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Notches & Weirs

Notches and weirs are structures used to measure and regulate water flow. Notches are openings in tanks or channels, while weirs are masonry structures built across rivers. Notches can be rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, or stepped in shape. Flow over notches and weirs is calculated using equations that consider factors like notch geometry, upstream flow velocity, and discharge coefficients. Empirical formulas from experiments provide estimated discharge values based on notch dimensions and flow conditions.

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527 views15 pages

Notches & Weirs

Notches and weirs are structures used to measure and regulate water flow. Notches are openings in tanks or channels, while weirs are masonry structures built across rivers. Notches can be rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, or stepped in shape. Flow over notches and weirs is calculated using equations that consider factors like notch geometry, upstream flow velocity, and discharge coefficients. Empirical formulas from experiments provide estimated discharge values based on notch dimensions and flow conditions.

Uploaded by

asv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Notches & Weirs

Lecture 14
NOTCH WEIR
Notch is an opening provided in the Weir is masonry structure built
side of a tank such that liquid surface across a river/stream to raise the
is below the top edge of opening water level at the upstream and to
allow the excess water to flow over
or its crest to downstream side

A metallic plate installed in a narrow


channels (laboratory channel) to
measure the discharge
Classification of Notches:

1. Based on shape: 2. Based on the effect of


Rectangular notch sides on the nappe:
Triangular notch Notch without end
contractions or suppressed
Trapezoidal notch
notch
Stepped notch Notch with end contractions
or contracted notch
Flow over suppressed Notch:
Consider an elementary strip in flow area at depth h and having thickness dh
Area of strip
dA = L dh
theoretical velocity of flow through elementary strip

𝑉𝑡ℎ = 2𝑔ℎ
Theoretical discharge through elementary strip

𝑑𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐿𝑑ℎ 2𝑔ℎ (1)


Integrating above equation from free surface to the crest of notch i.e. between
limits 0 to H yields the discharge flowing over the notch
𝐻 1/2 2
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐿 2𝑔 ‫׬‬0 ℎ 𝑑ℎ = 𝐿 2𝑔 𝐻 3/2 (2)
3
Actual discharge over the notch can be written by introducing the discharge
coefficient Cd in above expression
2
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐿 2𝑔 𝐻 3/2 (3)
3
If velocity of approach Va (velocity of water with which it is approaching
towards weir) is also considered, then TEL which is above the free surface
at a height of Ha (velocity head 𝐻𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎2 /2𝑔 ) is assumed as reference for
integrating (1). Therefore, limit of integration in this case will be from Ha
to H1 instead of 0 to H, where H1 = H+ Ha
𝐻1 1/2 2 3/2 3/2
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐿 2𝑔 ‫ 𝐻׬‬ℎ 𝑑ℎ = 𝐿 2𝑔 𝐻1 − 𝐻𝑎
𝑎 3
2 3/2 3/2
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐿 2𝑔 𝐻 + 𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻𝑎
3
2 3/2 3/2
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶 𝐿 2𝑔 𝐻 + 𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻𝑎 (4)
3 𝑑
If velocity of approach is not given, it is calculated as below
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄
𝑉𝑎 = =
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ×𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑄
𝑉𝑎 =
𝐵(𝐻+𝑊)

𝐻𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎2 /2𝑔
Q is calculated using (3)
Empirical Formulae for discharge over rectangular notch

Francis Formula: J B Francis conducted experiments on notches with and without


end contraction suggested the following relations

Contracted notch: Effective crest length due to end contractions

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿 − 0.1𝑛𝐻 Where n is number of end contraction.

𝑄𝑎 = 1.84(𝐿 − 0.1𝑛𝐻)𝐻 3/2 (4)

Comparing (3) and (4)

2
𝐶 2𝑔 = 1.84
3 𝑑

Cd =0.623
Flow over contracted notch:
Contracted notch
If velocity of approach is also considered
3/2 3/2
𝑄𝑎 = 1.84(𝐿 − 0.1𝑛𝐻1 ) 𝐻1 − 𝐻𝑎
H1 = H + Ha
Suppressed notch:
𝑄𝑎 = 1.84𝐿𝐻 3/2
3/2 3/2
𝑄𝑎 = 1.84𝐿 𝐻1 − 𝐻𝑎
Bazin’s formula: Rehbok’s formula:
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑚𝐿 2𝑔𝐻3/2 𝐻
𝐶𝑑 = 0.611 + 0.08
𝑚 = 0.405 + 0.003/𝐻 𝑊
Considering velocity of approach Va

𝑄𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝐿 2𝑔𝐻3/2

𝑚1 = 0.405 + 0.003/𝐻1

H1 = H +𝛼𝑉𝑎2 /2𝑔

Where α is a constant. Bazin gave its mean


value as 1.6.
Flow over triangular Notch:
Consider an elementary strip in the flow area at a depth of h below free surface having
thickness dh.
Area of elementary strip
𝜃
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝑥𝑑ℎ = 2(𝐻 − ℎ) tan 𝑑ℎ
2

theoretical velocity of flow through elementary strip

𝑉𝑡ℎ = 2𝑔ℎ
Theoretical discharge through elementary strip
𝜃 𝜃
𝑑𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝑉𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝑔ℎ 2 𝐻 − ℎ tan 𝑑ℎ =2 2𝑔 tan (𝐻ℎ1/2 − ℎ3/2 )𝑑ℎ (1)
2 2
Integrating above equation from free surface to the crest of notch i.e. between limits 0
to H yields the discharge flowing over the notch
𝜃 𝐻 𝜃 2 5/2 2
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 2 2𝑔 tan ‫׬‬0 (𝐻ℎ1/2 − ℎ3/2 )𝑑ℎ = 2 2𝑔 tan 𝐻 − 𝐻 5/2 (2)
2 2 3 5

8 5/2 𝜃
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 2𝑔𝐻 tan
15 2
Actual discharge over the triangular notch can be written by introducing the discharge
coefficient Cd in above expression

8 𝜃
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶 2𝑔𝐻 5/2 tan (3)
15 𝑑 2

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