Q1. What is C programming?

Ans. C is one of the oldest programming languages and was developed in 1972 by Dennis
Ritchie. It is a high-level, general-purpose, and structured programming language that is widely
used in various tasks, such as developing system applications, desktop applications, operating
systems as well as IoT applications. It is the simple and flexible language used for a variety of
scripting system applications, which form a significant part of Windows, UNIX, and Linux
operating systems.

Q2. Why is C dubbed as a mother language?

Ans. It is known as a mother language because most of the JVMs, compilers, and Kernels are
written in C language. If you know C, then you can easily grasp other programming languages.

Q3. Who is the founder of the C language? When was the C language developed?
Ans. C is developed by Dennis M. Ritchie in 1972 at the Bell laboratories of AT & T.

Q4. What are the key features of the C Programming language?

Ans. The following are the major features of C:

Machine Independent
Mid-Level programming language
Memory Management
Structured programming language
Simple and efficient
Function rich libraries
Case Sensitive
Q5. Name some different storage class specifiers in C?
Ans. Storage classes represent the storage of any variable. There are four storage classes in C:

Auto
Register
Extern
Static
Q6. What are the data types supported in the C Programming language?
Ans. This is one of the commonly asked C programming interview questions. The data type
specifies the type of data used in programming. C language has some predefined data types with
different storage capacities:

Built-in data types: It includes int, char, double, float and void
Derived data types: It includes array, pointers, and references
User-defined data types: Union, structure, and Enumeration
Q7. What do you mean by the scope and lifetime of a variable in C?
Ans. The scope and lifetime of any variable are defined as the section of the code in which the
variable is executable or visible. Variables that are described in the block are only accessible in
the block. The lifetime of the variable defines the existence of the variable before it is destroyed.

Q8. What do you mean by the pointer in C?

Ans. Pointers are the variables in C that store the address of another variable. It allocates the
memory for the variable at the run time. The pointer might be of different data types such as int,
char, float, double, etc.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()

int *ptr, q;

q = 50;

/* address of q is assigned to ptr */

ptr = &q;

/* display q’s value using ptr variable */

printf(“%d”, *ptr);

return 0;

Q9. Define Null pointer?

Ans. A null pointer represents the empty location in the computer’s memory. It is used in C for
various purposes:

It will assign the pointer variable to the variable with no assigned memory
In pointer related code we can do error handling by checking null pointer before assigning any
pointer variable
Pass a null pointer to the variable if we don’t want to pass any valid memory address
Example:

int fun(int *ptr)

/*Fun specific stuff is done with ptr here*/

return 10;

fun(NULL);

Q10. What is Dangling Pointer?

Ans. Dangling pointers are the pointers pointing to the memory location that has been deleted or
released. There are three different types of dangling pointers:

Return local variable in a function call

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

char *getHello()

{
char str[10]; strcpy(str,”Hello!”);

return(str);

int main()

//str falls out of scope

//function call char *getHello() is now a dangling pointer

printf(“%s”, getHello());

Variable goes out of scope

void main()

int *p1;

…..

int ch;

p1 = &ch;

…..

// Here ptr is dangling pointer

De allocation or free variable memory

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

int main()

char **strPtr;

char *str = “Hello!”;

strPtr = &str; free(str);

//strPtr is now a dangling pointer

printf(“%s”, *strPtr);

Also Read: Top C++ Interview Questions and Answers

Q11. What is the use of function in C?

Ans. Functions are the basic building blocks of any programming language. All C programs are
written using the function to maintain reusability and understandability.

Uses of functions in C:

Functions can be used multiple times in a program by calling them whenever required
In C, functions are used to avoid rewriting of code
It is easy to track any C program when it is divided into functions
Syntax of a function

return_type function_name( parameter list )

body of the function

Let’s take a look at some more C programming interview questions.

Q12. What happens when you compile a program in C?

Ans. At the time of compilation, the compiler generates a file with the same name as the C
program file with different extensions.

