Definition of the Language:

Language is the systematic meaningful arrangement of symbols that represent an important cognitive ability and
one that is indispensible for community with there is called language.
Language:
Structure: Grammar and laws.
Grammar is taken from Latin word Grammar is the study of rules about how words change their form to make
meaningful sentence is called grammar. Or putting a writing word in a right place.
Grammar deals with major components of a language.

1. Phonology
2. Syntax
3. Symantec
4. Morphology
Phonology
The study of smallest sound units is called phonology.
Phonemes
That affects the meaning of speech.
Syntax
Is the study of rule how the words and phrases are combined into sentences.
e.g. sub+ has/have + verb + 3rd form of verb
He has been to Kabul.
Symantec
Is the rules that govern the meaning of sentences.
e. g. She went to school.
Morphology
Morphology is the scientific study of the structure and form of word and phrase.
e. g. He went to school.
Word
A meaningful sound like book or combination of sounds that is the unit of a language.
Kinds of Words
1. Grammatical
2. Terminology/Lexical/ordinary/dictionary/absolute words.
3.
Grammatical Words
Grammatical words are those words that can’t be explained in one word.
e. g. Dong ling
Modifiers need to explain more.
Lexical Words
Lexical words are those words that can be explained in one word.
e. g. Greater Barium, Lesser Barium
Forms of Grammatical Terminology
Forms of Grammatical Terminology can be
Noun: Beauty
Verb: Beautify
Adjective: Beautiful
Adverb: Beautifully
Text information: means what has the book

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 Level One

Unit One:
Greeting and Introductions
Greeting means Salutation, greeting is the first stage of meeting.

Introduction
Introduction is the way in which we introduce our self to others and know about others. For example words means.

Hello, I am Zahid.

Nice to meet you Zahid, I am Shahid.

Greeting Introduction
Reciprocal process: two sided or mutual

Extra Information
Introduction basically has two kinds

1. Formal introduction
2. Informal Introduction

Supplementary Types

Expected Introduction
We our selves cause of the introduction.

Unexpected Introduction
Is introduction that occurs by chance/ accidently in the party, in the park, or on the bus stop etc.

Second Introduction

Indentify a person name or occupation

e. g. This is Ali. He is a doctor

Text Information

This
This is used to talk about a near person, place or thing

Structure
This + is + singular to be + verb

E.g. this is a book

This is a pronoun in grammar.

Extra Information
This can be either demonstrative pronoun or demonstrative adjective in grammar.

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  This + verb = Demonstrative Pronoun
 This + noun = Demonstrative Adjective

E. g. this room is big. Demonstrative Adjective

We have five demonstrative pronouns

This, these, that, those, such

e. g. such is interesting news

Asking about Occupation

Yes/No Questions

Text Information
Yes/No questions are those questions that can be answered by either yes/ no.

e. g. Is Ali a doctor? Yes he is / No he is not

Are they teachers? Yes they are/ No they are not

Structure
To be verb + subject + complement

Extra Information Yes/No questions

Are also called Prolar questions, yes/no questions require the inverted order of subject and verb.

e. g. Are you a teacher

is, are, am are principle auxiliary verbs or primary.

e.g. She can dance (correct) She is a dancer. (correct) She a dancer. (incorrect)

Asking about Name and Occupation using who and what

They are W.H or information question words.

Who
Who is used to ask about the identification of a person.

What
What is used to ask about the identification of a thing.

Structure
W.H word + to be verb + subject

e. g. who is your teacher? Shahid is my teacher.

What is this? This is a car.

Action: What is Adil doing? He is dancing.

Extra Information about Who and What

Who and what are basically interrogative pronouns.

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e. g. Who are you? What is it? Can you tell me what day today is? Tell me who you are?

About who: who can be relative pronoun or conncective.

e. g. I know the boy who is your friend.

Main Clause Relative Clause
Who can be used as subordinative conjunction in noun clause.
e. g. I don’t know who your teacher is?
What is also used as a subordinative conjunction in noun clause.

Structure: verb + what + subject + rest of the sentence

e. g. I know what she said about me.
I heard what she said.
Imperative
Imperative is used to order someone to do something or not to do something.
e.g. Bring me a glass of water. Close the door.

Extra Information
Imperatives has two kinds
 Positive imperative
 Negative imperative

Positive Imperative
Is used to order to someone to do something.
e.g. Polish my shoes.

Negative Imperative
Is used to order someone not to do something.
e.g. Don’t go out late at night.

In imperative the subject is understood to be “you” if it is used it is more imphatic.

e. g. you polish my shoes. You don’t go out late at night.

Imperative is used for those purposes to give direct order.
e. g. Polish my Shoes.

To give indirect order

e. g. Tell Ahmad come home earlier.

To give advice
e. g. Perform prayer five times a day.

To request someone to do something

e. g. Please be quite.
Please concentrate on your study.

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To give direction
e. g. Walk four blocks to the west.
Go straight and turn left.
To give instructions
e.g. Slice four onions.

Imperative is divided into two more types

1. Singular
2. Double
Singular Positive
Write your homework
Double Imperative
Don’t fight and tease students in the class.
Singular Negative
Don’t fight
Double Position
Go and bring something form the bazaar.

Unit Two
Identifying people with “that”

Text Information

That
That is pronoun in grammar.

Structure: That +singular to be verb+ rest of the sentence

e.g . That is a car.

That is used to point out a singular person, place, thing that is far from the speaker.

e. g. That is our teacher = Name

That is our school = Place

That is our car = Thing

That can be demonstrative pronoun and adjective.

Structure: that + singular to be verb + rest of the sentence

E. g. That is our car. Demonstrative Pronoun

That + singular noun + rest of the sentence

e. g. That car is new Demonstrative Adjective

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Plural of that is those

Those + plural to be verb + rest of the sentence

e. g. those are our friends.

Those + plural noun + rest of the sentence

e. g. Those boys are our girlfriends

Singular Possessive

Text Information
Singular Possessive is formed by apostrophe in (s/’s) to singular possessive of singular noun.

Structure: Noun +’s +noun

e. g. Shahid’s car Irfan’s brother

Extra Information
Singular possessive is also called singular genitive case, ownership can be shown in many ways

Posssessive adjective + noun

e. g. This is my car.

Possessive adjectives (his, her, my, your, their, our, its)

e. g. This is your computer.

Possessive pronouns (his, hers, mine, yours, theirs, ours)

E. g. This is Ali’s car. This is his car. This car is his.

Usages of (‘S)
1. To Show ownership of singular noun.

e. g. Adil’s computer.

2. To Show ownership of irregular plural nouns.

e.g. Child’s pamper. Children’s pamper. Woman’s purse. Women’s purse.

3. Teachers’ room. Boys’ hostel. Boy’s hostel.

Boys hostel is wrong. ‘S is used for irregular plural. S’ is used for regular plural.

4. To form the plural of nouns having no plural form.

e. g. we have used fors in our writing there are many buts in our writing.

There are two it’s in India.

Noun ending in s or ss

5. Nouns ending in “s” or “ss” can take either “s” apostrophe or apostrophe s.

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e. g. Hari’s book. Haris’s book.

Teachers’ room. Teachers’s room. Wai’s car. Wais’s car

I tak over my boss’s job. I take over my boss’s job.

‘ + noun +’s +noun /s’s +noun / ss’s +noun

Kinds of Genitive Case

1. Separate Genitive Case:

Ali’s and Hamid’s Computers

2. Joined Genitive Case.

e. g. Ali and Hamid’s Computer. They have their own computer, they share one computer.

e. g. Ali’s and Hamid computer. (use apostrophe with last name.)

Alphabet
A set of letters of symbols arranged in a fixed order for writing a long usage is alphabet.

A to Z forms alphabet.

Capital Form (Upper case form)

e.g. A.B.C

Small form (Lower form case).

e. g. a.b.c.d.e

Extra Information

Alphabet is divided into three kinds according to sound.

Vowel: Vowel have a steady sound.

Semi Vowel: by some rules they are called semi vowel.

Consonant: Does not have steady sound.

Vowel (A, E, I, O, U).

Unit Three
Where

Text Information
Where is W. H or information gathering question. Where is used to ask about people or location.

e. g. Where does Ahmad work? He workds in a bank.

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Extra Information
Where can be used in these structures.

1. WXSV (WH + auxiliary + sub + main verb)

E.g . Where did you go last night?

2. WXS (WH + auxiliary + subject)

e.g. Where is your brother?

3. WSV (WH + auxiliary + verb) (lose question)

e.g. Where you live?

4. WSAV (WH+auxiliary+main verb)

e.g. Where Ali is going (informal)

Lose question like are you a boy?

Auxiliary should come before subject then that would not be called lose question.

Preposition “In”, “At”

Text Information
In: in is used to talk about a place which is in closed on all sides.

At: At is used to talk about a place which we consider a point.

e.g. We are in the class. Ali is at home.

Extra Information about In or At

At implies a special location seen externally.

e.g. at eating place. At working place. At stopping place.

Ali is at restaurant. Kamal is at work. Zahid is at home.

At is used for specific events.

e.g. We enjoyed a lot at the wedding.

In: is used for longer city/country.

e.g. We live in the city. There is a lot of crime in Pakistan.

In is also used for small vehicles.

e.g. lets go in my car. Ali comes to school in the bus.

Big vehicles: air plan/traler.

In: can also be used as an adverb.

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e.g. is the mange in today. I told Wali to get in.

Unit Four
Present Continuous Tense

Text Information
It show an action that is happening at the moment of speaking.

e.g. Kamal is speaking. The teacher is writing.

Structure: subject + to be + verb + ing + rest of the sentence

He, she, it, singular name + is, I, am

You, we, they, plural name+ are

Extra Information
Positive: sub + to be +verb +ing +rest of the sentence

Negative: sub +to be + not +verb + ing + rest of the sentence

Positive Interrogative: to be + sub + verb + ing + rest of the sentence

Negative Interrogative: to be + not + sub + verb + ing + rest of the sentence

To be + sub + not + verb to these all structures called syntax of present continuous tense.

Usages of Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense is used to talk about

1. Things that are happening right now or at the moment of speaking

e.g. you are writing.

2. Thing that are happening around the time of speaking not in present.
e.g. I am writing an English grammar book.

3. Things that are part of fixed timetable or program in the future.

e.g. you will be having a test next week.
My father is coming from London next week.
We are playing cricket match on Sunday.
4. Things in situation changing.
e.g. Your English conversation is getting improved day by day.

5. Present + habits or long going action. (always, constantly, forever, continuously)

e.g. Ahmad is Always coming late.
Some lazy students are forever to getting their books at home.

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Suggestions and Polite requests

Text Information
Lets is used to make suggestions.

e.g. let’s go to the park.

Have to is used to refuse someone’s suggestion politely.

e.g. sorry I have to study for my test.

Extra Information
Let’s is the short form of let us. Let’s is a conclusion verb in Grammar, negative form of let’s is “let’s not”

Let’s o r let’s not + base form of the verb is used. The tag question for let’s is Shall.

e.g. Let’s go the school, shall we?

Have to: is an expression in grammar.

Singular form is Has to used with He, she, it singular name. Have to show normal obligation or necessity and
negative form is don’t have to and does not have to.

e.g. She has to study.

Negative: She does not have to study.

Question: Does she have to study?

Doesn’t she have to study?

Does she not have to study?

Unit Five
Can
Is a modal auxiliary verb.

 Shows present ability.

 Means be able to.
 Is used with all subjects.
 Is always followed by base form of the verb.

Structure: all subjects + can + base form of the verb + rest of the sentence

e.g. We can learn English.

Can we learn English?

Can’t we learn English. A. E

Can we not learn English. B. E

Modal auxiliary verbs are used to show different feelings, attitudes of a speaker.

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Extra Information
Can is used for the following purposes

For present ability

e.g. Ali can learn English.

For present possibility

e.g. It can rain today.

For future possibility

e.g. WE can meet tomorrow in the party.

For informal request

e.g. Can you lend me your car? Can you pass the salt?

