reading adventurers’ stories • grammar past simple • pronunciation /d/, /t/ or /ɪd/ •

speaking asking about your past

4a Adventurers of the year

Reading 2 Read the article again. Answer the
questions.
1 Read the article. Complete the diagram with the
1 What was Edurne’s biggest challenge?
phrases (1–6).
2 Why is she famous?
3 What was Steven and Stephen’s
Edurne Steven
ambition?
Pasaban 1 Shoppman
4 What was their biggest risk?
Both
Grammar past simple
3 Underline all the verbs in the past tense
in The mountaineer section of the article.
Answer the questions.

1 born in the USA 4 is famous 1 What do you add to regular verbs in

2 travelled round the world 5 finished the adventure the past simple?
3 qualified in engineering 6 loves adventure 2 What auxiliary verb do you use to
make the verb negative?

ADVENTURERS EVERY YEAR, READERS OF NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

MAGAZINE VOTE FOR THEIR ADVENTURERS OF THE
of the
YEAR YEAR. HERE ARE TWO OF THEM.

THE MOUNTAINEER
As a child, Edurne Pasaban lived in the mountainous Basque region of Spain
and she climbed her first mountain when she was fourteen. At university, she
studied engineering but she didn’t want a nine-to-five job. In May 2010 she
finished her biggest challenge, to climb the world’s fourteen tallest mountains.
Nowadays she is famous for her many climbing achievements, However, she
didn’t climb in order to become famous. She says, ‘For me, adventure is a way
of life.’

THE ROAD TRIPPERS

Steven Shoppman and Stephen
Bouey were old friends who grew
up together in Denver. But they
knew each other a lot better after
their adventure. They both had an
ambition to go on a road trip round
the world. From 2007 to 2010, they
drove through 69 different countries
during their 122,000-kilometre
journey and had many adventures.
They took a big risk when they went
across a minefield (see photo). They
also got help from lots of people and
they found that the world wasn’t as
dangerous as they thought!

road trip (n) /ˈrəʊdtrɪp/

a long journey by road

46

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 Unit 4 Adventure

4 Pronunciation /d/, /t/ or /ɪd/ 7 Read the text in Exercise 6. Answer the
questions.
1.22 Listen to the -ed ending of these regular verbs.
Write /d/, /t/ or /ɪd/. Then listen again and repeat. 1 When was Reza born?
2 Where did he study architecture?
1 lived /d/ 5 waited 3 What did he love when he was a
2 finished /t/ 6 looked teenager?
3 wanted /ɪd/ 7 decided 4 What did he do after university?
4 studied 8 climbed 5 Did he want to take photos of local
news?
X PAST SIMPLE 6 When did he go abroad?
He climbed the mountain.
He didn’t climb a mountain. X PAST SIMPLE QUESTIONS
Did he climb a mountain?
When were you born? In 1989.
For further information and practice, see page 159. What did you study at university? Economics.
Did you go abroad when you were young?
Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
5 Find the past tense form of these irregular verbs
For further information and practice,
in The road trippers section of the article in Exercise 1.
see page 159.
1 be was / were 6 grow up grown up
2 drive driven 7 have had
3 find found 8 know known 8 1.23 Work in pairs. Read the article in
4 get got 9 take taken Exercise 1 again. Write questions for these
5 go gone 10 think thought answers (1–6). Then listen and compare
your questions with the recording.
6 Complete the text about another adventurer with 1 In the mountainous Basque region
the past simple form of the verbs. of Spain.
2 When she was fourteen.
3 Engineering.
4 From 2007 to 2010.
5 A minefield.
6 That the world wasn’t as dangerous as
they thought.

Speaking
9 Write eight to ten questions to ask your
partner about their past. Use some of
these prompts to help you.

where / born? where / live?

what subjects / like / at school?
go / university? what job / want?
what / do after that?

10 Take turns to interview each other. Make

notes about your partner’s answers.