Below is the image to show the compilation process:

Also Read: Top 10 Most Popular Programming Languages To Learn

Q13. What are header files in C?
Ans. Header files are those which contain C function declaration and macro definitions that are
to be shared between sourced files. Header files are generated with the extension .h.

There are two types of header files:

Programmer generated a header file

Files that come with your compiler
Syntax: #include <file>

Q14. How many types of operators are there in C Programming?

Ans. An operator is a symbol used to operate the values of variables. There is a wide range of
operators used in C programming, including –
Arithmetic Operators:
These are used to perform mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and modulus.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int a = 9,b = 4, c;

c = a+b;

printf(“a+b = %d \n”,c);

c = a-b;

printf(“a-b = %d \n”,c);

c = a*b;

printf(“a*b = %d \n”,c);

c = a/b;

printf(“a/b = %d \n”,c);

c = a%b;

printf(“Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n”,c);

return 0;

Relational Operators:
These are used to check the relation between two operands. If the relation is TRUE, it returns 1; If
the relation is FALSE, It returns 0.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{
int a = 2, b = 2, c = 6;

printf(“%d == %d is %d \n”, a, b, a == b);

printf(“%d == %d is %d \n”, a, c, a == c);

printf(“%d > %d is %d \n”, a, b, a > b);

printf(“%d > %d is %d \n”, a, c, a > c);

printf(“%d < %d is %d \n”, a, b, a < b);

printf(“%d < %d is %d \n”, a, c, a < c);

printf(“%d != %d is %d \n”, a, b, a != b);

printf(“%d != %d is %d \n”, a, c, a != c);

printf(“%d >= %d is %d \n”, a, b, a >= b);

printf(“%d >= %d is %d \n”, a, c, a >= c);

printf(“%d <= %d is %d \n”, a, b, a <= b);

printf(“%d <= %d is %d \n”, a, c, a <= c);

return 0;

Logical Operators:
These are used in decision-making operations. If the expression is TRUE, it returns 1; if the
expression is FALSE, it returns 0.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int a = 2, b = 2, c = 6, result;

result = (a == b) && (c > b);

printf(“(a == b) && (c > b) is %d \n”, result);

result = (a == b) && (c < b);

printf(“(a == b) && (c < b) is %d \n”, result);

result = (a == b) || (c < b);

printf(“(a == b) || (c < b) is %d \n”, result);

result = (a != b) || (c < b);

printf(“(a != b) || (c < b) is %d \n”, result);

result = !(a != b);

printf(“!(a == b) is %d \n”, result);

result = !(a == b);

printf(“!(a == b) is %d \n”, result);

return 0;

Assignment Operators:
These are used to assign value to a variable. The most used assignment operator is ‘=’.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int a = 5, c;

c = a; // c is 5

printf(“c = %d\n”, c);

c += a; // c is 10

printf(“c = %d\n”, c);

c -= a; // c is 5

printf(“c = %d\n”, c);

c *= a; // c is 25

printf(“c = %d\n”, c);

c /= a; // c is 5

printf(“c = %d\n”, c);

c %= a; // c = 0

printf(“c = %d\n”, c);

return 0;

Increment and Decrement Operators:

These are used to change the value of an operand (constant or variable) by 1.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int a = 10, b = 100;

float c = 10.5, d = 100.5;

printf(“++a = %d \n”, ++a);

printf(“–b = %d \n”, –b);

printf(“++c = %f \n”, ++c);

printf(“–d = %f \n”, –d);

return 0;

Bitwise Operators:
These are used to perform bit-level operations between two variables.

Example: Bitwise OR, Bitwise AND

Conditional Operator:
These are used in conditional expressions.

