

-Shear Stress; M/L.T2

-Torque; M.L2/T2
-Energy M.L2/T2

Exercise 2 Use of Dimensions

Use the Dimensions to Show that the below
Bernoulli’s equation is dimensionally homogeneous
(i.e. all terms have the same dimensions) - all valid
equations must satisfy this dimensional
homogeneity
 for ideal fluid flow may be written as:

 Where:
 p = pressure,  = specific weight, z = elevation,
 U = velocity, g = gravitational acceleration.

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 Use of Dimensions
Example - Solution

 Term 1: [p/]  [ML-1T-2/ ML-2T-2]  [L]

 Term 2: [z]  [L]
 Term 3: [u2/2g]  [(LT-1)2/LT-2]  [L]
 i.e. dimensionally homogeneous
 Dimensions of equation are [L]
 SI units of m

Unit Conversion Table (Easy Part)

 Length Multiply
by
Convert To

 Meter(m) 100 centimeters(cm)

 Centimeters (cm) 10 millimeter (mm)
 Volume
 Cubic meter(m3) 1000 Litre(L)
 Weight/Force
 Kilogram (kgf) 1000 grams(gm)
 Tonf(tf) 1000 Kilogram (kgf)
 Kilogram (kgf) 9.81 Newton(N)

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 Unit Conversion Table (Cont.)
 Length Multiply
by
Convert To

 Inches(in) 2.54 centimeters(cm)

 Feet(ft) 0.3048 m
 Miles 1.609 km
 Volume
 Gallon(gal) 3.785 Litre(L)
 Weight
 pound(lb) 453.6 grams(gm)

Example 2 on Unit Conversion

It is required to convert a volume of 20 ft3
into ?? litre:
 First convert: ft3  m3
 20 x (0.3048)3 m3
 Second convert: m3  Litre
 20 x (0.3048)3 x (1000) Litre = 566.3369 Litre

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 Example 3 on Unit Conversion
It is required to convert a pressure of 30 psi
(pound/in2) into ?? Pa (N/m2):
 30 x (453.6) gm/in2
 30 x (453.6/1000) kg/in2
 30 x (9.81*453.6/1000) N/in2
 30 x (9.81*453.6/1000)/(2.54)2 N/cm2
 30 x (9.81*453.6/1000)/[(.01)2*(2.54)2]N/m2
 30 psi = 206916.9 N/m2

Example 4 on Unit Conversion

It is required to convert a pressure of 400 Pascal
(N/m2) into ?? kPa (KN/m2):
 400 x (1/1000) kN/m2 = 0.4 KN/m2
 400 Pa = 0.4 KN/m2

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