For informal permission

e.g. Can I come in?

Function
Can is used in the following way

As a Modal auxiliary verb

e.g. I can do it in the best possible way.

As a Main verb
e.g. Did you can all coffee?

As a Noun
e.g. Bring also a can of coffee.

As an Adjective
This is can need coffee.

As a Question
e.g. Can you can a can in a can? If you can in a can?

Text Information
Proper noun and Proper adjective.

e.g. Ali is from Afghanistan. He is Afghan.

S v pre sub pro s v comp adj

Pakistan (Proper noun) Pakistani (Proper adjective)

Extra Information
Proper noun is the name of a particular person, thing
e.g. Karzai, Kabul, Karachi, Air plan

Proper adjective is find “a/b” kind of adjective that is derived from a proper noun.
e.g. Afghan, Pakistani, Indian, Swiss, Japanese, Chinese, etc

Proper adjective show your nationality.

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e.g. Afghanistan Afghan

Unit Six
Locating Place on the street

Using On
On is a preposition, it is used to indicate the location of a place on the surface of street, road, avenue, and highway.

On + street/road/avenue/highway

e.g. The drug store is on Main Street. KELC is situated on University Road.

There are many accidents on highway Islamabad.

Extra Information
 If there is number before street we use at instead of “On”.

e.g. Our house is on Prince Street. Our house is at 1035 Prince Street.

 For the name and phase “On” is also used.

e.g. On street A or B.
 “On” is used for these purposes
o Parts of the day. On Monday afternoon
o Days of the week. On Monday/On Friday
o Date On July 1st/On February 20th
o Day + Date On Monday July 10th
o Particular occasion On that day/On that evening
o Anniversary On your birth day/ On his wedding
o Festivals On Eid days
o Something that is already on the surface The book is on the table

Unit Seven

Countable and Non-countable Nouns

Countable Nouns
Are those nouns that can be counted.

e.g. Chairs, Pens, books

Non-Countable Nouns
Are those nouns that can not be counted.

e.g. water, salt, oil, sugar, hair, rice etc

Extra Information
Countable noun is also called unit noun and non-countable noun is also called Mass noun.

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Text Information
Preference between countable noun and non-countable noun.

Count nouns:
Can be counted and divided into singular and plural.

e.g. one book, two books

Non-Countable noun
Countable singular and plural verb.

e.g. books are boring. Book is boring.

Count plural can come before it.

e.g. Ten chairs, Twenty chairs

A/An can be used before it

e.g. A book, An apple

Many/Few
e.g. Many books, Few girls

Countable noun as a number

e.g. How many boys?

Non-Countable Nouns
1. Can’t be counted and divided into singular and plural.

e.g. water, oil, air, meat

2. Can take only singular verb but not plural verb.

e.g. Water is cold, waters are cold (wrong)

3. Neither singular nor plural number can come before it.

e.g. one milk, two milks, two advices, twenty breeds (wrong)

4. A/An can’t be use before it

e.g. A water, an air (wrong)

5. Much and little can be follow it

e.g. Much sugar, little coffee

6. Non-Countable noun has an amount of quality.

e.g. How much rice.

How to Make Non-countable Noun plural

Structure: Quantity expression + non countable noun

1. Is used to give noun countable noun singular and plural form.

2. Quantity expression is used to as the scale of measurement for non-countable noun.

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 e.g. a glass of water. Ten glasses of water. A carton of milk. Four cartons of milk.

A lot of breed. Few leaves of bread.

Extra Information
Quantity expression + noun countable noun

Structure of positive

Expression of quality + of + noun

 Count noun a kilo + of + oil + meat

 A glass of water a slice of breed
 Partitive: is used to specify the amount or quantity of non-countable noun the number of countable noun.
e.g. a dozen of eggs. A band of brothers.

Unit Eight
Text Information
Simple Present Tense or Present Indefinite Tense

Structure:

Positive: sub + verb + s/es/les + rest of the sentence

Negative: sub + do/does + not + verb + rest of the sentence

Negative Interrogative: Do/does + sub + not + verb + rest of the sentence

Text Information
Simple present tense is use to indicate an action that happen everyday or habitually.

e.g. We come to grammar class.

They work in Habib Bank.
My brother works in Habib Bank.
We don’t come to Grammar class.
Do we come to Grammar class?
Don’t we come to Grammar class?
Do we not come to class?
My brother does not in Habib Bank.
Does my brother work in Habib Bank?
Does my father not work in Habib Bank?
My brother works up early in the morning.
Does not my father work in Habib Bank?

Extra Information
1. It indicate an action or situation that points back present/past/and future tense
e.g. We come to Grammar class.

2. It shows/scientific/universal and general fact and truth.

 Universal fact unchangeable

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 e.g. Allah is one. The earth is oval shape. The sun rises from the east. Milk is white.
Honey is sweet.
 General fact are changeable
e.g. Karzai is the president of Afghanistan.
Katrina is young and beautiful.
We are in Grammar class.
Ali is a boy.
3. It’s used to indicate a future action that is a part of fixed timetable or program in present tense.
e.g. Karzai come to Pakistan next week.

4. It replaces simple future tense in adverb class of time and condition.

e.g. when you study hard, you will pass. If you come to class you will learn something.

5. It is used to give order directions instructions.

e.g. Bring me a glass of water. Walk four block to the west. Slice two tomatoes and onions.

From … to and Through

Fromm … to and through are all prepositions.

From…to
Is used to talk about continuous time units of the day and day of the week.

e.g. Our grammar class begins from 6:30 am to 8:00 am.

Our grammar class is through Monday to Saturday.

Through
Is used to talk about continuous months of the years.

e.g. KELC serves students January through December.

Pakistan’s schools are off May through August.

War was in progress in Afghanistan 1990 to 2010.

Extra Information
For 7 days. Ten days. 24 hours.

For 12 months used through, from… to is a compound preposition and through is a simple preposition.

Note: From…to and through can also be used interchangeably.

e.g. Our class begins 6:30 am through 8:00 am.

WE will teach you Monday through Saturday.

KELC serves students from January to December.

War was in progress in Afghanistan from 1990 to 2010.

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Unit Nine
How many and How much

Text Information
They are interrogative phrases

How many
Is used to talk about plural countable noun.

How much
Is used to talk about non-countable noun.

Structure: How many + plural count noun + auxiliary verb + main verb

e.g. How many brothers do you have?

How much + non-countable noun + auxiliary verb + main verb

e.g. How much time do you need to finish this work.

Extra Information
How many and How much are made of two words
How is interrogative adverb
Many is quantity adjective
How is interrogative adverb
Much is quantity adjective
How modifies both many and much
How many is used to talk about the number of countable noun.
How much is used to talk about the non-countable noun or quantity amount of non-countable noun.

Linking Verb
Are those verbs that combine or show the relationship between the subject and the complement of the sentence.

Structure: Sub + linking verb + complement

e.g. The flower smells good. (smells combines the flower with good)

Extra Information
Linking verbs are also called capular or capulitive verb. The complement of linking verb can be three things.

Structure: Sub + linking verb+ complement

1. Adjective 2. Noun 3. Pronoun

Linking verbs (be, look, seem, smell, test)

e.g. Laila is beautiful. Ali is our teacher. That is him.
Adjective Noun Pronoun

For and With

Text Information
They are prepositions. For is used to indicate the duration of an action.

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Structure: For + duration of time

e.g. Cook the chicken for 30 minutes.

With is used to indicate that someone is accompanied with someone or something together.

e.g. Ali goes to school with Mahmood. Americans eat their all food with fork/knife/and spoon.

Unit Ten
How old

Text Information
It is interrogative phrase it’s used to talk about the age of a person.

Structure: How old + to be verb + subject

e.g. How old is Ali? He is 13th years old.

Extra Information
How is made of two word. How is interrogative adverb. Old is adjective. How modifies the adjective old.

e.g. How old are you?

Adv adj

Extra Information For

For is used with the following cases as a simple preposition to introduce indirect object.
Sub + direct object + for + indirect object
e.g. Shahid bought a gift for Hamid.
As a preposition of time in perfect tenses to emphasize duration of an action.
e.g. We have been studying English for two weeks.

As a coordinative conjunction to mean sentence.

e.g. We missed the last bus, for we got very late to bus station.

Unit Twelfth
How and need

Text Information
They are both main verbs, how is used to show ownership or position

Need is used to show some one’s necessity.

e.g. I have a big test tomorrow. I need to study some hours.

Sahil has a bad headache. He need to take some pills and rest (ownership)

Extra Information
How is used in the following cases:

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 1. To show a format position
e.g. He has a big house. They have a test today.
2. To form many perfect tense as to have auxiliary verb.
e.g. They have studied English.
3. To form a structure of perfective past models/modal auxiliary + have + verb
e.g. You should have studied. He may have told a lie.

Kinds of Principle auxiliary verbs

1. To be verb auxiliary verb (is, am, are)
2. To do auxiliary verb (do, does)
3. To have auxiliary verbs (have, has)

Need has the following functions

1. As a noun meaning, requirement

e.g. His necessity can’t be fulfilled easily.
2. As a main verb meaning to require
e.g. Akram needs a lot of many
structure: Need + verb Waqar needs a car.
Need + to+ Ali need to buy a car.
3. As semi auxiliary verb
Structure: Need not + verb Most often in negative and interrogative sentences.
e.g. You need not shout. Need Ali come tomorrow?]

Should

Text Information
Should is a modal auxiliary verb and is used to indicate mild obligation and advisability, and it is used with all the
subjects.

Structure: sub + should + base form of verb + rest of the sentence

e.g. Ali should study hard

Ali should not study hard.

Should Ali study hard?

Should not Ali study hard? (Informal)

Should Ali not study hard? (British English)

Extra Information
Sometimes should is the second form of shall specially in reported speech.

e.g. Ali said, “I shall have” (direct speech) Ali said that he should have. (indirect speech)

Should is also used to talk about past mild obligation have wasted your time.

e.g. She should have studied hard.

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Unit Thirteen
Simple Past Tense
Structure: Positive: sub+2nd form of verb + rest of the sentence

Negative: sub + did + not + base form of the verb+ rest of the sentence

Negative Interrogative: Did + not + sub + base form of the verb + rest of the sentence

Definition: It is used indicate an action or situation that started and ended at a particular time in the past.

Most often: adverb or adverb phrases of time are used with simple past tense.

e.g. Ali was in America last year. Ali was sick.

Usages of Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense is used for the following purposes:

1. Show actions or situation that started and ended at a particular time in the past.
e.g. We studied Grammar class last month. They were at the park yesterday.
2. Show an action or situation that existed in the past but they are no longer existed in the present.
e.g. Ali used to be very naughty.
3. Replaces simple present tense in reported in directed speech if the verb is “said”.
e.g. Abid said, “I have played cricket”. Abid said that he had played cricket.
Indirect Reported speech
4. It shows two action happened in the past but one before another.
Structure: when + simple past tense

e.g. When the doctor came, the patient died. When the patient died, the doctor came.

Like
Sometimes it’s used to give a present or future unreal meaning.

Structure: wish + simple past tense

If + simple past tense

e.g. I wish I were a teacher at KELC. If she were not sick, she would come to the party.

Text Information

Like as a verb
Shows some one’s choice.

e.g. Laila like to go to cold place. I like to buy a car.

Extra Information
Like is followed by a noun or infinitive.

Structure: like + noun/infinitive + to + base form of the verb

e.g. she like to have holidays. (infinitive) She likes holiday. (noun)

Like is used as gerund verb too.

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e.g. I like visiting new places and new people.

Object Pronouns
Are those pronouns that most often receive the action and occur in the object position.

Structure: sub + verb + object pronoun (her, him, it, them, me, us)

e.g. Laila is sick. You should take her to the doctor.

Ali Does not know English. You should teach him some English.
The car is new. I bought it last year.

Ali and Ahmad are coming late you should tell them to come on time.

Please bring me a glass of water. They will take care of us. If you make a lot of noise. I will beat you.

