CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

Multiplication of a 2 by 2 matrix

Two matrices can only be multiplied provided the number of columns in the first matrix is equal to the
number of rows in the second.

The answer matrix is obtained multiplying each element in the rows of the first matrix by each element in
the columns of the second matrix.

( firstmatrix )4 ×3 × ( secondmatrix )3 × 2

The order of the answer matrix is the rows of the first matrix and the columns of the second matrix.

( )
¿a ¿b
If A = ¿ ¿
c d 2 ×2

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

Questions:

1. Evaluate

(a) (72 51) (12 53)

(b) (−21 03) (−13 −5
2 )
(c) (23 −1
4 ) (−25 46)
(d) (23 )(
−1 5 4
4 −2 6 )
(e) (−13 )(
−5 1 0
2 −2 3 )
3. Given that P= (23 10 )and Q=(−21 21), Calculate
(a) 2 P+ Q
2
(b) P
2
(c) P  Q

(d) (1 4 2
−1 −2
+
−1 1
1 2 ) ( )

4. If A= (
2 1
0 −1 ) and B=
−1 1
1 2 ( )
Calculate

(a) A+2 B
2
(b) B

5. Given that

P= (−23 10) and S= (−12 −21 )

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

Calculate

(a) 2 P−S

(b) S2
2
(c) S + 2P

6. Given that A= (
1 4
−1 2 ) ( )
and B= −¿ 3 5¿ , evaluate A2 + B.
¿

7. Given that A= ( 10 03) and B=( 0p qr ) and that AB= A+2 B, calculate the values of p, q and r.

8. A = (3 n ) a n d B= (
m 2
4 3 )
. Given that AB =( 11 3 ), calculate the values of m and n.

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix

( )
¿a ¿b
If A = ¿ ¿
c d 2 ×2

then the determinant of A = | A| = a × d−b × c (determinant of A).

Examples:

( )
¿ 2 ¿1
1. If B = ¿ ¿ , then find the determinant of B
3 5
Solution:

|B| = 2 ×5−1× 3 = 10  3 = 7 ans.

2. Calulate the value of x for which the determinant is 5.

( )
¿5 ¿2
¿ ¿
2 x−1 x

Solution:

5 × x−2 ( 2 x−1 ) = 5
5 x−4 x+2 = 5
5 x−4 x = 5  2  x = 3 ans.

The inverse of a 2×2 Matrix

Before we can find the inverse of a matrix, we need to first learn how to calculate the determinant of a
matrix.

Finding the Inverse of a Matrix

Use the formula

1
Matrix inverse = × ( adjoint () ) or
determinant
( adjoint )
=
determinant

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

( )
¿a ¿b
If A = ¿ ¿ then:
c d 2 ×2

I. ( A )−1 =
1
×
d −b
a ×d −b ×c −c a ( ) or

II. ( A) −1
= (−cd −b
a )
a ×d −b ×c

Examples:
1. Given that P = (75 86), find P -1
, the inverse of the matrix P.

Solution:

Calculate the determinant:

Finding the adjoint:

Substituting:

( )
3 −4
P = -1
−5 −7 ans.
2 2
When a matrix has no inverse it is called a singular matrix.

If the determinant of a matrix is 0 then the matrix has no inverse. It is called a singular matrix.

2. Find the inverse of (31 62).

Solution:

Determinant = (3 × 2) – (6 × 1) = 0

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

The given matrix does not have an inverse. It is a singular matrix.

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CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

Representing Information as a Matrix

Example:

A store sells large and small sizes of blue shirts and yellow shirts. The selling price of either shirt is $x for
a large size and $y for a small size. The table shows the number of shirts sold in a day.

large small
blue shirt 5 3
yellow shirt 6 4

The total income from the sale of the blue shirt was $84 and from the yellow shirt was $104.

1. Given that A = (56 34 ), B = ( xy ) and C = (104

84
),
(a) write down an equation connecting A, B and C

(b) find A-1

(c) calculate A -1C

(d) Explain the significance of your answer to part (c)

Solution:

1.