11 Swap partners and describe your first

THE PHOTOGRAPHER partner’s life.
Reza 1 was born (be born) in Tabriz, Iran, in 1952. He
2 studied (study) architecture at the university in Tehran Chan was born in Hong Kong in
but he didn't become
3
(not / become) an architect. When he was 1982 …
a teenager, Reza 4 loved (love) photography and, after
university, he 5 got (get) a job with a local newspaper
as a photographer. But he didn't
6
want(not / want) to take
photos of local news and in 1978 he 7 went (go) abroad
and he 8 toke (take) photos of wars. Nowadays he works
for National Geographic magazine.

TALK ABOUT X YOUR PAST X EVENTS YOU REMEMBER X THE MAIN EVENTS X A HAPPY ENDING WRITE X A TRUE STORY 47

15704_02_P02_P045-080.indd 47 26/02/13 2:48 PM

 vocabulary and speaking personal qualities • listening the survivors • grammar past continuous •
pronunciation was • speaking events you remember

4b The survivors

Vocabulary and speaking

personal qualities
1 Look at the photo of an expedition.
How dangerous is this situation? What
kind of people do this, do you think?

2 Read the sentences and comments (1–8)

about this kind of expedition. What
kind of personal quality does each describe?
Match these adjectives to the sentences.

ambitious careful decisive determined

experienced intelligent patient reliable

1 ‘The leader of our team has climbed in the 3 What personal qualities do these people need?
Himalayas many times before in his thirty Make sentences with the adjectives in Exercise 2
years as a mountaineer.’ patient and explain your reasons.
2 ‘Whatever the risk, we always achieved our
goal. Nothing stopped us.’ decisive a teacher a close friend a language learner
3 ‘Even as a child, I wanted to be the best at a news photographer a President
everything.’ ambitious a sports competitor a TV presenter
4 ‘It’s important to plan before any expedition.’ experienced
5 ‘When the weather is really bad, you have to Example:
wait. There’s no point in taking stupid risks.’ careful A teacher is patient because the students need time
6 ‘Everyone in the team always has to be there to learn.
for each other. You won’t survive without each
other’s help and support.’ reliable
7 ‘He has a quick brain and you need that for this
Listening
kind of expedition.’ intelligent 4 1.24 Listen to part of a radio interview with
8 ‘The leader is the person who makes the final survival expert Doctor Weisz. Match the survivors
decision and everyone has to agree.’ determined (1–3) to the situations (a–c).
1 Maria Garza
X WORDBUILDING negative prefixes
2 Bethany Hamilton
You can make some adjectives for personal qualities
3 Mr and Mrs Carlson
negative by adding a prefix: unambitious, indecisive,
impatient. a lost at sea for thirty-one days
For further information and practice, see Workbook
b escaped from a burning aeroplane
page 35. c surfing when attacked by a shark

48

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 Unit 4 Adventure

5 1.24 Listen again. Choose the correct option 8 Look at the grammar box. Then choose the correct
(a–c) to complete the sentences. options to complete the true life survival stories.
1 The main aim of the TV programme is to talk
about .
a recent survival stories
b the best survival stories
c the personal qualities of survivors
TRUE life
SURVIVAL STO
STORIES!
2 Doctor Weisz says all survivors . The sun 1 shone / was shining when Bethany Hamilton arrived at
a are decisive the beach on a beautiful morning in Hawaii. But hours later, the
b need determination young teenager 2 surfed / was surfing out at sea when a shark
c are decisive and need determination attacked her and she lost her left arm. Amazingly, Bethany
3
swam / was swimming back to the beach with one arm and, as
3 The Carlsons’ story is different to Bethany’s she was swimming, she told other surfers to get out of the water.
because .
a they were at sea for a long time While Steven and Rachel Carlson 4 sailed / were sailing around the
b they were in the water Canary Islands, their boat sank. They 5 didn’t have / weren’t having
c they didn’t have experience much food and water but after 31 days at sea they still survived.
It was a normal afternoon at Denver airport but as Flight 455 was
4 Most survivors .
taking off, passengers 6 saw / was seeing a fire from the window.
a don’t take risks
Immediately, the plane’s captain realised that the engines 7 didn’t
b often take risks work / weren’t working and radioed for help. While passengers
c aren’t very careful 8
ran / were running towards the front exits, Maria Garza pulled
her daughter through the window exit next to the wing.
6 Do you ever need the personal qualities of a
survivor? For example, are there other situations
when you need to be decisive, experienced or 9 Which survival story do you think is the most
careful? amazing? Why?