Possessive Pronouns
(his, hers, their, ours, mine, yours, )

Possessive Adjectives
(her, it’s, our, his, ours, yours)

Reflexive pronouns
Herself, itself, ourselves, himself, themselves, yourselves, myself

Unit Fourteen
Has Simple Past Tense only.

Unit Fifteen
Have to/ has to

Talking about future

Simple present tense +future time expression talks about future formed plans.

Present continuous tense +future time expression talks about informal future plans.

e.g. President Karzai goes to London on a three day tour next month.

President Karzai is going to London on a three day tour next week.

Extra Information
Future can be expressed by using the following structures.

1. Will + base form of the verb

2. Shall + base form of the verb
3. Be to +base form of the verb
4. Be going to + base form of the verb

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 5. Simple present tense
6. Present continuous tense

e.g. We will finish this class next month. I shall go to Islamabad tomorrow.

Americans are to leave Kabul. We are going to go to Kabul next Friday.

She comes to Pakistan in 2015. We are taking test on Monday.

Unit Sixteen
Has repeated topics

Unit Seventeen
By

Text Information
By is a preposition it is used to indicate how we travel or shows means of transportation.

e.g. Khan goes to Kabul by bus. People go from one country to another country by bus/airplan.

I come to center by feet. I come on hours by bicycle.

Extra Information
By has the following functions:

 As a simple preposition to talk about the means of preposition.

e.g. we come to center by public buses.
 As an genitive preposition in passive voice.
e.g. our class is taught by Ali. The jug was broken by Kamal.
 By gerund shows how something is performed or how some close something.
e.g. you can find the meaning of difficult words by checking a dictionary.
You can quench your hunger by eating food.

One/One’s
They are indefinite pronouns and they are only used with singular countable nouns and plural countable nouns.

One
One avoids the unnecessary repetition of singular count noun.

Ones
One’s avoids the unnecessary repetition of plural count nouns.

e.g. Did she buy a car? Yes she bought a red one.

Did she like all the matches? No, not all but she seems to have liked the last one’s.

Extra Information
They are basically indefinite pronouns. One and one’s sometimes don’t indicate a particular person and thing.

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e.g. I like the one who is standing over there. I like someone the teacher allows only the ones who have gotten
90% marks.

Unit Eighteen
A lot of
A lot of is a quantifier in grammar. It has almost the same meaning as many and much, it is used to indicate
advantages and disadvantages of person, place or thing. It is used with plural count nouns and non-nouns not
singular count nouns.

e.g. KELC has a lot of students. Pakistan has a lot of pollution. I have a lot of friends.

Many and Much

Are concerned with problems

Advantages and disadvantages become a kind of uncountable problems.

Extra Information
A lot of is a determiner in grammar.

Determiner: is a word or expression that limits the meaning of a noun.

A lot of changes informally to “lots of”.

Structure:
1. a lot of + identifier plural count noun
2. A lot of/lots of + plural count noun
3. A lot of/lots of + pronoun
4. A lot of/lots of + alone

e.g. a lot of / lots of boys have passed the TOEFL test. A lot of/lots of the teachers are from Afghanitan.

Non-countable nouns
1. A lot of/lots of + non-count noun
2. A lot of/lots of identifier + non-count noun
3. A lot of/lots of + pronoun
4. A lot of/lots of + alone
e.g. a lot/lots of experience is needed to become a pilot. A lot of /lots of food is left from last night.

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 Level Two
Unit One
Simple Past Tense

Text Information
Regular verbs are those verbs that take “d”, “ed” or “ied” to form their simple past and past participle
form or third form.

Whenever verb ending in final “e” will take only “d”.

e.g. like  liked use  used

verb ending in consonant “y” will take “I, e, d”

e.g. study  studied Cry cried

A part from these two rules others will take “e, d”

e.g. play  played work worked

Extra Information
Regular verbs are also called weak verbs. There are some verbs that take “ed” or “I” verbs ending in “l, m,
n, p” can take than “ed “ or “t” to form their simple past and past participle.

Small  smalled or smallt

Dream  dreamed or dreamt

Learn  learned or learnt

Leap  leaped or leapt

Spell  spelled or spelt

Irregular verbs
Are those verbs that don’t take “d, ed, ied” to form their simple past and past participle form.

Their second and third form sometimes vary in spelling and pronunciation.

Sometimes all three forms are the same.

e.g. Quit quit quit

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 Put put put

Hit hit hit

Cut cut cut

Sometimes second and third forms are the same.

e.g. bend bent bent

buy bought bought

bring brought brought

teach taught taught

sometimes all three form are different.

e.g. break broke broken

go went gone

see saw seen

sing sang sung

sometimes all three forms are some with different pronunciation.

e.g. read read read

sometimes first and third are the same.

e.g. come came come

Alternative and Expression Choice

e.g. why don’t we + base form of the verb, this structure is used to offer alternative and choices after
polite request.

e.g. whey don’t we got to the movies tonight. (Friendly suggestion) Sorry I have to study.

Its fine with me (agreement request)

Unit Two
Text Information

There
Is a preparatory sub and it means subject before subject and it shows existence of a person or things in a
particular place.

Structure: there + is + singular subject + rest of the sentence

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e.g. There is a teacher in the class.

“There” beautifies a sentence but doesn’t have any meaning.

Extra Information
There is a preparatory subject is also called Dummy, expletive pronoun, verb doesn’t agree with “there” in
any case.

1. There + singular verb (is) +singular subject

2. There + plural verb (are) +plural subject
3. There + singular verb + singular subject
4. There + plural verb + plural subject
e.g. There is a car in our house. There are boys in that class.
There was a fire at the home. There were four doctors in that hospital.

There regular Inversion

There can be used in exclamatory sentences.

e.g. There comes the teacher!

There can also function as an adverb of place.

e.g. Our house is over there. Go there. Come here.

Text Information

Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional phrases are those phrases that are made of preposition and a noun.

Structure: preposition + noun is called prepositional phrase

In front of/in the middle of/ in the back of/ next to/ at the end of.

e.g. Across from behind. KELC is across of Orakzai Plaza.

The drug store is at the end of prince street. The table is put in the middle of the kitchen.

Extra Information

Prepositional phrases are divided into two kinds.

1. Adjective Prepositional Phrase

Functions as an adjective and modifies a noun
2. Adverbial Preposition Phrase
Functions as adverb and answers the questions “when” and “where”.
Note: We can get these two kinds when we reduce (change) adjective clause to adjective
phrase.
e.g. Ali is very smart. The body with the broken head has to complain.

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 The car on the road is Ali’s. The class at 6:30 AM is grammar class.

Unit Three
Simple Present Tense and Present Continuous Tense.

Why, because. We will study in level Three.

Unit Four
That and those (these are studied in level one)

Too + Adjective

Text Information
This structure is used to introduce a problem.

Structure: Too + negative adjective

e.g. Ali is too sick. I am too tired.

Too
Is an adverb in grammar and it modifies the adjective or make the meaning of adjective stronger.

e.g. Ali is sick. (not emphatic) Ali is too sick. (emphatic)

Note: Too + positive adjective is wrong.

e.g. Laila is too beautiful. (incorrect) My father is too good . (incorrect)

Extra Information
“Too” is an intensifying adverb or adverb of degree. And it shows excessive conditions that are not only
difficult but also impossible.

e.g. K2 mountain is too high.

Too and High

e.g. English is too difficult. (impossible)

English is very difficult. (possible)

Sometimes Too + positive adjective is right if the verb is negative.

e.g. Ali is too good. (incorrect) Ali isn’t too good. (correct) means too bad

Laila isn’t too beautiful. Laila is fairly beautiful.

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Text Information

A/An +adjective +one

This structure is used to identify one’s choice for a certain selection.

e.g. Which color of car are you planning to buy? I am planning to buy a blue one

Which university are you going to study in? I will join a good one.

Extra Information A/An

Are indefinite adjective in grammar, adjective “one” is called attributive case of adjective.

“One” can function as an indefinite pronoun.

e.g. Ali is a good boy. They are good boys

Adjective + Noun = attributive case

Linking verb + Adjective = predicative case

Pronoun + Noun + Adjective = positive case

Unit Five
Noun + noun is called compound noun, first noun functions as an adjective and modifies the second noun.
The second noun should be changed to plural form not the first noun.

e.g. Wali is college student. He is a shop keeper. They are bus-drivers.

Adjective noun adj noun adj noun

Extra Information
Compound noun has three kinds
1. Open Compound Noun
2. Close Compound Noun
3. Hyphenated Compound Noun

Open Compound Noun

Is written separately or there is space between two nouns.

e.g. bus driver

Close Compound Noun

Is written closely or there in no space between two nouns as one word written.

e.g. someone, doctor room

Hyphenated Compound Nouns

Which contains hyphens and are called parental words.

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e.g. Sister-in-law, father-in-law

How + Adjective

Text Information
This structure is used to talk about the measurement of something.

e.g. How deep is the Grand Canyon? How wide your class? How long is Kabul river?

Extra Information

How + adjective
Is used in three cases.

How + deep
Is used to ask about the depth of something

How + wide: is used to ask about the wide of something.

How + long: is used to ask about the length of something.

How+ high: is used to ask about the height of something.

How + far: is used to ask about distance of someplace.

How + old: is used to ask about the age of someone.

How + adverb/often: is used to ask about the repetition of something.

How + many: is used to ask about the number of something countable.

How +adjective: is interrogative phrase.

How is an interrogative adjective and modifies the adjective place after it.

Unit Seven
Be going to +verb

Text Information
It is used to ask about an action that will happen in the future or coming time.

It is an expression in grammar.

e.g. We are going to finish this class next week. I am going to teach a new class tomorrow.

Extra Information
Difference between Shall/will /be going to

Shall
Is used in very formal but old English. Shall is less common then will in future tense. Shall is used with I and
we specially in British. Shall is used with all subjects in American English but will is common.

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Shall is heavier/stronger than will when we give orders or show determination or make a promise.

Will
Is used to show weak actions which may or may not happen, for there is no evidence for it.

e.g. We will come tomorrow.

 Will is used to ask about the future plans that are made at the time of speaking. Will shows willingness
or unwillingness.

e.g. I will help you in test.

 Will is common for determination of promise.

e.g. I will meet you tomorrow.

We will win. (time determination)

1. Will is used to make polite request and to talk about remote for future.

e.g. will you please bring me a glass of water. Ali will come from Canada in 2010.

2. Will is used to talk about something based on past knowledge or experience.

e.g. The ground will get full of audience this Sunday as it was last Sunday.

Be going to + base form of the verb

3. Shows prior plans or strong action of which we have an evidence.

e.g. we are going to finish this calls on 10th of May 2010.

4. Show those action that are planned before the time of speaking in the past.

e.g. They are going to change the name of NWFP.

5. Shows prediction and intention.

e.g. it’s going to rain to day. We are going to go to Islamabad tomorrow.

6. Shows those action that are out of human control.

e.g. The patient is going to die.

7. It is used to talk about immediate/near future.

e.g. We are going to start unit 8th today.

How Often
How often means how many times and it is used to ask someone how many times an action takes place or
it is used to ask about repetition of some action.

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Structure: How many + auxiliary verb + sub + main verb

e.g. She cooks three times /thrice.

We use adverb in answer to how + often question once, twice two times, thrice three times.

e.g. How often did Ahmad meet you in Pakistan? He met me once a year.

Extra Information
How often is an interrogative phrase.

How often is an adverb of frequency. The adverb that we use to answer, how often is also called adverb of
definite frequency.

I think + Cluase

Text Information
This structure is used to talk about things that we are not certain or sure about. I think means I guess.

e.g. How old is Ajmal? I think he is 20 years old

Extra Information

I think is a main clause and the clause coming after “I think” is a zero noun clause. Zero noun clause can be
changed to that noun clause in formal English. Here noun clause is used as the object of the verb.

e.g. I think Ajmal is 20 years old. I think that Ajmal is 20 years old.
Main Clause Zero Noun Clause

Structure of noun clause: Marker + sub + verb + rest of the sentence

Unit Eight
Could

Text Information
Could is a modal auxiliary verb, it is used to make a polite request.

e.g. Could you bring me a glass of water.