Example: ‘?:’ Conditional operator

Special Operators:
There are some special operators in C used for:

sizeof(): Returns the size of the memory location

&: Returns the address of a memory location

*: Pointer of a variable
Q15. Explain the process of creating increment and decrement operators in C.
Ans. This is one of the most important C programming interview questions. If you want to
perform an increment operation, then use ‘i++,’ which will increase the value by 1. If you want to
perform a decrement operation, then use ‘i–,’ it will decrease the value by 1.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

int x = 10, y = 1;

printf(“Initial value of x = %d\n”, x);

printf(“Initial value of y = %d\n\n”, y);

y = ++x;

printf(“After incrementing by 1: x = %d\n”, x);

printf(“y = %d\n\n”, y);

y = –x;

printf(“After decrementing by 1: x = %d\n”, x);

printf(“y = %d\n\n”, y);

return 0;

Also Read: 5 Best Programming Languages To Learn For Cybersecurity Professionals

Q16. Mention the difference between local variables and global variables in C?
Ans. Global variables are declared outside the function. That variable can be used anywhere in
the program, whereas local variables are declared inside the function, and their scope is only
inside that function.

// Global variable

float x = 1;

void my_test() {

// Local variable called y.

// This variable can’t be accessed in other functions

float y = 77;
println(x);

println(y);

void setup() {

// Local variable called y.

// This variable can’t be accessed in other functions.

float y = 2;

println(x);

println(y);

my_test();

println(y);

Q17. What is static memory allocation in C?

Ans. Static memory allocation is defined as the allocation of a fixed amount of memory at the
compile-time, and the operating system uses the data structure called stacks to manage
memory allocation.

Example:

void demo

int x;

int main()

int y;

int c[10];

return 1;

Q18. What is dynamic memory allocation in C?

Ans. Dynamic memory allocation is the process of memory allocation at the run time. There are
a group of functions in C used to dynamic memory management i.e. calloc(), malloc(), realloc()
and free().

Q19. Explain the difference between calloc() and malloc().

Ans. The main difference between calloc() and malloc() is that calloc() takes two arguments
while malloc() takes one argument. Secondly, calloc() initializes allocated memory to ZERO while
malloc() does not initialize allocated memory.

Syntax of calloc()

void *calloc(size_t n, size_t size);

Syntax of malloc()

void *malloc(size_t n);

Q20. What is the output of the following C code?

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

enum {false, true};

int main()

int i = 1;

do

printf(“%d\n”, i);

i++;

if (i < 15)

continue;

} while (false);

getchar();

return 0;

Ans. Output: 1

The do-while loop executes at every iteration. After the continue statement, it will come to the
while (false) statement, and the condition shows false, and ‘i’ is printed only once.

Q21. How can a negative integer be stored in C?

Ans. If the number is with a negative sign, then at the time of memory allocation, the number
(ignoring minus sign) is converted into the binary equivalent. Then the two’s complement of the
number is calculated.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int a = -4;

int b = -3;

unsigned int c = -4;

unsigned int d = -3;

printf(“%f\n%f\n%f\n%f\n”, 1.0 * a/b, 1.0 * c/d, 1.0*a/d, 1.*c/b);

Output:

1.333333

1.000000

-0.000000

-1431655764.000000

Q22. What is the use of nested structure in C?

Ans. A nested structure is used to make the complicated code easy. If we want to add the
address of employees with other more details, then we have to create a nested structure for it.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

struct address

char city[20];

int pin;

char phone[14];
};

struct employee

char name[20];

struct address add;

};

void main ()

struct employee emp;

printf(“Enter employee information?\n”);

scanf(“%s %s %d %s”,emp.name,emp.add.city, &emp.add.pin, emp.add.phone);

printf(“Printing employee information…\n”);

printf(“name:%s\nCity:%s\nPincode:%d\nPhone:
%s”,emp.name,emp.add.city,emp.add.pin,emp.add.phone);

Output:

Enter employee information?

Joe

Delhi

110001

1234567890

Printing employee information…

name: Joe

City: Delhi

Pincode: 110001

Phone: 123456789

Also Read: Most Popular Programming Languages for Data Science

Q23. How to write a program in C for swapping two numbers without the use of the third
variable?
Ans.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int x, y;

printf(“Input two integers (x & y) to swap\n”);

scanf(“%d%d”, &x, &y);

x = x + y;

y = x – y;

x = x – y;

printf(“x = %d\ny = %d\n”,x,y);

return 0;

Q24. Write a C program for Fibonacci series.