(a) AB = C

(b) Determinant = (5 × 4) – (3 × 6) = 2

(c) −1
(
2 −1.5 84 12
A C = −3 2.5 104 = 8 )( ) ( )
(d) The answers in part (c) are the answers for the matrix B.

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

 cost of large size shirt (x) = $12

cost of small size shirt (y) = $8

Other multiplications

1. Work out the following:

( )
5 2
( 1 2 −1
2 0 1 )2 ×3
4 9
10 −3 3 ×2

Solution:

( )
5 2
( 1 2 −1
2 0 1 )2 ×3
4 9
10 −3 3 ×2
=

([1[×52×⥂5 ⥂+
+2 ×4 +(−1) ×10]
0× 4 +1× 10]
[1× 2 ⥂+2 ×9+(−1)×(−3)]
[2 ×2 ⥂+ 0 ×9+1 ×(−3)] )
2 ×2

= ([10[5 ⥂⥂+0+10]
+8−10 ] [2 ⥂+ 18+3]
[4 ⥂+0−3] ) = (203 231 )
2× 2
ans.
2× 2

( )
1 2
2. If A = 3 4
5 6 3× 2
and B = (32 2 1
0 −1 )
2 ×3

then evaluate A × B

Solution:
A × B

( )
1 2
= 3 4
5 6 3×2
× (32 2 1
0 −1 )
2 ×3

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

( )
[1 ×3 ⥂+ 2× 2] [1× 2⥂+2 ×0] [1 ×1 ⥂+ 2×(−1)]
= [3 × 3 ⥂+ 4 ×2] [3 ×2 ⥂+ 4 × 0] [3× 1⥂ + 4 ×(−1)]
[5 ×3 ⥂+ 6 ×2] [5 ×2 ⥂+6 ×0 ] [5 ×1 ⥂+6 ×(−1)] 3 ×3

( )
7 2 −1
= 17 6 −1 ans.
27 10 −1 3 ×3

MATRICES

()
2
3 (5 2 1)
(d) 1
(e) (−15 −9 ) (236 11
−10 )
(f) (−11 31) (−23 )

( () 03 30 )
2 −2
(g) 4 5
−3 1

( )(
4 4
(h) −2 1
2 3
3 −3
3 0 )

(i)
( )(
2 4 3 −2 7
3 −1 6 0 5 )
(j) (36 −2 7
0 5 ) (36 −2 7
0 5 )

( )( )
2 1 4 8 5 3
(k) 3 2 5 −4 2 5
1 3 6 2 −2 −1

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

10. Evaluate the determinant and state which of the matrices is singular:

(a) (51 23)

(b) (105 98 )
(c) (11 67)
(d) (23 51)
(e) (05 98)
11. N is the singular matrix ( 46 2k ). Find the value of k.
12. Determine the value of g given that M is the singular matrix ( 2p 48 ).
13. M is the matrix (−10
−4 x
−5 )
. Calculate the value of x which would make M a singular matrix.

14. If (m−1
5
2)
4
is a singular matrix, calculate the value of m.

15. M is the matrix ( 3p 4q). If M is a singular matrix and p = 2, calculate the value of q.
16. Find the inverse of:

(a) (13 12)

(b) ( 04 20 )
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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

(c) (69 32)

(d) (−26 −4
0 )
(e) (13 −1
3 )

17. Given that M = [52 155 ]

(a) Show that M is a non-singular matrix.

(b) Write down the inverse of M.

(c) Write down the 2  2 matrix which is equal to the product of M × M −1.

(d) Pre-multiply both sides of the following matrix equation by M −1

[ 27 155 ][ xy ]=[−13
17 ]

Hence solve the equation for x and y.

18. Two recipes for making chocolate drinks are shown in the table below:

Cup of milk Cup of chocolate

Recipe A 3 2
Recipe B 2 1

(a) What percentage of the mixture using Recipe A is chocolate?