Note: Here could is not the second form of can.

Extra Information
Could is used for the following purposes.

1. As the second form of can to talk about past ability.

e.g. Ali could play cricket yesterday.
2. As the second form of can in indirect speech.
e.g. Ali said, “I can study English”
3. Is used to talk about present or future possibility.
e.g. Ali could come tomorrow.

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 4. It is used to make more polite request than can.
Could you give me a glass of water?
5. Is used to else formal permission.
e.g. Could I use your phone.

Ago

Text Information
Ago is an adverb and it shows how long before the present action or situation took place in the past happened.

Structure: Time expression + ago

e.g. Abid went to Kabul one year ago. Ali was in America five years ago.

Extra Information
1. Ago which means before is an adverb of time.
2. Ago is only used in simple past tense.
3. With past perfect tense ago changes to before.
e.g. Ali had found a new job a month before.
4. Ago changes to earlier before indirect speech.
e.g. Ali said, “I learned English a year ago” Ali said that he had learned English a year ago.
Ali says, “I learn English a year ago” Ali says, that he learned English a year ago.

Unit Nine
Would like to + base form of the verb
This structure is used to express a formal or strong desires or hope.

Like to + Base form of the verb

This structure is used to explain general desire or hope.

e.g. I like to learn English.

Extra Information
Would like to / like + to + base form of the verb

Would +noun/like + noun

e.g. she would like to meet her parents. Laila would like a cup of coffee. Ahmad likes a holiday.

Like can be followed by either infinitive or gerund

e.g. she likes to dance. She likes dancing.

Note: like can also be used to express enjoyment or strong desire.

What else

Text Information
It is a WH interrogative phrase and what else is used to ask more information about someone or something. What
else means what more.

e.g. I would like a burger and soft drink. What else would you like to have? Nothing thanks.

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Structure: what else + auxiliary verb + sub + verb + rest of the sentence

e.g. What else do you want to buy?

Aux sub verb R.O. S

What else does Laila like to check? What else is going to be break?

Know how + to + verb

This structure is used to talk about the skills or ability of some one to do something.

e.g. She knows how to raise family. I know how to control the student.

Know how to always express the same idea as “can”. Know how to means able to

e.g. Ali knows how to fix the car.

Extra Information

Know how an infinitive verb is. Infinitive verb is a verb that is followed by infinitive “to+verb”. Infinitive is a verb that
functions as a noun.

Infinitive phrase is “to + base form of the verb” followed by a noun/adverb/prepositional phrase.

e.g. Ali knows how to play cricket.

Unit Ten
From/Until
From until is a preposition of time that means from…to. From…until is used to indicate when something starts and
ends or shows starting and ending of an action or situation or event.

e.g. Our class is started from 6:30 am until 8:00 am. War was progress in Afghanistan from 1990 until 2000.

Extra Information
From until is a paired preposition of time. From until is less common than from…to. Using until alone is common
then from… until

Until
1. Until preposition of time
2. Until Conjunction of time
3. Until +time expression
4. Until + a clause / s + verb

Until shows that an action or situation will continue upto a certain time. Than it will no longer be in progress.

e.g. She studied until 9:00 PM. We waited until she came. Until she came, we waited.

Until means till. Till is common in spoken English and until is common in written English.

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During is a preposition. During shows when an action takes place. During show that an action takes place either at
the beginning/middle/end of an event.

Structure: during + noun

e.g. We went to Islamabad during our summer holidays. Ali goes to Mardan during the day.

Extra Information
During is simple preposition of time. During can be placed at the end or at the beginning.

e.g. Ali served a lot KELC during his being the member of KELC.

During his being the member of KELC, Ali served a lot KELC.

Preposition + noun/pronoun/gerund/infinitive

e.g. I talk to Ali (dependent clause) She thinks about him. (Pronoun) I am tired of working (gerund)

We cant do something except to bye them. (infinitive)

She is responsible for what happened last night (noun clause)

Direct /Indirect Object

Speech means a talk or dialogue between two people. A talk or lecture gives to audience. Speech in the way act and
power of speaking.

Speech has two types

1. Direct / Quoted speech
2. Indirect / Narrating speech

Direct Speech
Direct speech is the exact word of a person.

e.g. Ali, I am thirsty. Ali said, “I am thirsty”

Indirect Speech
In Indirect speech we report the essence of exact word of a person.

e.g. Ali said that he was thirsty.

Unit Eleven
As Adverb as Possible
This structure is used to indicate the highest degree of something it’s used to show the last power of someone for
doing something.

e.g. Kick the ball as fast as possible. Runners are as fast as possible to win the match.

Extra Information
(As + adverb + as + possible) is combination of the following (As + adverb + as + possible)
Adv adv adj

33
e.g. Ali works as smartly as possible. (first as modifies smartly and second as modifies possible.)

Unit Twelve
As + adjective/adverb + as

Text Information
This structure is used to show equal comparison between two people/place/things.

e.g. Ali is as intelligent as Ahmad. ELP is as famous as KELC.

Structure:

1. Sub + to be verb + as adjective + noun

2. Sub + main verb + as + adverb + as + noun
3. As + adjective + adverb + as

Adverb (so, very, as)

Preposition /conjunction

As + noun + as + clause
e.g. She is as beautiful as Laila.
Note: Sometimes “As” changes in to “So” in negative sentences
e.g. She isn’t so/as beautiful as Laila. She is as beautiful as Laila. I work as hard as Ali.

Wish
Wish + Simple Past Tense
This structure is used to indicate an unreal desire/wish in the present or future.
e.g. I wish I learned English. She wishes she were a doctor.

Extra Information
Wish unreal past tense
Structure: sub + wish + es + that + 2nd form of verb + rest of the sentence
e.g. She wishes that she were a teacher at KELC.

Singular plural with both of them used. Was (informal) Were (formal)

Contrary: to the fact situation in the present and future.

e.g. I wish I were living in America.

It will have vice versa meaning.

Positive Negative
Negative Positive

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Must + Be

Text Information
Must is modal auxiliary verb and must is used by bear form of verb. It is used with all subjects and used to show
possibility in this case.

Structure: Must + be + prepositional phrase (prepositional phrase means preposition + noun)

e.g. where is Ali today? He must be at home. Why does Ali fail the test? He must not fail the test.

Extra Information
Must is used for the following purposes

1. Positively must is used to show strong obligation

e.g. the student must come on time. We must study two hours.

2. We can emphasize the obligation by using “need” with “must”

Structure: Need + must +base form of the verb
e.g. Students need must come on time. Negative: Must not is used to show prohibition.
You must not tell a lie.

3. Sometimes must not show 95% degree of certainty or possibility.

e.g. Ali always gets good grades. He must study hard.
She has failed another test. She must not be hard working.

4. Inference : best guess

e.g. She isn’t hard working. (100%) She studies hard. (100%)

5. Must / must not can also be used to show 95% degree of certainty in the past.
Structure: Must/must not+have+3rd form of the verb
e.g. Ali came home with broken hand and leg. He must have an accident.
Ali was the topper of our class. He must have studied hard.

Unit Thirteen
Has simple past tense repeat lessons.

Unit Fourteen

Both
Can be an adjective, pronoun and adjective of quantity in grammar. Both is used before main verb but after quantity
verb.
e.g. Both Ali and Hamid are students. Ali and Hamid are both students. They both study at KELC.
Both they are friends.

Pronoun + both +verb

e.g. both are my best friends. Both love each other. Both of the boys are my friends.

35
Extra Information
Both is used in the following structures:

1. Both + plural noun

2. Both + identifier plural noun
3. Both + of + identifier plural noun
4. Both + of + pronoun
5. Both + plural verb
e.g.
1. Both the teachers are class friends.
2. Both the girls are university students.
3. Both of the movies are about the American brutality.
4. Both of them are close friend
5. Both study in some class at KELC.
If both combined with the conjunction and it is called correlative paired conjunction.

Both… and

e.g. She is both beautiful and respectful.

The… before
This structure is sued to indicate an action or situation that happened in two compounding periods.

This structure is used to replace the adverb/adjective.

Two day ago
e.g. We went to Kabul two days ago.
Two weeks ago
e.g. They finished the grammar class two weeks ago.
Two months ago
e.g. She died two months ago. She died the months before last.
Two years ago
She went to Kabul two years ago.
Extra Information
Difference between ago and the before
The before is used only with two compounding periods.
Ago is used with one two or three etc compounding periods
e.g. I met her one day ago. I met her three days ago. I finished high school four ago.

Unit Fifteen
If Clause
Shows possible situation with the certain result.
Structure: simple present +simple past tense
e.g. if she wants to exercise, she goes to gym. If Ali wants to relax, he takes a nap.

If clause is also called conditional clause or conditional sentence.

Reason: We called if clause because if begins with subordinate conjunction.

e.g. If you study, you will past the test.

36
We call it conditional clause because it introduces a condition that may, may not happen.
e.g. if it rains. If you study.

We call it conditional sentence because it shows condition with its result.

e.g. if You want to relax you listening to radio.
Condition clause Result Clause

Conditional Sentences
Is made of two parts. 1. If Clause 2. Main Clause

Structure: simple past tense + simple present tense

If conditional sentence has simple present tense in both parts it is called Zero Conditional Clause.

Zero Conditional Clause

Show automatic or habitual result.

e.g. if Ali want to relax, he listen to recitation. (habitual result)

If a Muslim needs to relax his mind, he recite the holy Quran.

Conditional Clause has five kinds

1. Zero Conditional Clause
2. True Improbable Conditional Clause
3. Untrue unnatural Conditional Clause
4. Conterfontual Hyphetical unfulfilled Conditional Clause
5. Mixed time Conditional Clause

So + Auxiliary verb

Text Information
This structure is used to show agreement with two positive sentences. And this structure summarizes two sentences
that are equal in grammar and in meaning.

e.g. Ahmad is a teacher. Hamid is a teacher. Ahmad is a teacher so is Hamid.

In this structure “So” means “Too, also”

e.g. Ahmad is a teacher and Hamid is too/also.

Extra Information
So + auxiliary verb + subject

Is, am, are was + subject

Was, were, can + could

May, might + should

Will + must + do + does

e.g. You can speak English and so can I. They saw the movie and so did we.

37
Here “So” function as an adverb, when auxiliary come before subject it is called inversion. After period used big “S”

38
 Level three
Unit One
Impressing cause and effect with “So”. “So” is a conjunction in grammar. And “So” combines a clause with the result
clause.

“So” means therefore/thus/or/consequently

Structure: Main clause +so + main clause

Main clause + full stop + so + main clause

e.g. She was sick, so she went to doctor. She was sick. So she went to doctor.

Note: “So” has more that three words long main clause comma is used if doest not used not matter.

e.g. Laila studies hard, so she passed all her exams.

“So” has three or less that three words don’t used comma if used no matter.

e.g. Ali is married to his girlfriend, so he is happy.

“So” is conditional coordinating conjunction in grammar.

Kinds of Coordinating Conjunction

1. Cumulative/capulative Conjunction
2. Adversative Conjunction
3. Alternative Conjunction
4. Illative Conjunction

1. And/So
e.g. I was sick so I went to doctor.
2. Yet/But
e.g. I did not study yet I passed the test
3. Or/Nor (shows choice)
e.g. you, or you come
4. For/Because

Coordinating conjunctions are concerned with words/phrases/mark. Subordinating conjunctions are combined
opposite.

39
 e.g. Slave with King.

Kinds of coordinating conjunction are also called FANBOYS (for, and, nor, because, or, yet, so)

“So” means in order that.

e.g. We come to KELC so we may/can/will learn English.

It also gives the answer to the question of “Why”

e.g. I was sick so I went to doctor. (Therefore, it combines two sentences)

“So” sometimes means “very” and it is used before adjective/adverb. “So” is an interesting adverb of degree.

e.g. She is so beautiful. Ali runs so fast.