Ans.

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

int n1=0,n2=1,n3,i,number;

printf(“Enter the number of elements:”);

scanf(“%d”,&number);

printf(“\n%d %d”,n1,n2);//printing 0 and 1

for(i=2;i<number;++i)//loop starts from 2 because 0 and 1 are already printed

n3=n1+n2;

printf(” %d”,n3);

n1=n2;
n2=n3;

return 0;

Q25. Explain the difference between = and == symbols in C programming?

Ans. The assignment operator (=): It is a binary operator used to operate two operands. It is used
to assign the value to the variable.

Example: x=(a+b);

y=x;

Equal to operator (==): It is also a binary operator used to compare the left-hand side and right-
hand side value, if it is the same, it returns 1 else 0.

int x,y;

x=10;

y=10;

if(x==y)

printf(“True”);

else

printf(“False”);

When the expression x==y evaluates, it will return 1

Let’s move forward and take a look at some more frequently asked C programming interview
questions.

Q26. What is the use of extern storage specifier?

Ans. It enables you to declare a variable without bringing it into existence. The value is assigned
to it in a different block, and it can be changed in the various blocks as well. So extern storage
specifier is a global variable that can be used anywhere in the code.

Q27. Difference between rvalue and Ivalue in C?

Ans. The term rvalue refers to objects that appear on the right side, while an Ivalue is an
expression that appears on the left side.

Q28. Can a program be compiled with the main function?

Ans. Yes.

Q29. Define stack.

Ans. It is a data structure that is used to store data in a particular order in which operations are
performed. There are two types of storing orders, i.e. LIFO (last in first out) and FIFO (first in last
out).
Basic operations performed in the stack:

Push
Pop
Peek or Top
isEmpty
Q30. When is the arrow operator used?
Ans. Arrow operator is used to accessing elements in structure and union. It is used with a
pointer variable. Arrow operator is formed by using a minus sign followed by a greater than a
symbol.

Syntax:

(pointer_name)->(variable_name)

Q31. Can two operators be combined in a single line of program code?

Ans. Yes.

Q32. Write a program to find the factorial of a number using functions?

Ans: Program to find the factorial of a number

#include <stdio.h>

int factorial_of_a_number(int n)

int fact = 1, i;

if(n == 0)

return 1;

else

for(i = 1; i <= n; i++)

fact = fact * i;

return fact;

int main()

int n;
printf(“Enter the number : “);

scanf(“%d”,&n);

if(n < 0)

printf(“Invalid output”);

else

printf(“Factorial of the number %d is %d” ,n, factorial_of_a_number(n));

return 0;

Q33. What is a token in C?

Ans. The smallest individual unit in a C program is known as a token. Tokens can be classified
as:

Keywords
Constants
Identifiers
Strings
Operators
Special symbols
Also Read: Best Software Development Frameworks & Tools To Learn

Q34. Name the keyword used to perform unconditional branching.

Ans. A go-to statement is used to perform unconditional branching.

Q35. What is the use of the comma operator?

Ans. It is used to separate two or more expressions.

E.g. printf (“hello”);

Q36. Write a program to find a sum of first N natural numbers.

Ans.

#include <stdio.h>

void main()

int i, num, sum = 0;

printf(“Enter an integer number \n”);

scanf (“%d”, &num);

for (i = 1; i <= num; i++)

{

sum = sum + i;

printf (“Sum of first %d natural numbers = %d\n”, num, sum);

Q37. What is the length of an identifier?

Ans. Its length is 32 characters in C.

Q38. What is typecasting in C?

Ans. It is a way to convert constant from one type to another type. If there is a value of float data
type then you can typecast it into other data types.