(b) By showing suitable calculations, determine which of the two recipes, A or B, is richer in
chocolate.

(c) If the mixtures from Recipe A and Recipe B are combined. What is the percentage of chocolate in
the new mixture?

(c) A vendor makes chocolate drinks using Recipe A. 3 cups of milk and 2 cups of chocolate can
make 6 bottles of chocolate drink. A cup of milk costs $ 0.70 and a cup of chocolate costs $ 1.15.

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

(i) What is the cost of making 150 bottles of chocolate drink?

(ii) What should be the selling price of each bottle of chocolate drink to make an overall profit
of 20 %?

19. The table below shows the types and number of drinks which Mary and Jane buy each week:

Malt juice Sorrel

Mary 5 3 4
Jane 2 7 6

(a) Show this information as a 2  3 matrix. Name the matrix P.

(b) Given that the cost of a malt is $ 2.00, juice $ 1.50 and sorrel $ 1.00, write a column matrix Q to
represent the cost of the drinks.

(c) Calculate the matrix product PQ.

(d) What information is given by EACH number in the resulting matrix?

20. In a competition, 3 points are awarded for winning a match, 0 points if the match was lost, and 1
point for a draw.

The results of seven matches played by three teams, J, K and L are:

Team J won 3, lost 1, and drew 3; Team K won 2, lost 4, and drew 1; Team L won 3, lost 2, and
drew 2.

(a) Write a column matrix to represent the points awarded for win, lose and draw.
Name the matrix P.

(b) Write a matrix to represent the results of the matches played by the three teams.
Name the matrix R.

(c) Construct a matrix product which may be used to find the number of points each team was
awarded at the end of the competition.

(d) Using your matrix product, calculate the total points awarded to each team.

TRANSFORMATIONS

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

1. Describe the transformation:

(a) (−10 −10 )

(b) (−10 10)
(c) (20 02)
(d) (23)
2. Some transformations are represented by the following matrices. Describe the transformations.

(a) (01 10)

(b) (−55)
(c) (01 −1
0 )
(d) (−10 −10 )
3. The matrix R = (Cosθ
Sinθ
−Sinθ
Cosθ )
. Determine the image of the point (1, 2) under the transformation

R when  = 90˚.

4. A transformation F = (−35 24 )the points maps the points D (1,  3), E (4, 2) and
F (2,  3).

(a) Calculate the coordinates of D/ , E/ and F/.

(b) Determine the matrix of the transformation which maps D/, E/ and F/ back onto D, E, F.

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

5. Vis the transformation represented by the matrix (−10 −10 ). W is the transformation represented
by the matrix (10 0
−1 )
(a) Describe FULLY the transformation, V.

(b) Describe FULLY the transformation, W.

(c) Write the single matrix ( ac db ), which represents the combined transformation, W followed by V.
(d) Calculate the image of the point (6, 4) under the combined transformation in (c) above.

6. Some transformations are represented by the information below.

(a) Write down the 2 x 2 matrix, R, which represents a reflection in the y-axis.

(b) Write down the 2 x 2 matrix, N, which represents a clockwise rotation of 180 about the origin.

(c) Write down the 2 x 1 matrix, T, which represents a translation of – 3 units parallel to the x-axis
and 5 units parallel to the y-axis.

(d) The point P(6, 11) undergoes the following combined transformations such that

(i) RN(P) maps P onto P¿

¿/ ¿¿
(ii) NT(P) maps P onto P
¿/ ¿¿
(iii) Determine the coordinates of P¿ and P .

7.

(a) Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on both axes draw the x-axis and the y-axis axes for  2 ≤
x ≤ 8 and  5 ≤ y ≤ 6.
Draw the triangle DEF with vertices
D (1, 1), E (3, 1) and F (1, 4)

(b) Draw the image of  DEF under reflection in the line x = 4. Name the image  D/E/F/.