Adv Adjective adv adv

Why and Too +base form of the verb

Text Information
Why is WH or interrogative question word. Why is used to ask about the reason of something.
To + verb is called infinitive and to + verb is used to answer the question why and is used to give purpose
for something.
e.g. To tell her about her wedding.
“Why” is an interrogative adverb in grammar. “Why requests the formula of WXSV. (WH, auxiliary, subject,
verb).
The question “why” is answered in two ways.
1. To + base form of the verb (shows purpose)
2. Because + sub + verb + rest of the sentence
To + base form of the verb is called infinitive marker not a preposition here.
Marker of infinitive = to + base form of the verb
Simple preposition = to + noun + gerund

e.g. I want to study. In addition to playing cricket I play tennis.

Infinitive marker v gerund

Unit Two
Learn to + base form of the way

Become
Learn to +base form of the verb is used to indicate or talk about skills or knowledge that a person obtains.

Become shows the result of the skill or knowledge that a person has obtained.

e.g. Ali learned/learnt to drive last year (skill)

Gino learned to cook last years ago.

He become a good drive two months ago. (result) Gino learnt to cook five years ago.

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Extra Information
Learn is an infinitive verb. To + base form of the verb is called infinitive and infinitive is the object of learn.

Become

Is a main/lexical/notion/full verb/to + verb.

Learn + to + drive = to drive as the object of learn

Unit Three
Will is a repeated lesson.

Unit Four
Past Continuous/Progressive Tense

Structure:

Positive: sub + was/were + verb + ing + rest of the sentence

Negative: sub + was/were + not + verb + ing + rest of the sentence

Positive interrogative: was/were + sub + verb + ing + rest of the sentence

Negative Interrogative: was/were + sub + not + verb + ing + rest of the sentence

Definition of Past Continuous Tense

It shows an action that was in progress in a particular time in the past.

Note: the stated time is not the starting point but it is the continuation point.

e.g. We were playing cricket yesterday 2:00 PM.

She was working in a bank last month.

Extra Information
Past continuous tense is used for the following purpose:

1. Action was in progress at a particular time in the past.

e.g. I was speaking at 10:00 PM.
2. Action that was in progress but sometimes interrupted by another action.
Structure: while + past continuous tense +, + when + simple past tense
e.g. While I was teaching, someone knocked the door.
When a young man jumped from the third floor window, the fire fighter was rescuing people.
3. Two actions in progress at the same time in the past without interrupting each other.
Structure: while + past continuous tense + past continuous tense
e.g. While I was teaching, you were taking notes. While you were taking notes, I was teaching.

4. Long going action or persistent habits that engaged others.

e.g. She was always talking lie to me. They were constantly cheating during the exam

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 5. Replies present continuous tense in indirect/reported speech if the main verb is “said”.
e.g. Ali said, “I am having a good time” Ali said that he was having a good time.
Emphatic Do

Text Information
Emphatic Do is used to show disagreement with previous statement. Or emphatic do is used to emphasize
someone to believe something by showing disagreement.
e.g. Ali does not study. It is wrong Ali does study. They don’t play well. Come on they do play well.
You didn’t help me. That’s not true. I did help you.

Structure: sub + do/does/did + main verb + rest of the sentence

Extra Information
We introduce the emphatic sentence by using these introductory phrases.

1. Come on!
2. What do you mean!
3. That is wrong.
4. I disagree
5. That’s not true.
6. What the hell you are saying
e.g. She doesn’t do her homework. What do you mean. She sure does her homework.
Ali didn’t do my homework. I disagree. Ali sure did your homework.
Structure: Don’t + doesn’t/do/didn’t or Sure + do/does/did

Unit Five
Adverb of Frequency
Are those adverbs that show how many times an action take place. Or such adverb show the repetition of an action.

Adverbs of frequency (always, often, usually, sometimes) they are positive.

(rarely, hardly ever, never) they are negative adverbs of frequency.

Positions of adverbs of frequency

Before main verb: e.g. She always come late. I never tell lie. Ali often talks to us.

After auxiliary verbs

e.g. She is seldom thankful. You should always respect elders. Ali can never forget her.

At the beginning of a sentence that called fronting.

e.g. Always, Ali studies hard/a lot. Sometimes, I am late of office

At the end of a sentence.

e.g. Ahmad studies a lot always. I am late to office sometimes.

Note: Adverb is a mobile (moving)

Extra Information
There are two kinds of adverb of frequency

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 1. Indefinite adverbs of frequency
Denotes unspecific repetition of an action. (always, often, rarely, sometimes)
2. Definite adverbs of frequency
Denotes once/twice/thrice

It’s + adverb + to + base form of the verb

This structure is used to indicate how someone feels.

e.g. it’s important to study your lesson. (shows important)

It’s difficult to swim across an ocean. (shows difficulty)

It’s to defeat them this time. (shows possibility)

Short cut
To study your lesson is important. To swim across the ocean is difficult. To defeat them this time is possible.

Extra Information
The word (I/T) doesn’t have any meaning in this structure. (I/T) only functions as a property subject means subject
before subject. This structure is an old way of using an infinitive in subjective case.

e.g. it’s good to see you. To see you is good.

Unreal subject real subject subjective case

Unit Six
Because

Text Information
Because is a conjunction, it shows the cause and effect result relationship.
Because + clause + clause + effect/result + clause
Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.
e.g. Because Ali studied alto, he got first position. Ali got first position because he studied a lot.

Extra Information
Because is a subordinate conjunction. Because combines dependent clause with a main clause.
Structure: because + sub + verb + rest of the sentence + sub + verb + rest of the sentence
e.g. Because this class was dark, we come to this class. We come to this class because that class was dark

Unit Seven
Too + Adjective
Too + adjective + to + base form of the verb or Too + adjective + for + object + to + base form of the
verb

Too + adjective shows an excessive condition that result in a problem.

e.g. The weather is too hot.

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Too + adjective +to + base form of the verb shows that an excessive condition stops something from
happening.
e.g. The weather is too hot to go out.

Too + adjective + for + object + to + base form of the verb specifies the person for whom there is a
problem.
e.g. Honda car is too expensive for Ali to buy.

Extra Information
Too + adjective is a negative adverb of degree. And it shows difficulty and possibility, to+base form of the
verb is called infinitive and for is a preposition which introduce the object. Object is the noun/pronoun for
whom the situation/action is difficult and impossible to be performed.

If Clause
Real/true/natural/open/conditional clause: shows that something will happen, if a certain condition is
fulfilled that condition may or may not be fulfilled.

If clause + Main clause/result clause

1. Simple present tense
2. Will +for surety
3. Can for ability
4. May for 50% certainty
5. Might for 30% certainty and possibility
e.g. If you study you can pass the test.(may) You can pass the test if you study. (may not)

Note: Types two gives present and future real meaning.

Extra Information
Types two conditional clause can have another structure “too”. If clause should+base form of the verb.
e.g. If Ali should comes send him to my room.
Main clause imperative sentences + will/can/may/might +base form of the verb

e.g. If Ali comes, send him to may room. 50%

should shows more uncertainty doubt than simple present tense.

Every and Every Other

Every means each and every other means every second. Every shows that something happens successful.
e.g. My family goes to Kabul every summer.
Every other shows that something happens every second day/week/month etc but not successfully.
e.g. Some students come to this class every other day.

Extra Information
Every and every other are distributive adjectives. They are those adjectives that talk about a person or
thing separately.

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Every/every other +singular count noun

e.g. Every teacher is present. Every other month is a new month. Each boy is taking part in competition

each and every +of +identifier + plural count noun + singular verb
e.g. Every of the boys is having a book. Every of those books is about Peshawar.
One of my friends is coming to night. One of my teacher helps me a lot.

Identifiers
One/each/every + singular count noun + singular verb.
e.g. One boy is my friend in this class.

For/In

They are prepositions. For means during and it shows that something will be in progress during a period of
time.
Structure: for + expression of time
e.g. We will studying class for to days. Ali works in his office for five hours.
In means after its shows that something will be completed after a period of time.

Structure: in +expression of time

e.g. We will finish this class in ten days. I will meet you in one hour.
Expression of time means talk about time

Extra Information
For is used for these purpose
1. In perfect tense to show duration of an action.
e.g. We have been studying English for five years.
2. For is used to introduce the indirect object.
e.g. I bought a book for Ali.

3. For can be used as a coordinate conjunction to mean because.

e.g. I couldn’t come for I was too sick.
In is used for three purpose:
1. For enclosed area.
e.g. We are in the class.
2. For longer.
e.g. We live in Pakistan.
3. As an adverb.
e.g. Is the manager in? Come in.

All of/Some of/None of

They are adjectives of quantity in grammar.
All of means: whole/complete
Some of means: a number/part of
Non of means: no one/nothing

45
They are used with plural count noun and sometimes with non-count noun.

e.g. All of my friends are studying. Some of the boys wants to waste their time.
Non of my classes is interesting. Some of the food is tasty. All of the population of caused by the factories.

Extra Information
All of/some off/none of
They are also called quantifiers
All of/some of/ none of + identifiers + plural count noun + none count
Plural pronoun + singular pronoun
e.g. some of those body’s are my friends. Some of them are my friends. All of that water is dirty.

Unit Eight

Some and Any

They are also adjective of quantity or determiner. They modify the noun that come after them.
Structure: some/any + plural count noun or none count noun

e.g. I want some money. Do you have nay pens. (formal) Do you have any pen. (informal)

She has some story books. I haven’t drunk any alcoholic beverage.

Extra Information

Some and any specify the number of countable nouns and the amount quantity of non countable noun.
Any: is used in negative/positive/interrogative/and negative sentences.

e.g. I don’t have any friends. Is there any coffee with you? Don’t they have any money?

Some: is used in positive sentence.

e.g. Have some free time. She needs some cloths.

Note: Some can be used in question when we offer some food or help.
e.g. Would you like some coffee? Would you need some help?

Text Information
Some plural count noun +noun count noun

This structure is used where the number of plural count noun and the quantity of non count noun is
unknown/unclear.
e.g. I have some friends. She needs some milk.
quantity +plural count noun + non count noun
This structure is used to specify the number of count noun and the quantity of non countable.

46
e.g. I have a dozen of friends. She needs a carton of milk. A kilo of milk. (specific quantiry)

Unit Nine

They are expression in grammar. They are used to show ownership or position. Have got means have.
And has got means has.
e.g. She has got a car. = She has a car.

Extra Information
Have got/Has got
Have got and has got don’t have any past form.
Have got/Has got
They are only used for present and future.
Have got and has got are informal but have and has are formal.
Have got/Has got are common in American English. In American have got and has got simple present
tense.

Get/Got/Gotten: also expresses have and has one word in American English.
In British English have got and has got present perfect tense.
Get/Got/Got
Have/has to auxiliaries have and has are two words in British English. We can use in question and negative
and positive sentences.

Make and Keep

Text Information

Make is used to indicate that a situation is increasing and changeable.

Keep is used to indicate that a situation is in
Structure: make+simple degree/comparative degree
Structure: keep+simple degree

e.g. Regular exercise makes you healthy/healthier. A lot of office work keeps a person busy.
A lot of noise makes her angry/angrily. A cold room keeps you cold.

Extra Information
Make and keep are used in following cases.
1. Make as a main verb to mean to construct or build.
Ali makes a new model car.
2. Make as causative verb to mean to force/obligate/compet
Structure: sub+make+object+base form of the verb
e.g. You should make your students do their homework.

3. Shows a change in situation if there is a diseription. Comparative form is used if there is no

descriptive simple form is used.

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 e.g. Laia is happy your arrival will make her happier. Your arrival will make her happy.

1. Keep as gerund verb to mean to continue.

e.g. You should keep working. She keeps happing that she will come.

2. As a phrasal verb to mean to continue.

e.g. I keep on studying university. She kept on raising a family.

Unit Ten
Text Information

For+indirect object

For is a simple preposition and for introduce the indirect object and for show that the connection between
the subject and the object is indirect.