There are two types of typecasting in C:

Implicit conversion
Explicit conversion
Example:

#include <stdio.h>

main() {

int sum = 17, count = 5;

double mean;

mean = (double) sum / count;

printf(“Value of mean : %f\n”, mean );

Q39. How are random numbers generated?

Ans. Random numbers are generated by using the rand () command.

Example:

#include <time.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

Srand (time (NULL));

Int r = rand ();

Also Read: Top Universities Offering Free Online Courses For Programmers
Q40. What are the disadvantages of void pointer?
Ans. Disadvantages of a void pointer:
Pointer arithmetic is not defined for void pointer
Void pointers can’t be dereferenced
Q41. Define compound statements.
Ans. These are made up of two or more program statements that are executed together.

Q42. Write a program to print numbers from 1 to 100 without using a loop.
Ans. Program to print numbers from 1 to 100

/* Prints numbers from 1 to n */

void printNos(unsigned int n)

if(n > 0)

printNos(n-1);

printf(“%d “, n);

Q43. What is FIFO?

Ans. FIFO means first in first out. It is a cost flow assumption, which is used to remove costs
from the inventory account.

Q44. What is the use of a built-in stricmp() function?

Ans. It takes two strings and returns an integer.

Q45. What is the name of the function used to close the file stream?
Ans. Fclose().

Q46. What is the structure?

Ans. A user-defined data type that enables the combination of different data types to store a
particular type of record, is known as a structure.

Example:

struct Point

int x, y;

} p1; // The variable p1 is declared with ‘Point’

struct Point

{
int x, y;

};

int main()

struct Point p1; // The variable p1 is declared like a normal variable

Now, let’s take a look at some program-based C programming interview questions.

Q47. Write a program to reverse a number.

Ans. Below is the program to reverse a number in C:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int n, rev = 0, rem;

printf(“\nEnter a number : “);

scanf(“%d”, &n);

printf(“\nReversed Number : “);

while(n != 0)

rem = n%10;

rev = rev*10 + rem;

n /= 10;

printf(“%d\n”, rev);

return 0;

Q48. Write a program to check the prime number in C.

Ans. Below is the program to check the prime number in C:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()

int n,i,m=0,flag=0; //declaration of variables.

clrscr(); //It clears the screen.

printf(“Enter the number to check prime:”);

scanf(“%d”,&n);

m=n/2;

for(i=2;i<=m;i++)

if(n%i==0)

printf(“Number is not prime”);

flag=1;

break; //break keyword used to terminate from the loop.

if(flag==0)

printf(“Number is prime”);

getch(); //It reads a character from the keyword.

Q49. Write a program to check Armstrong number in C.

Ans. The program to check Armstrong number in C is as follows:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

main()

{
int n,r,sum=0,temp; //declaration of variables.

clrscr(); //It clears the screen.

printf(“enter the number=”);

scanf(“%d”,&n);

temp=n;

while(n>0)

r=n%10;

sum=sum+(r*r*r);

n=n/10;

if(temp==sum)

printf(“armstrong number “);

else

printf(“not armstrong number”);

getch(); //It reads a character from the keyword.

Q50. Write a program to check the palindrome number in C.

Ans. The program to check palindrome number in C is as follows:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

main()

int n,r,sum=0,temp;

clrscr();

printf(“enter the number=”);

scanf(“%d”,&n);

temp=n;
while(n>0)

r=n%10;

sum=(sum*10)+r;

n=n/10;

if(temp==sum)

printf(“palindrome number “);

else

printf(“not palindrome”);

getch();

Q51. What are reserved keywords? How many reserved keywords are there in C?
Ans. Reserved keywords are those keywords that have predefined meanings and cannot be used
as a variable name. Such keywords are restricted for general use while writing a program. There
are 32 reserved keywords in C programming language:

Reserved Keywords
auto
break
case
char
const
continue
default
do double
else
enum
extern
float
for
goto
if int
long
register
return
short
signed
sizeof
static struct
switch
typedef
union
unsigned
voidvolatilewhile
Q52. What is a union?
Ans. A union is a user-defined data type that enables you to store multiple types of data in a
single unit or the same memory location. While you can define a union with different members,
only one member can hold a value at any given time. Also, it does not hold the sum of the
memory of all members and holds the memory of the largest member only.