(c) Draw the image of  D/E/F/under translation [−50 ]. Name the image D E F . // // //

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

(d) Name the type of transformation that maps  DEF onto  D///E///F///

8. On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on both axes, draw x and y
axes for  4 ≤ x ≤ 5 and  6 ≤ y ≤ 6.

(a) Draw a triangle with coordinates (2, 1),

(3, 3) and (4, 3). Label it A.

(b) Draw the image of triangle A after a reflection in the line y = -1. Label it B.

(c) Draw the image of triangle A after a translation by the vector (−42). Label it C.
9. The transformation, M, denotes a reflection in the line x = 2. The transformation, T, denotes a

translation represented by ( )
−2
0
.

(a) On a graph paper, using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on both x and y axes, plot the points A
(4, 2) and B (3, 1). Join AB.

(b) Draw the image A/B/ of AB under the transformation, M.

(c) Draw the image A//B// of AB under the transformation, T.

(d) Describe FULLY the single geometric transformation which maps A//B// onto A/B/.

10. Draw, on a sheet of graph paper, as shown,

(a) Draw

(i) the reflection of quadrilateral A

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

(ii) the line M1

(ii) the line M2

(b) Draw the reflection of quadrilateral A in the mirror line, labelled M1. Label its image B.

(c) Draw the reflection of quadrilateral B in the mirror line, labelled M2. Label its image C.

(d) Describe FULLY the single geometric transformation which maps quadrilateral A onto
quadrilateral C.

11. On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on both axes, draw x and y
axes for  7 ≤ x ≤ 8 and  8 ≤ y ≤ 8.

(a) Draw a triangle with coordinates ( 3, 3)

( 1, 3), and ( 1, 6). Label it P.

(b) Reflect triangle P in the y-axis. Label its image Q.

(c) Draw the line y = x and reflect triangle Q in this line. Label its image R.

(d) Describe, in words, the single geometric transformation which maps triangle P
onto triangle R.

(e) Reflect triangle Q in the x-axis. Label its image S.

(f) Write down the 2  2 matrix for the transformation which maps triangle P
onto triangle S.

(g) Write down the 2  2 matrices for

(i) a reflection in the y-axis

(ii) a reflection in the line y = x.

(h) Using the two matrices in (g) above, obtain a SINGLE matrix for a reflection
in the y-axis followed by a reflection in the line y = x.

/ / /
12. Triangle DEF, shown below, undergoes a rotation such that its image is triangle D E F

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

(a) Describe COMPLETELY this rotation by stating

(i) the coordinates of the centre

(ii) the direction of turn

(iii) the size of the angle turned.

(b) Triangle DEF is mapped onto triangle ABC under a translation, T = (−6
−3 )
.

State the coordinates of A, B and C, the images of D, E and F, under T.

13. Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on BOTH the x and y-axes, draw on graph paper the
triangle PQR and P/Q/R/ such that P (- 3, - 2), Q (- 2, - 2), R (- 2, - 4) and
P/(6, 4), Q/(4, 4) and R/(4, 8).

(a) Describe FULLY the transformation, G, which maps triangle PQR onto triangle
P/Q /R/.

(b) The transformation, M, is a reflection in the line y = ‒ x.

(c) On the same diagram, draw and label the triangle P//Q//R// the image of triangle P/Q/R/ under the
transformation M.

(d) Write down the 2 × 2 matrix for

(i) transformation C

(ii) transformation M

(iii) transformation G followed by M.

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

14.

(a) Draw the triangle with coordinates (2, 1),

(3, 3) and (4, 3). Label it A.

(b) the image of triangle A after a reflection in the line y = -1. Label it B.

(c) the image of triangle A after a translation by the vector (−42). Label it C.
15. On graph paper, draw the x-axis and the y-axis. Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on both
axes, draw the triangle DEF with vertices D (1, 1), E (3, 1) and F (1, 4)

(a) Draw the image of DEF under reflection in the line x = 4. Name the image  D/E/F/.