For is used with those verb such as buy, cook, get, find, purpose, make. These are called direct transitive
verbs in which there are two objects direct and indirect.

Structure: sub+verb+direct object+for+indirect object.

e.g. I bought a gift for Ali. She cooks a big dinner for the family.

Extra Information
Object is the server of an action indirect by a verb.

Structure: sub+verb+object
e.g. Ali eats an apple

Kinds of Object

1. Direct Object
2. Indirect object
3. Retained object
4. Kindered object

Laila prepares tea for Ali.

Direct Object receives the action indirect by verb.

Structure: sub+verb+direct object+for+indirect object. (formal)
Sub+verb+indirect object+direct object. (delete for/to is informal)

e.g. Tea is prepared for Ali by Laila. Laila prepares Ali tea. Ali is prepared tea by Laila. (Passive)
They fight a fight. We build a building. Arif sing a song.

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Get + Adjective
Get + Noun
Get adjective means to become and here get is linking verb.
e.g. I worked a lot, so I got sick. If you pass you will get happy. She got sad when Ali went.

Get connects the subject and adjective that is complement.

Structure: so+get+complement.

Get + Noun
Get +noun has the following meanings.

1. To receive
e.g. I got a letter from Ali yesterday.
2. To obtain
e.g. She got her higher education in London.
3. To call for
e.g. They are fighting please get the teacher.
4. To start to have
e.g. You are making noise. I am getting a headache.

Extra Information
Get is also as a causative verb means to encourage

Structure: sub+get+object+to+base form of the verb

e.g. I get Ali to study his university lessons.

There are five causative verbs

1. Get+object+to+base form of the verb

e.g. I got Ali to polish my shoes.
2. Help +object+to+base form of the verb
e.g. She helps her mother to wash the dishes.
3. Make+object+base form of the verb
I make Laila take medicine.
4. Let+object+base verb
I can’t let late comers to class.
5. Have +object+base form of the verb
e.g. She had Mahmood bring her new clothes.

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Unit Eleven
Descriptive Adjective Clause
This kind of adjective clause is used to give essential important information about the noun in main clause.

Structure: antecedent+that+who/which+verb+rest of the sentence.

e.g. The boy who studies at KELC is my close friend. Who have a car which/that I s made in Japan.
Descriptive clause main clause descriptive clause

Who is a formal for/people.

That is formal for people/things/animals
Which is formal for animals and things.

Descriptive: is also called restrictive/essential/modify/identifying/defies adjective clause.

Extra Information

Clause
1. Independent/chief/principle clause  complete matrix Main clause/coordinative clause
2. Dependent claus/subordinate clause  incomplete
3. Adjective Clause/adverb clause/noun clause

As/a/an+noun

Text Information
This structure is used to talk about the duty job or occupation of someone.

As is a preposition in grammar and as means like.

e.g. Ali works in that bank as a manager. We teach at KELC as EFL instructors.

Extra Information
As can be used in the following ways.

1. As a subordinative conjunctioin fo time to mean while/during that time.

e.g. As we where going home, we saw a serious accident.
2. As subordinate conjunction to mean because.
e.g. As tomorrow is the labors day the will remain closed.
3. As an adverb of preposition and conjunction of quality.
e.g. Ali runs as fast as Hamid. We study as hard as the other boys do.

Unit Twelve

Verb+to+base form of the verb

This structure is used to indicate thought and action. Verb shows thought.

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To+base form of the verb
Is called infinitive not finite.
Finite verbs are limited by person, number of subject and tense.
Non-finite verbs are not limited by person/number of subject and tense.

To+indirect object
To: is preposition that introduces the indirect object. To+indirect object shows that the connection
between the subject and object is direct.

To is used with these words(sell, send, show, write, give, read, teach) these refer to do comentation.
Structure: sub+verb+direct object+to+indirect object. formal

Sub+verb +indirect object+direct object.  informal

Unit Thirteen

Either

Text Information
Either is an adverb. It used to agree with two negative sentences. Either is used at the end of a sentence,
either means also/too/
e.g. Ali can’t study, Ahmad can’t study. Ali can’t study and Ahamd Can’t study either.

Extra Information
Either can be used for the following purpose.
 Either combined with or is a or corrective conjunction to show choice between alternative.
Either/or+equal
e.g. Either Ali or Hamid is allowed to come. We will go either dancing or swimming on Sunday.
 As a pronoun
Structure: either+of+indentifier+plural count noun
e.g. I haven’t met either of her parents.
 As a determiner adjective
Structure: either +noun
e.g. There was a crowd on either side of the road. (on both sides)
 As a negative adverb
e.g. I haven’t studied and Ali hasn’t either.

About to

It’s an expression or adjective + infinitive. It means near to or on the point of on the verge of. It indicate
that something will happen in the near future or very soon.

e.g. We are about to finish level three.

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Extra Information
About can be used as a preposition.
Structure: about +noun
e.g. The news is about Ali.

About can be used as an adjective followed by infinitive.

Structure: About to + base form of verb

e.g. The plan is about to take off.

A little and A few

They are adjective of quantity in grammar. A little indicate the lowest a noun quantity of non-countable
noun.
Structure: A little+non-countable.
e.g. We have a little time.

A few plural countable noun

e.g. I met a few friends in Pakistan.

Extra Information
A little, little, A few, few
e.g. She has a little experience. She has little experience. We studied a few chapters.
We studied few chapters.
Little means not much
Few means not many.

They indicate the amount or number is too low.

Unit Fourteen

Whose +noun
Whose is an interrogative adjective. It shows ownership or position and it is always connected to a noun.
e.g. Whose car is this? It is Ali’s.

Structure: whose+noun+auxiliary verb+sub+main verb+rest of the sentence.

e.g. Whose lecture are you going to attend? Whose song do you listen a lot.

Extra Information

Whose can function in the following ways:

1. As an interrogative adjective.
e.g. Whose mobile is this?
2. As a relative adjective in adjective clause.

52
 e.g. The boy whose father died is crying.

Neither
Neither is an adverb it means not this one and not the after most of them it also means also. And it shows
agreement with two negative idea/sentences. It is used at the beginning of second idea.

Structure: neither+positive auxiliary +verb+sub

e.g. I don’t study and neither does Ali. I didn’t understand and neither did he.
You shouldn’t and neither should he. She can’t come and neither can I.

Neither can have the following functions

Neither … nor
e.g. Neither Ali nor Ahmad is good boy.

Nor+singular noun +singular verb.

e.g. Neither parents nor Ali is coming.

Nor+plural noun+plural verb

e.g. Neither Ali nor his brothers are coming.

As a determiner
Structure: neither +noun
e.g. Neither boy wants to attend the class.

As an infinitive pronoun
Structure: neither+of+identifier+plural count noun +singular verb
e.g. Neither of the teachers teach well.
As a linking adverb
e.g. I can’t work and neither can Ali.

Level Four
Unit One

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May/Might

Text Information
They are model auxiliary in grammar. They are used to indicate present and future possibility.

May, May not, Might, Might not

Structure: sub + may/might + base form of the verb+ rest of the sentence.
May shows 50% degree certainty. And Might shows 30% degree certainty.

e.g. We may finish level four on Saturday. She might not come back this Friday.
May/might means perhaps or may be.

Extra Information
May/might are used in the following cases:
1. For polite request/permission.
May I come in?
Note: might is extremely form but may is common.
2. For polite request or permission
e.g. May/Might I use your phone? Polite request
May and might express a wish or prayer.
e.g. May you live long life. May you succeed?
3. May and Might are used to take past degree of certainty/possibility.
Structure: may/might+have+3rd form of the verb
e.g. Ali may have failed the test. Ali might have fought with his brother.
Might is the second form of may in indirect or reported speech.
e.g. Ali said, “I may go to Kabul” Ali said that he might go to Kabul.

Would … Rather
Text Information
It is an expression in grammar, it means would prefer to. It is followed by base form of verb. The negative
form of would… rather is would… rather not. In positive sentences it expresses a choice and in
interrogative sentences it shows offer a choice

Extra Information
Would Rather
This expression is made of two word
1. Auxiliary verb would, second form of will.
2. Adverb, rather
Structure: would rather + object + simple past tense to talk about unreal situation in the present

Subjective mood
e.g. I would rather got to Kabul if I were you.

Extra Information
Adjective is derived from latin word adjectivus which means to add.

54
Definition: adjective is a word that modifies indentities or give extra information about noun or pronoun.

e.g. Ali is smart. She is beautiful.

Cases of an Adjective

Attributive
Sub + linking verb + a/an + adj + noun

e.g. She is a beautiful girl.

Predicative Case
Sub + linking verb + adjective

e.g. She is beautiful. Ali is smart.

Positive Case
Noun/pronoun + adjective

e.g. I bought something beautiful for you.

Abridge Case
Sub + linking verb + adjective + noun

She is beautiful girl.

Degrees of Adjective
Positive/Absolute Degree

Shows the quality of a person, place, thing

e.g. Ali is a good boy.

Comparative Degree
Shows the comparison between two persons, things, or things.

e.g. Afghanistan is colder than Pakistan. Ali s smarter than Hamid.

Superlative Degree
Show the comparison of one person, place, and thing with the group of persons, places and things.

e.g. Ali is the smartest boy in our class.

Rules for Comparative and Superlative degrees

Comparative Degree
For one syllable adjective add r/er

Adjective ending in final (e, r)

Fine + r= finer

Nice + r= nicer

55
White + r= whiter

Large + r = larger

Tall + er = taller

Small + er = smaller

High + er = higher

Show + er = shower

All adjectives ending with “Y” will take (ier) consonant + Y

e.g. Happy  Happier Heavy  Heavier

in C, V, C for all double the last consonant and add ER.

e.g. Big  Bigger Made  Madder Fat Fatter Hot  Hotter Sad Sadder

In comparative case than is used.

Ali is smarter than Hamid.

Superlative Degree

For one syllable adjective (st) or (est)

Adjective ending in final e+st

e.g. fine finest nice nicest white whitest large largest tall tallest small smallest

All adjectives ending with “Y” will take (I,e,s,t) consonant “Y”

e.g. Happy Happiest Heavy Heaviest Lazy Laziest Healthy Healthiest Funny Funniest

In CVC formula double the last consonant and add “est”

e.g. Made Maddest Fat Fattest Fat Fattest Thin Thinnest Hot Hottest Sad Saddest

e.g. Ali is the smartest boy in the class.

Comparative

For long or more than one syllable adjective use (more and less)

e.g. Beautiful more/less beautiful more/less intelligent more/less spectacular

Some irregular adjectives

56
Completely change their form

e.g.

Good Better Best

Bad Worse Worst

Little Less Least

Much More Most

Old Older Oldest

Far Farther Fartherest

Older oldest (used for things)

Elder Eldest (used for people)

Superlative for long or more than syllable adjective we use most/least.

e.g. Most/Least beautiful Most/Least spectacular Most/Least attractive Most/Least modern

Gradable Adjective

Is that adjective that has a degree in or grade and can be used in comparative and superlative form.

Non gradable

That doesn’t have a degree or grade so can’t be used in comparative and superlative form.

e.g. Possible non gradable , superb, excellent, complete, outstanding. Smart, good (non gradable)

senior junior superior informal never take “them” only take “to” in comparative form.

In comparative from we use: senior most/junior most

e.g. Ali is the senior most teacher at KELC. Hamid is the junior most teacher of KELC.

Unit Two

Unreal/untrue/ unnatural Conditional Clause

Shows a contrary to the fact situation in the present or future. If clause simple past tense

e.g. if Laila studied, she could pass the test.

Main Clause

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Would+base form of the verb

e.g. If the teacher didn’t come tomorrow we would be happy.

Extra Information

Were is used instead of was formally ever with singular subject.

e.g. If Laila were a teacher, she would tewach. (formal) If Laila was a teacher, she would teach. (informal)

Tag Question

Are those questions that are used to get confirmation of a factual information that we are not certain or sure about.

Or tag questions are used to seek argument or to find moreinformation.