Q53. What happens if a header file is included twice?

Ans. If a header file is included twice, the compiler will process its contents twice, resulting in an
error. You can use a guard(#) to prevent a header file from being included multiple times during
the compilation process. Thus, even if a header file with proper syntax is included twice, the
second one will get ignored.

Q54. Can a C program compile without the main() function?

Ans. Yes, a C program can be compiled without the main() function. However, it will not execute
without the main() function.

Q55. What is the difference between static memory allocation and dynamic memory allocation?
Ans. The differences between static memory allocation and dynamic memory allocation are:

Static Memory Allocation Dynamic Memory Allocation

It is done before the program execution. It takes place during program execution.
Variables get allocated permanently. Variables get allocated when the program unit gets active.
Less efficient. More efficient.
It uses a stack for managing the static allocation of memory. It uses heap for managing the
dynamic allocation of memory.
No memory re-usability. It allows memory re-usability.
Execution is faster. Execution is slower.
Memory is allocated at compile time. The allocation of memory is done at run time.
Memory size can not be modified while execution. Example: Array Memory size can be
modified while execution. Example: Linked List
Q56. What do you mean by a memory leak in C?
Ans. A memory leak is a kind of resource leak that happens when programmers create a memory
in heap and forget to delete it. Thus, the memory which is no longer needed remains undeleted. It
may also occur when an object is inaccessible by running code but it is still stored in memory. A
memory leak can result in additional memory usage and can affect the performance of a
program.

Q57. What do you understand by while(0) and while(1)?

Ans. In while(1) and while(0), 1 means TRUE or ON and 0 means FALSE or OFF.

while(0) means that the looping conditions will always be false and the code inside the while
loop will not be executed. On the other hand, while(1) is an infinite loop. It runs continuously until
it comes across a break statement mentioned explicitly.

Q58. Explain is the difference between prefix increment and postfix increment.
Ans. Both prefix increment and postfix increment do what their syntax implies, i.e. increment the
variable by 1.

The prefix increment increments the value of the variable before the program execution and
returns the value of a variable after it has been incremented. The postfix increment, on the other
hand, increments the value of the variable after the program execution and returns the value of a
variable before it has been incremented.

++a <- Prefix increment

a++ <- Postfix increment
Q59. What is the difference between a null pointer and a void pointer?
Ans. A null pointer is one that does not point to any valid location and its value isn’t known at the
time of declaration.

Syntax: <data type> *<variable name> = NULL;

On the other hand, void pointers are generic pointers that do not have any data type associated
with them. They can contain the address of any type of variable. Void pointers can point to any
data type.

Syntax: void *<data type>;

Q60. Explain the difference between Call by Value and Call by Reference?
Ans. Call by Value sends the value of a variable as a parameter to a function. Moreover, the value
in the parameter is not affected by the operation that takes place.

Call by Reference, on the other hand, passes the address of the variable, instead of passing the
values of variables. In this, values can be affected by the process within the function.

Q61. How can the scope of a global symbol be resolved in C?

Ans. The scope of a global symbol can be resolved by using the extern storage, which extends
the visibility or scope of variables and functions. Since C functions are visible throughout the
program by default, you don’t need to use it with function declaration or definition.

Q62. What is the difference between actual parameters and formal parameters?
Ans. The differences between actual parameters and formal parameters are:

Actual Parameters Formal Parameters

They are included at the time of function call. They are included at the time of the definition of
the function.
Actual Parameters do not require data type but the data type should match with the
corresponding data type of formal parameters. Data types need to be mentioned.
These can be variables, expressions, and constant without data types. These are variables with
their data type.
Q63. Explain modular programming.
Ans. Modular programming is an approach that focuses on dividing an entire program into
independent and interchangeable modules or sub-programs, such as functions and modules for
achieving the desired functionality. It separates the functionality in such a manner that each sub-
program contains everything necessary to execute just one aspect of the desired functionality.