(b) Draw the image of  D/E/F/ under translation [−50 ]. Name the image D E F .
// // //

(c) Name the type of translation that maps  DEF onto  D//E//F//

16. The vertices of Δ ABC are A(1, 0), B(1, 1.5) and C(2, 1).

(a) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on each axis, draw x and y axes for  4 ≤ x ≤ 5 and  2 ≤ y
≤ 6. Draw Δ ABC, labeling the vertices clearly.

(b) Δ ABC is mapped onto Δ DEF by enlargement with centre the origin and scale factor 2.

(i) Determine the coordinates of Δ DEF.

(ii) Draw and label Δ DEF.

(c) Δ ABC is mapped onto Δ GHI by rotation with centre, the origin, angle, 90˚ and direction,
clockwise.

(i) Determine the coordinates of Δ GHI.

(ii) Draw and label Δ GHI.

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

(d) Δ ABC is mapped onto Δ JKL by translation with vector of translation T = (−13).
(i) Determine the coordinates of Δ JKL.

(ii) Draw and label Δ JKL.

17. The vertices of Δ PQR are P(4, 1), Q(6, 1) and R(4, 2).

(a) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on each axis, draw x and y axes for  1 ≤ x ≤ 8 and  4 ≤ y
≤ 7. Draw Δ PQR, labeling the vertices clearly.

(b) Δ PQR is mapped onto Δ STU by translation with vector of translation T = (−32).
(i) Determine the coordinates of Δ STU.

(ii) Draw and label Δ STU.

(c) Δ XYZ is the image of Δ PQR under anticlockwise rotation of 90˚ about the origin.

(i) Determine the coordinates of Δ XYZ.

(ii) Draw and label Δ XYZ.

(d) Δ PQR is mapped onto Δ MNO by reflection in the line x = 3.

(i) Determine the coordinates of Δ MNO.

(ii) Draw and label Δ MNO.

(e) Enlargement with centre the origin and scale factor - 3 maps Δ PQR onto Δ JKL.

(i) Determine the coordinates of Δ JKL.

(ii) Draw and label Δ JKL.

18. X is the point ( 1, 1), Y is the point (1, 5), and Z is the point ( 3, 3). X, Y and Z are the vertices of Δ
XYZ. Δ XYZ is reflected in the line y =  x.

(a) Determine the vertices of the image of Δ XYZ under the reflection above.

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

(b) Using 1 cm to represent 1 unit on each axis, draw x and y axes for  6 ≤ x ≤ 8 and
 8 ≤ y ≤ 8. Draw and label the image of ΔXYZ under the reflection above.

(c) Δ XYZ is mapped onto Δ STU by translation with vector of translation T = ( )7

−7
.

(i) Determine the coordinates of Δ STU.

(ii) Draw and label Δ STU on the graph sheet above.

(d) Δ PQR is the image of Δ XYZ under rotation of 180˚ about the origin.

(i) Determine the coordinates of Δ PQR.

(ii) Draw and label Δ PQR.

1
(e) Enlargement with centre the origin and scale factor maps Δ XYZ onto Δ JKL.
2

(i) Determine the coordinates of Δ JKL.

(ii) Draw and label Δ JKL.

19. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, triangle ACD is an enlargement of triangle AB, with A as
the centre of enlargement, AB = 6 cm and BC = 4 cm

Calculate

(a) the scale factor of the enlargement which maps triangle ABE onto triangle ACD.
(b) the area of triangle ACD, in cm², given that the area of triangle ABE is 18 cm²

20. The diagram below shows a pattern made of congruent right-angled triangles. In each triangle, the
sides meeting at a right angle are 1 unit and 2 units long.

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 CXC Mathematics General Proficiency Matrices I & transformations I

(a) Describe FULLY the single transformation that will map triangle BCL onto
triangle FHL.

(b) Describe FULLY the single transformation that will map triangle BCL onto
triangle HFG

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