Basic Rules

Positive sentence requires a negative tag question.

e.g. You are teacher, aren’t you?

Negative sentence requires positive tag question.

e.g. She is not a teacher, is she?

Note:

1. Comma after positive negative sentence.

2. In a negative tag question can’t be started auxiliary verb
3. Question make at the end.

Extra Information

Tag question is basically used for three purposes.

 Confirmation
 Agreement
 More information

In informal American English we used contracted auxiliary but in formal British English.

Not comes after subject.

e.g. I am a teacher, are not I? (am I not is wrong)

Laila is a teacher, isn’t she?

Simple past tense and simple past tense will take does/do/did for their tag question.

Present perfect and past perfect tense will take has/have/had for their tag question.

e.g. She has studied, hasn’t she? They haven’t been to Kabul, haven’t they?

We had studied, hadn’t we?

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Let’s will take shall for its tag question

e.g. let’s go to sadder, shall we?

Imperative sentences will take will/would/can for it’s tag question.

e.g. keep quite, will you?

Bring a glass of water, would you? Do it, can you?

Tag question for there will again be there.

e.g. there is a book on the table, isn’t there? There aren’t teachers, aren’t there?

Tag question of here will remain here.

e.g. Here are boys in this class, aren’t here? Here is book on the table, isn’t here?

Sometimes especially in daily informal conversation the tag question for a negative statement is again negative.

e.g. You can’t do it, can you?

Note: Reinforcement tag question expresses aggression.

Sometimes the tag question for a positive statement is can also be positive.

e.g. You have done well on the test, have you? She is tired, she is/is she?

Note: echo tag question

Tag question for some expression is most often “okay”.

e.g. Wish you best of luck, okay. Have a ball okay.

Negative words such as never seldom, rarely, hardly ever, neither will take a positive tag question.

e.g. She seldom comes to class does she?

Neither of them can do it well, can they?

Somebody/someone/everyone/everybody/anybody/nobody/no one will take plural pronoun for their tag question.

e.g. someone robbed the bank, didn’t they? No one knows her reality, do they?

Anybody can do it, can’t they? Everybody should obey the laws, should they?

Enough

Can function as an adjective or adverb.

As an adjective enough means sufficient and shows sufficiently. As an adverb means sufficiently and shows
proficiency

Structure: as an adjective enough+noun

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e.g. We don’t have enough time

Noun+enough

e.g. We don’t have time enough.

Structure: as an adverb adjective+enough

e.g. You are tall enough

adverb +enough

e.g. Our teacher speaks fast enough.

Extra Information

Enough as an adjective or adverb can be followed by an infinitive.

e.g. She has enough time to visit her all friends. You are tall enough to join basket ball team.

Our teacher speaks fast enough to understand. Enough is enough

Pro adj

Adverbs of Manner
Shows how someone does or perform something or how something is done or performed.
Or it shows the way or manner in which someone performs a particular action. It answers the question
how or how well. We form adverbs of manner by changing the adjective into adverb.

How to change adjective into adverb of manner

Suffixes
Ly, ily, cally, y, way, manner or r, er, ier, s, est, itest

1. Ly: badly, sadly, smartly

2. Ily: happily, heavily, lazily
3. Cally: academically, automatically

Structure: sub+main verb+object+adverb of manner

e.g. The manager has run the operation systematically. Our teacher teaches lessons easily.
The lady dance performed the ballot beautifully.

Sub+mian verb+adverb of manner

e.g. she dances beautifully. The speaker speaks emotionally.

Note: Such adjective as fast, well, hard, late, etc never take any suffixes to change adverb.
e.g. She runs fast. We teach well. We work hard. He comes late.

Affixes
Prefix Happy
Infix Men
Suffix Endless
Sircomfix Unpainted

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Extra Information
Some adjective that end with final (l, ll) only take “y”
e.g. full+y Droll+y Dull+y

Some Ly adjectives take way manner.

e.g. friendly silly levelly orderly these are not adverbs
e.g. She talks to everyone in a friendly way. If we use suffixes with these words then these will be adverbs

Unit Three

Be+location+ing+phrase
This structure summarizes two long sentences. This structure shows the exact location or place with the
action in progress.
e.g. We are in the class studying English.

Note: one sentence should indicate or exact location

Second sentence should indicate the action in progress.

Note: delete the subject and tobe verb in the second sentence.
e.g. We are in the class. We are studying English.

Extra Information
Be+location+ing phrase
This structure is change to be+ing phrase+location
e.g. We are in the class studying English. We are studying English in the class.

Note: these two structures possible under those conditions.

One sentence should show existence.
e.g. We are in the class
One sentence should show the action in progress.
e.g. We are studying English.
Both subjects should be same both sentence should be long to one tense category.
e.g. Wee are at the pool. We were swimming. We will be in London. We will be enjoying.

Reflexive Pronoun
Pronouns in which the action of the subject turns back to the subject are called reflexive pronouns.
Or in such pronouns the subject and the object is the same person/one person.
They are made of two parts object pronouns/possessive adjective and suffixes self/selves.

Object Pronoun: (him, her, it, you, them, our, my)

Position: after reflexive pronoun normally after verb.
e.g. He saw himself in the mirror. She cooked herself all the dishes. A computer can’t work itself.
Students teach themselves when the teacher is out. I cut myself with a knife.

Extra information
Sometimes reflexive pronoun can change into impatic/intensive pronoun.
Impatic/intensive pronoun can be used for the sack of imphasize in two cases reflexive pronouns are not
reflexive pronoun.

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 1. After the subject
e.g. I myself show her.
2. At the end
I saw her my self. You should introduce yourself to the rest of the class.

By + reflexive pronoun means alone.

e.g. I go to school by myself. She washed all the dishes by herself.
Own his, her, its, my, our, your, their

Own also means alone but it is used in British English.

e.g. I go to school on my own. She washes all the dishes on her own.

Phrasal Verb
Text Information

The combination of a lexical verb and particles called generally phrasal verb.
Lexical verb + particle
Particle is grammatical term that stands for two things. Preposition and adverb

Lexical verb +preposition

Lexical verb +adverb
Lexical verb +adverb+preposition

Lexical verb+preposition combination is called phrasal verb. It’s also called two word verb, three word
verbs.

General Definition of Phrasal verb

Lexical verb a preposition or an adverb sometimes both adverb and preposition is called phrasal verb.
Note: All the three combination carry some special meaning.
e.g. She tries to one up. I can’t put up with these noisy people to tolerate.

The robbers broke up to Ali’s house. Ali was bright up by his uncle to take care.
Ali climbs up. Shut up.

Note: the preposition and adverb used with the verb give the whole verb a special meaning. Or the
combination of preposition and adverb emphasizes the verb.

e.g. break break out Ali broke a jab. Last night a fire broke out in sadder bazaar.
Take take off The movie took off as soon as it was released.
Drink drink up Please drink up your milk. Please drink up your milk.
Fill fill up Please fill up my glass. She got over her illness.
Make make off The robbers made off better robbery.
Run Ali run fast in competition. Ali ran into his old friend in Saddar Bazaar.

Verb+preposition as an object
Adverb+adverb doesn’t have an object
e.g. Ali climbs up the tree. (preposition) Ali climbs up. (adverb)
She comes up the stains. (preposition) She comes up. (adverb)

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Kinds of Phrasal Verbs
Has two kinds 1. Separate Phrasal verb 2. Inseparable Phrasal verbs

Separate Phrasal Verbs

A noun or pronoun object can split preposition.
Structure:
1. Verb+preposition +noun object
2. Verb+noun object+preposition
3. Verb+preposition+pronoun object
4. Verb+preposition +object+preposition

The third structure is wrong

e.g She drink milk up. She drink it up. She drink up it (wrong)

Questions: Why do we separate phrasal verb?

Answer: to use a pronoun object.

Inseparable Phrasal Verb

Pronoun object can’t split the verb from preposition.
Structure: verb+preposition+noun object
e.g. Ali fails the answer.
Verb+preposition +noun object
e.g. Ali fill the form out
Verb+noun object+preposition
e.g. Ali fill them out. (wrong)
Verb+pronoun object+preposition
e.g. Ali fill out them. (wrong)

The last two structures are wrong.

Laila is listening to recitation.

Laila is listening to it
Laila is listening music to. (wrong)
Liala is listening it to. (wrong)

I heard from Ali.

I heard from hi.
I heard Ali from. (wrong)
I heard him from. (wrong)

Unit Four
Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense simple means past in relation to present

Positive: sub+has/have+3rd form of the verb+rest of the sentence

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Negative: sub+has/have+not+3rd form of the verb +rest of the sentence

Positive interrogative: has/have+sub+3rd form of the verb+rest of the sentence

Negative interrogative: has/have+sub+not+3rd form of the verb+Rest of the sentence

Definition of Present Perfect Tense

Show an action or situation which happened or never happened during a period of time the continues from past to
present.

e.g. She has eaten lunch. They have never seen snow.

Time is not clear, time is not important to be clear.

Present Perfect Tense shows an action that has happened in the immediate past/near past.

Just: means more immediate an action may have happened hours or days ago.

Recently/Lately shows an action that have happened weeks and months ago.

So far

Shows that an action hasn’t happened long ago one week/one month/one day. They are adverb if indefinite time
recently/lately/so far are used in positive/negative/interrogative sentences.

Just is used in most often in positive sentences.

e.g. She has just arrived home. Ali has gotten married recently. We have been to Kabul lately.

I have met a few friends so far.

Extra Information

Deference between Gone and Been

e.g. I have never gone to Kabul. I have been to Kabul.

Other sub can take either gone or been with a difference in meaning.

e.g. I have gone to Kabul. I am still in Kabul. (wrong)

I have been to Kabul. I went to Kabul and came back. (correct)

I have been in Kabul. I went to Kabul and stayed there for a while and come back.

Present Perfect Tense shows an action that happened in the past but it is a clear relationship with present time.

e.g. Ali has cut his finger. (it is bleeding now) She has cleaned the house. (it is clean now)

Present Perfect Tense shows the relation ship of an action but the time of each repetition is unclear.

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Twice/three times/several times/many times/a couple of times

e.g. She has been to Kabul twice.

Unit Five

Verbing as a noun

The ing form of the verb functions as a noun is called gerund/verbal noun

Gerund is a verb in its ing form but it function as a noun. Gerund means an action.

Gerund+noun/adverb/preposition phrase.

e.g. Studying math is boring. Driving fast can lead to death. Swimming an ocean is dangerous.

Gerund phrase singular+singular verb

e.g. Washing the car is your job.

Gerund phrase plural +singular verb.

e.g. Washing the dishes is girls job.

Extra Information

Gerund has the following usages.

Verb ing +verb (subjective case/nominative case)

e.g. Praying five times is our duty.

Gerund+verb+verbing (objective case)

e.g. We enjoy learning English.

Verb+preposition(dative case)

Adjective+preposition+verb+ing

e.g. We talk about Ali is tired of working. My father is head of family.

Noun+preposition (as predicate word)

Is+verb+ing (complement of is, be)

e.g. Going to Kabul. Working in the office. Hiring people. My desire is helping my nation.

Some common gerund verbs are these:

Admint, appreciate, deny, enjoy, forget, miss, delay, avoid, remember, regrete, like, love, hate, prefer, continue,
can’t, stand, can’t bear, omit, understand, stop, keep.

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Unit Six

To many/Too much

As many+plural count noun+as

As much +non countable noun +as

Too many+plural count noun

Too much+non countable noun

Too many+the number of exists in existence so it cause a problem.

Many +plural count noun+as

Equal or unequal comparison of countable noun.

As much shows equal or unequal comparison of non countable noun.

e.g. Pakistan has as many parks as Afghanistan. I don’t have as many friends as Ali.

I don’t have as much time as you have.

Too much/too many are quantifiers or quantative phrases.

Too is an adverb of degree if modifies many and much.

Much/many are adjectives. Many modifies plural count noun and Much modifies non count nouns.

As is an adjective, it modifies many and much. Second as functions as a preposition or conjunction.