Q64. What is a sequential access file?

Ans. As the name suggests, a sequential access file is used to store files sequentially, i.e. one
data is placed into one file after another. It means that if you have to access files you will have to
check each file sequentially (reading one data at a time) until your desired file is reached. It is
more limitations as access time will be very high and storage cost is high.

Q65. What is the difference between const char* p and char const* p?
Ans. const char* p is a pointer to a constant character whereas char const* p is a constant
pointer to a non-constant character. In const char* p, we cannot change the value pointed by ptr.
However, we can the pointer. In char *const ptr, we cannot change the pointer p. However, the
value pointed by ptr can be changed.

Q66. Can we use the ‘if’ function to compare strings?

Ans. No, we cannot use the ‘if’ function to compare two strings. The ‘if’ function compares
numerical and single character values. We can use the ‘strcmp’ function to compare two strings
character by character.

Q67. What is the use of toupper() function in C?

Ans. The toupper() function in C converts the lowercase alphabet to uppercase. We define the
toupper() function using the ctype.h header file.

Syntax:

int toupper(int ch);

Q68. Explain the # pragma directive in C.

Ans. # pragma is a special purpose directive that is used to turn on or off certain features. Some
of the #pragma directives are:

#pragma startup: It is used to specify the functions that are needed to run before the program
starts.
#pragma exit: It is used to specify the functions that are needed to run just before program exit.
#pragma warn: It is used to hide the warning messages which are displayed during compilation.
#pragma GCC poison: This directive is used to remove an identifier completely from the
program.
#pragma GCC dependency: This directive allows you to check the relative dates of the current file
and another file.
#pragma once: It allows the current source file to be included only once in a single compilation.
Q69. What is variable initialization in C Programming?
Ans. Variable initialization refers to the process of assigning a value to the variable before it is
used in the program. Using variables without initialization can result in unexpected outputs.
There are two types of variable initialization:

Static Initialization: variable is assigned a value in advance and it acts as a constant.

Dynamic Initialization: variable is assigned a value at run time and can be altered every time the
program is being run.
Syntax of the variable initialization:

data_type variable_name=constant/literal/expression;

or

variable_name=constant/literal/expression;

Q70. What is the difference between Source Code and Object Code?
Ans. The differences between source code and object code are:

Source Code Object Code

It is created by a programmer. Object code refers to the output, which is produced when the
Source Code is compiled with a C compiler.
Source code is high-level code. It is a low-level code.
Source code is written in plain text by using some high-level programming language like C, C++,
Java, or Python. It is written in machine language.
It is understandable by humans but not directly understandable by machines. Object code is
machine-understandable but not human-understandable.
Source code is the input to the compiler or any other translator. It is the output of the compiler
or any other translator.
It can be easily modified. Object code can not be modified.
Q71. In C programming, how can you determine if a number is odd or even?
Ans. In C programming, we can determine if a number is even or odd by dividing it by 2. If the
number is exactly divisible by 2 (the remainder is 0) then it is an even number else it is odd.

Program to check if a number is even or odd using Bitwise Operator:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int num;

printf(“Enter an integer: “);

scanf(“%d”, &num);

// true if num is perfectly divisible by 2

if(num % 2 == 0)

printf(“%d is even.”, num);

else

printf(“%d is odd.”, num);

return 0;

Output:

Enter an integer: 77

77 is odd.