Grammar past continuous 10 Pronunciation was

7 Look at the highlighted verbs in the extract from 1.25 Listen to these sentences. Notice how the
the interview in Exercise 4. Answer the questions. pronunciation of was changes. Then listen again
and repeat.
She was sitting on an aeroplane in Denver airport with
her one-year-old child when she saw a fire from the /wəz/
window. While the other passengers were running to 1 She was surfing in Hawaii.
the exits, Maria climbed out of the window. /wɒznt/
2 It wasn’t snowing.
1 Do all the highlighted verbs talk about the past?
2 Which verbs describe a completed action? /wɒz/
3 Which verbs describe actions in progress at 3 Was it raining?
a particular time?
4 How do you form the past continuous tense? Speaking
What is the auxiliary verb? What is the form of
the main verbs? 11 Work in pairs. Tell your partner which of these
events happened to you in the past. Explain:
X PAST CONTINUOUS 1 when they happened
I/he/she/it was sitting you/we/they were sitting 2 what you were doing at the time
I/he/she/it wasn’t sitting you/we/they weren’t sitting
broke a bone got your first job
Was I/he/she/it sitting? Were you/we/they sitting? first fell in love fell off your bicycle
We often join the past continuous tense with the past
simple with the words when or while to talk about one
I was climbing on a wall when I was
action happening at the same time as another.
eight. I fell and broke my arm.
Maria was sitting on an aeroplane in Denver airport
when she saw a fire from the window.
While the other passengers were running to the exits,
12 Think of three more real or special events in your
she climbed out of the window.
life. Tell your partner.
For further information and practice, see page 159.
Examples:
While I was working in …, I met …
I was living abroad when I …

TALK ABOUT X YOUR PAST X EVENTS YOU REMEMBER X THE MAIN EVENTS X A HAPPY ENDING WRITE X A TRUE STORY 49

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 reading a mountaineering story • vocabulary geographical features • critical thinking identifying opinion •
vocabulary in, on or at for time expressions • speaking the main events

4c The right decision?

Reading Critical thinking
1 Work in pairs. What was your best decision in life? What was identifying opinion
your worst decision? What happened? Tell your partner.
5 Read the last paragraph again. Do the
2 Read the true story on page 51 about two climbers, Simpson following people (1–3) think that Yates
and Yates. What decision did Yates make? What decision did made the right decision or the wrong
Simpson make? decision?
1 some climbers
3 Read the story again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F).
2 Simpson
Joe Simpson 3 the author of the article

6 Do you think Yates made the right

decision? Why? / Why not?

Vocabulary in, on or at
for time expressions
7 Look at these time expressions from the
story. Then complete the rules (1–4) with
in, on or at.
Simon Yates
in May 1985 on Day 1
1 The accident happened while Simpson and Yates were three days later at the last second
climbing up the mountain. T at four o’clock in the afternoon
2 They didn’t reach the top of Siula Grande. T in the middle of that night in 1988
3 Yates cut the rope because he wanted to survive. F
4 Yates didn’t look for Simpson afterwards. F 1 We use with months, years,
5 Simpson managed to get to the base camp on his own. F seasons, decades, centuries and parts
of the day.
Vocabulary geographical features 2 We use with days, dates and
special days such as her birthday,
4 Match these words from the story to the picture. New Year’s Day.
3 We use with times and special
lake north face mountain cave summit ridge expressions such as night,
glacier cliff crevasse the weekend, the final moment.
4 We don’t use , or
with time expressions such as
3summit yesterday, last week, two days later.
2 ridge
Speaking
4 cliff 5 crevasse 8 Work in pairs. Match the time
expressions in Exercise 7 to these events
1 cave from the story. Then tell the main parts
of the story using the time expressions.
8 glacier
stood at the top of the mountain
cut the rope wrote a book
9north face heard his name
crawled near to base camp
started climbing Siula Grande