Preposition as+noun

Conjunction as +clause

e.g. You didn’t clean as many rooms as Ali.

Unit Seven
Already and Yet

They are adverb of indefinite time. Already means before now. Already shows that something happened before the
expected time.

e.g. I have already eaten lunch.

Yet means not upto now. Yet shows that something hasn’t happened upto the expected time.

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e.g. Laila hasn’t finished college yet.

Usage: Already is used in the middle in positive and interrogative sentences.

Yet is used at the end of a sentence in negative and interrogative sentences.

e.g. Have you found a job yet. Has Ahmad already passed level four? Haven’t they already eaten lunch?

Extra Information

Already is used in these tenses.

 Present Perfect Tense

 Past Perfect Tense
 Future Perfect Tense
 Simple Present Tense
 Simple Past Tense

e.g. She has already gotten married. I had already met her.

I will have already finished college. I am already ready for the test. She already broke her engagement.

Yet is used in the following tenses.

Present Perfect Tense

e.g. I haven’t eaten lunch yet.

Past Perfect Tense

e.g. She hadn’t learnt English yet

Simple Present Tense

e.g. I am not ready yet.

Yet is also used as a coordinative conjunction to mean but

e.g. I didn’t study hard, yet I passed the test.

Yet+to+base form of the verb

Gives a negative meaning

e.g. I am yet at to meet my father.

Could , Might

Could talks about different possibilities or alternative choice.

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Might: will+have to show possibility and talks about obligation or disadvantage

Might will+be able to  possibility talks about advantage

Negative: talks about disadvantage.

e.g. I could buy a car or a bike. If I buy a car, you will /might spend a lot of money on its maintenance.

If you buy a bike, you might not/ will not have to take it to service once a week.

If you buy a care you might/will be able to reach to office on time.

If you buy a car, you might/will not be able to take your family on a long drive.

Unit Eight
Present Perfect tense with since and for

With since and for it shows an action that started in the past continuous to the present and my or may not get the
future.

Since shows the starting points.

For shows the duration of time.

Since: since+exact time

For:for+duration of time

e.g. I have come to this class since 10:00 AM. We have studied English for one month.

We have been in Pakistan for ten years. We have been in Pakistan since 2000.

Extra Information

Basically since and for are designed for present perfect and perfect progressive tense

Present perfect tense+durative verbs (likes, study, live, since, for) durative verbs shows duration of an action.

Present Perfect Continuous

Have/has+been+verbing

e.g. She has been living in Pakistan for ten years.

e.g. She has lived in Pakistan for ten years.

Deference between Present Perfect Tense and Present Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense

1. Present perfect tense show an action which has long background.

2. Action is interrupted action

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 3. Action has an achieved result
4. Idea of completion

Present Continuous Tense

1. Present continuous tense shows an action which has a short background

2. Action is uninterrupted action
3. Action doesn’t have an achieved result
4. Idea of continuation

e.g. She has been working here for one month. She has worked here for one month.

We have studied at KELC since 1990. We have been worked here since 1990.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense shows an action that started at some time in the past, continues upto the time of
speaking and may or may not go to the future.

Positive Sentences: subject+have/has+been +verb+ing+rest of the sentence

Negative Sentences: sub+have/has+not+been+verb+ing+rest of the sentence

Positive Interrogative: have/has+sub +been+verb+ing+rest of the sentence

Negative Interrogative: haven’t/hasn’t +sub+been+verb+ing+rest of the sentence

e.g.

We have been sleeping for one hour since 7:00 PM. We have been studying in this class for two hours.

Note: Most often we use since/for with this case since and for we used for these purposes

1. Since as a preposition of time

2. Since as time expression

e.g. We have been sitting in this class since 10:00 AM.

As a conjunction of time since clause simple past tense.

e.g. I have met my parents since I come to Pakistan.

As a subordinative conjunction to mean become.

Since +clause

e.g. Since I am tired, I can’t work anymore.

As an adverb of time

e.g. Ali left two years ago. I haven’t heard anything about him since.

As a simple preposition for +subject

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e.g. It is for you.

As a preposition of time for+time expression

e.g. We have been studying for two hours.

To indicate indirect object sub+verb+direct object+for+indirect object

e.g. She bought a gift for Ali

as a coordinative conjunction to mean become. For +clause

e.g. We missed the bus for we got late to bus stop.

So that and Such that

They are used to show the cause and effect relationship. The conjunction “that” combines the cause class with
effect clause.

Structure: Cause clause+that+effect/result clause

Structure of so that:

So+adjective+that+to be verb

So+adverb +that+main verb

So is an adverb of degree it modifies or makes stronger the meaning of adjective or adverb.

e.g. The weather is so hot that we can’t go to swimming. Ali balls so fast that no one can hit a six.

Structure of such… that

Such+a/an+adjective+singular count noun+that

Such+adjective+plural count noun+that

Such is an adjective or preposition determiner it modifies a modified noun.

e.g. Ali is such a good boy that his parents are proud of him.

KELC has such hard-working teachers that all the students are happy.

Extra Information

Most structure of so… that and such… that

So+adjective+a/an+singular count noun+that

So+many/few+plural count noun +that

So+much/little+non count noun+that

e.g. Ali is so intelligent boy that he always tops his school. We have so many friends that we will enjoy a lot.

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 She studied so few pages that she can hardly attempt two questions.

You have so much experience that you can get a job in NGO.

So+adjective+non countable noun+that.

Such+a/an+singular count noun/plural count noun+that+non count noun

e.g. It is such hot coffee that we can’t drink faster. Ali is such a fool that all laugh at him.

We have such teachers that we are proud of them. It is such weather that we won’t go to swimming.

Other

Text Information

Specific form two types

1. Singular specific form (the other)

2. Plural specific form (the other/the others)

Singular specific form

The other means the last one that remains from the given number of specific items.

Structure: the other+singular noun/adj, one, the other+nill pronoun

e.g. I have two brother one is a doctor and the other brother/one a teacher.

Unspecific form

1. Singular unspecific form

2. Plural unspecific form

An+other=another/other/others

Plural Specific Form

The other the others means the last ones, that remain from the given number of specific items.

Structure: the other+plural noun/one’s+the others+nill+pronoun

e.g. She has three brothers one is a teacher and the other brothers/ones and the others are doctors.

Singular unspecific form

Another means one more in addition to one or ones already mentioned and the number is usually unclear.

Structure: another+singular noun/one

Another +still pronoun

e.g. Ali ate two apples if he is still hungry. He will eat another apple/one/ he will eat another.

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Plural unspecific form

Other/others means several more in addition to one or one’s

Already mentioned and the number is unclear

Structure: other+plural noun/ones. Other+still+pronoun

e.g. I had several shirts here is one. Where are other shirts/ones? Where are others.

Unit Nine
Sense verb

Text Information

They are those verbs that show one of the human sense. These are sense verb (seek, look, watch, observ, test,
hear, smell, etc).

They are used in two structures

Sub+sense verb+object+base form of the verb+rest of the sentence

Sub+sense verb+object+verb+ing+rest of the sentence

This structure shows the idea of continuation and has the meaning of while.

e.g. I saw Hamid cheat during the test. I saw Hamid cheating during the test.

Extra Information

Base form of the verb is called bare infinitive. It shows that something was observed sensed from the beginning till
the end. Verb+ing is called present particle or ing form of the verb

Ing +one singular+one verb+ complicity

It shows that something was observed/sensed from a while or while it was in progress.

Pretty

Pretty is adverb/adjective and its means fairly. Pretty emphasizes moderately the meaning of an adjective or
adverb. Pretty is stronger than a little but weaker than very.

e.g. She’s a little sick. She is pretty sick. She is very sick.  strong

Structure: sub+tobe verb+pretty+adjective

e.g. They are pretty intelligent

Sub main verb pretty adverb

e.g. Ali teaches pretty well.

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Extra Information

Pretty can be used in the following ways

As an adjective

e.g. She is pretty nice.

As an adverb

e.g. You are pretty good. (adjective) She recites pretty beautifully.

Unit Ten

Still

Still means up to now. It shows that an action or situation existed in the past and it continuous to exist in the
present. Still is the opposite of any more, still is used in positive negative, positive interrogative and negative
interrogative sentences.

Positive of sill

 Before main verb

 After auxiliary verb

Still is derived of indefinite time.

e.g. Ali still teaches at KELC. I am still living in Pakistan.

Extra Information

Still can be used before auxiliary verb for emphasizes

e.g. She still hasn’t found a job. I still am living in Pakistan.

Still can be used as an adjective to mean quite or silent.

e.g. Don’t make noise sit in on place still.

Still in negative sentences has the same meaning as Yet

e.g. She hasn’t still eaten. She hasn’t eaten lunch.

Think/Hope/Guess

They are used to show agreement or disagreement with someone.

Think, don’t think, think not, hope, hope not, guess, guess not

e.g. Will Pakistan loss world cup? Yes, I think so. No, I guess not

Pakistan has good players. Yes, I hope so.

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Extra Information

They are used in informal spoken English. They adopt the process of ellipsis.

Will you come to night? I think so. I think that I will come to night.

Unit Eleven
Used to

Text Information

It is an expression or it is an infinitive verb followed by To+base form of the verb.

It shows an action, habit or situation, that existed in the past but it no longer exists.

It is used only in the past tense no present or future form.

Structure: used to+base form of the verb

e.g. Ali didn’t use to be happy. Did you use to fight in college. Didn’t he use to live in village.

Extra Information

Used to means had the habit of. Used to is semi auxiliary verb.

e.g. I used to study hard. Use she to live in a village? Used Ali not study out hill late at night?

To talk about present habits, use the phrase (in the habit of).

e.g. I am in the habit of smoking. She is not in the habit of fighting with anyone.

Ever

Text Information

Ever is an adverb of indefinite time. Ever means at any time in the past. Ever is used in question most often with
present perfect tense to ask whether if someone has done thing in his life time or at any time in his life or not.

Structure: has/have+sub+ever+3rd form of the verb+rest of the sentence

e.g. Have you ever been to Kabul? Has she ever met the president?

Extra Information

Ever is a positive with never the negative form.

e.g. Have you ever seen America? No. I have never seen American.

Ever is sometimes used in positive sentences.

e.g. Ali is the most intelligent boy I have ever seen. It is the first time ever you are telling a lie.

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Unit Twelve
Compound Modifiers

Two words works like adjective. They are also called Hyphenated adjectives. They modify noun that is placed after it.
They are made of three parts basically.

1. Number
2. Hyphen
3. Singular count noun

Function as Adjective

Adjective if there are three adjective than two hyphens will be used.

e.g. You will take a test. It will last two hours. You will take two hours test.

Laila has a son. He is fourteen years old. Laila has a fourteen years old son.

Ali wrote a book. It has 200 pages. Ali wrote a 200 pages book.

I have a car. It has two doors. I have a two-door car.

I bought a marker. It has two colors. I bought a two-color marker.

Get used to/be used to

Text Information

They are phrases in grammar. Get used to is used to indicate that a habit is in the process of being adopted.

e.g. She will soon get used to living in Peshawar.

Be used to is used to indicate that a habit is already adopted.

e.g. don’t smoke. I am used to smoking a lot.

Get used to +gerund

Be used to +gerund

Extra Information

Get used to and be used to are made of two parts

Get used verb phrases+ to preposition

Be used adjective +to preposition

Get used to, be used to +gerund+noun

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Gerund of preposition to.

e.g. I will get used to living in Peshawar. I will get used to the hot weather of Peshawar.

Right

Text Information

Right is a focusing adverb . right emphasizes the expression of time and the expression of place and location.

Right means exactly

Structure: right +time expression and right+place expression

e.g. KELC is right in front of Orakzai Plaza. We will call your papers right at 8:00 AM.

Extra Information

Right can be used in the following

As a noun

e.g. We will give you special right. It is my right to speak.

As an adjective

e.g. What you say is totally right. All your answers were right.

As an adverb.

e.g. Our class ends right at 9:00 AM. Their house is right behind the mosque.

31/5/2010 ending date of class

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