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Q72. Write a program to swap two numbers without the use of the third variable.
Ans. We can swap two numbers without the use of the third variable by two methods:

Method 1: Using sum and subtraction

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

int a=10, b=20;

printf(“Before swap a=%d b=%d”,a,b);

a=a+b;//a=30 (10+20)

b=a-b;//b=10 (30-20)

a=a-b;//a=20 (30-10)

printf(“\nAfter swap a=%d b=%d”,a,b);

return 0;

Method 2: Using multiplication and division

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

int main()

int a=10, b=20;

printf(“Before swap a=%d b=%d”,a,b);

a=a*b;//a=200 (10*20)

b=a/b;//b=10 (200/20)

a=a/b;//a=20 (200/10)

system(“cls”);

printf(“\nAfter swap a=%d b=%d”,a,b);

return 0;

Output:

For both methods, the output will be:

Before swap a=10 b=20

After swap a=20 b=10

Q73. What is recursion in C? Write a program to find the factorial of a number using recursion.
Ans. Recursion refers to the process in which a function calls itself directly or indirectly. The
function that calls itself is known as a recursive function.
Program to find the factorial of a number using recursion

#include <stdio.h>

int fact (int);

int main()

int n,f;

printf(“Enter a positive integer: “);

scanf(“%d”,&n);

f = fact(n);

printf(“Factorial = %d”,f);

int fact(int n)

if (n==0)

return 0;

else if ( n == 1)

return 1;

else

return n*fact(n-1);

Output
Enter a positive integer: 5

Factorial = 120

Q74. What is the difference between macros and functions?

Ans: The differences between macros and functions are:

Macros Functions
Macros are pre-processed. It means that all the macros will be processed before the program
compiles. Functions are not preprocessed but compiled.
Macros do not check for compilation errors which leads to unexpected output. Function checks
for compilation errors. Chances of unpredictable output are less.
It increases the code length. Code length remains the same.
Macros are useful when small code is repeated many times. Functions are useful in large
codes.
Before Compilation, the macro name is replaced by macro value. During function call, transfer
of control takes place.
Faster in execution. A bit slower in execution than Macros.
They do not check any Compile-Time errors. Functions check Compile-Time errors.
Q75. Explain pointer to pointer in C.
Ans. Pointer to pointer is a concept in which one pointer refers to the address of another pointer.
It is a form of multiple indirections or a chain of pointers. The first pointer stores the address of a
variable whereas the second pointer stores the address of the first pointer.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main () {

int var;

int *ptr;

int **pptr;

var = 2000;

/* take the address of var */

ptr = &var;

/* take the address of ptr using address of operator & */

pptr = &ptr;

/* take the value using pptr */

printf(“Value of var = %d\n”, var );

printf(“Value available at *ptr = %d\n”, *ptr );

printf(“Value available at **pptr = %d\n”, **pptr);

return 0;

Output:

Value of var = 2000

Value available at *ptr = 2000

Value available at **pptr = 2000

Q76. Write a program to print the following:

1

12

123

1234

12345

Ans: Program to print the above pattern is:

#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;

int main()

for(i=1;i&lt;=5;1++)

for(j=1;j&lt;=5;j++)

print(“%d”,j);

printf(“n”);

return 0;

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Q77. Explain Bubble Sort Algorithm with the help of a program.

And. Bubble Sort Algorithm is a simple sorting algorithm that works by repeatedly swapping the
adjacent elements if they are in the wrong order. Swapping is repeated until the list is sorted.

Program to execute Bubble Sort:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int a[100], number, i, j, temp;

printf(“\n Enter the total Number of Elements: “);

scanf(“%d”, &number);

printf(“\n Enter the Array Elements: “);

for(i = 0; i < number; i++)

scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);

for(i = 0; i < number – 1; i++)

for(j = 0; j < number – i – 1; j++)

if(a[j] > a[j + 1])

temp = a[j];

a[j] = a[j + 1];

a[j + 1] = temp;

printf(“\n List Sorted in Ascending Order: “);

for(i = 0; i < number; i++)

printf(” %d \t”, a[i]);

}

printf(“\n”);

return 0;

Output:

Enter the total Number of Elements: 6

Enter the Array Elements: 2 9 7 7 1 -3

List Sorted in Ascending Order: -3 1 2 7 7 9

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Conclusion
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different concepts in C and help you clear your next job interview.