7 lake
6mountain

50

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 Unit 4 Adventure

I
n May 1985 two climbers, Joe Simpson Yates didn’t know what was happening below. He waited for an hour
and Simon Yates, left their base camp but the rope was too heavy and it was pulling Yates down the mountain
by a lake and started climbing the towards the cliff. He had two choices: hold the rope but then both of
north face of a mountain called Siula them might die, or cut the rope and survive. It was an impossible decision
Grande in the Peruvian Andes. This climb for Yates but, at the last second, Yates cut the rope and saved himself.
was incredibly dangerous but the two Immediately, Simpson fell thirty metres into a crevasse.
men were experienced climbers and
The next day, while Yates was desperately looking for Simpson, he
physically fit. On Day 1, the weather was
found the crevasse. He called for Simpson but he heard nothing. Sadly,
good and the climb
he decided that Simpson was dead. Yates didn’t know
began well. At night Yates didn’t know it it but Simpson was – unbelievably – still alive inside
they made a snow cave
but Simpson was – the crevasse.
and slept on the side of
the mountain. unbelievably – still alive Simpson waited for hours but when he realised Yates
wasn’t coming, he decided to take a risk. He had some
Three days later, after inside the crevasse. rope so he abseiled to the bottom of the crevasse. He
some very difficult
managed to find a way out. For three days, Simpson
climbing and bad
drank water from the snow and ice. He crawled back towards the
weather, the two men stood at the
base camp and at four o’clock in the afternoon of Day 7, Simpson was
summit. Unfortunately, the weather was
very near.
getting worse so they didn’t stay long.
As they were going down a mountain In the middle of that night, Yates was sleeping in his tent at base camp
ridge, a disaster happened. Simpson fell when he woke up. He was sure someone was shouting his name. Excitedly,
and broke his knee. Quickly, Yates tied a he ran outside and looked around. Finally, after searching and searching
rope to himself and then to his friend. he found Simpson. He was lying on the ground, not moving, but he was
He began lowering Simpson down the still breathing.
mountain and, for hours and hours,
After a few days, the two men returned home and their story became
Yates helped Simpson get down the
famous. Unfairly, some climbers criticised Yates for cutting the rope. But,
mountain. They were getting close to the
in 1988, Simpson wrote a book about the events and defended Yates.
glacier at the bottom of the mountain
Simpson believed Yates made the right decision.
but suddenly Simpson slipped. This time
he went over the edge of a cliff. He was
hanging in mid-air. Simpson shouted
up to Yates, but the wind was blowing
loudly and Yates couldn’t hear him.

The edge (n) /edʒ/ the place where

something stops
abseil (v) /ˈaebseɪl/ to lower yourself
down a mountain on a rope
crawl (v) /krɔ:l/ to move on your
hands and knees

TALK ABOUT X YOUR PAST X EVENTS YOU REMEMBER X THE MAIN EVENTS X A HAPPY ENDING WRITE X A TRUE STORY 51

15704_02_P02_P045-080.indd 51 26/02/13 2:50 PM

 UNIT 4 REVIEW
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo. What can 4 Choose the correct option (a–c) to complete the
you see? Where do you think it is? sentences.

2 Read about two adventurers and check your 1 My biggest at school was passing my
ideas in Exercise 1. Then complete the text mathematics exam. I got an A grade in the end!
with the past simple form of the verbs. a achievement b challenge c decision
2 Don’t get angry when things don’t happen as fast
as you’d like. Learn to be .
a patient b reliable c experienced
3 Probably the most person in history was
Albert Einstein. He had an amazing brain.
a ambitious b careful c intelligent
4 You dropped water everywhere. Please try to be
more !
a ambitious b careful c determined
I CAN
talk about challenge and personal qualities

Real life
5 Look at the pictures (1–5) and write sentences about
what happened in each part of the story.
1 2

Steve O’Meara 1 met (meet) Donna in Boston

in 1986. On their second date, Steve 2 took
4
(take) Donna in a helicopter to Hawaii. That sounds
romantic but they 3 didn't fly(not / fly) to a beach. 3
They 4 went (go) to the Kilauea volcano. A year
later, they 5 visited (visit) to the volcano again
5
and this time they 6 got (get) married on the
volcano. It 7 didn't be(not / be) only for romantic
reasons. Steve and Donna both 8 became(become)
volcanologists and they 9travelled (travel) all over
the world to study volcanoes. But they really
10 wanted
(want) to spend more time by the Kilauea
volcano and some years later they 11 bought (buy) 6 Work in pairs. Take turns to tell each other your stories
a house there. Donna explains why: ‘This volcano from Exercise 5. The person telling the story has to
can still kill you but for me to live on the volcano is include the words on the left. The person listening uses
exciting every day.’ the words on the right.

then next Why? Oh no!

3 Work in pairs. Make questions about Steve
while luckily Good idea!
and Donna O’Meara using these prompts.
Then take turns to ask and answer using
information from the text. I CAN
sequence the stages of a story
Student A: When / meet?
Where / get married? What / want to do? introduce good and bad news in a story
respond to a story
Student B: Where / take Donna?
What / become? What / buy?
I CAN
Speaking
talk about past events and important moments 7 Write down five years when something important
in my life happened in your life. Show the years to your partner.
ask questions about the past Take turns to guess why each year was important.

56

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Life Pre-intermediate Unit 4b
Past continuous and past simple: Actions in progress, temporary
actions and situations, the background to a story

It was winter. I was staying

with my grandparents at the
time. One day I needed to go
to London. My grandparents
offered to drive me to the
station. It was snowing and the
traffic was moving really slowly
so I decided to get out and walk.
As I arrived at the station the
last passengers were getting on
the train. I ran to the platform,
but it was too late. The train
was leaving the station.

Presentation
Use the past continuous to talk about actions and Past continuous and past simple
situations in progress at a particular moment in the past: You can use the past continuous with the past simple to
It was snowing and the traffic was moving really slowly. talk about two actions that happened at the same time.
Use the past continuous to talk about the action which
Past continuous
was already in progress. Use the past simple to talk
Affirmative and negative about a second, shorter action:
was
I / He / She / It
wasn’t (was not)
running.
were She arrived on the platform
We / You / They
weren’t (were not) time

The train was leaving the station

Questions and short answers
When she arrived at the platform, the train was leaving
was I / he / she / it
Where going? the station.
were we / you / they

Yes, I / he / she / it was. No, I / he / she / it wasn’t.

The second, shorter action sometimes interrupts the
Yes, you / we / they were. No, you / we / they weren’t. action already in progress:

You also often use the past continuous to describe the

background to a story: The ticket collector stopped me
It was winter. I was staying with my grandparents at the time
time.
I was running up the stairs
Do not use the past continuous with stative verbs:
I needed … (not I was needing.) I was running up the stairs to the platform when the
See Unit 9 for information about stative verbs. ticket collector stopped me.

Practical Grammar 2 1 © National Geographic Learning

 Pre-intermediate Unit 4b
Exercises
1 Complete the sentences with was, were, wasn’t or weren’t.
1 What were you doing at ten o’clock last night?
2 Why was he running away so fast?
3 He wasn't doing his homework. He was watching TV instead!
4 They were disturbing the neighbours with their loud music.
5 I’m sorry. I was working late at the office and I forgot to call.
6 Sorry, we weren't listening. What did you say?
7 She wasn't living there for very long, only a few weeks, I think.
8 They were having problems with their car, so they took a taxi.

2  Choose the correct form of the verb. Then listen and check.
Conversation 1
A: What 1 did you do / were you doing at 2 a.m. this morning? 2 Did you have / Were you having a party?
B: No, not a party. We 3 invited / were inviting some friends round for dinner. Why?
A: The music was really loud! I 4 tried / was trying to get to sleep.
B: Sorry! I 5 didn’t know / wasn’t knowing it was so loud.
Conversation 2
C: Oh! Hello! I didn’t know you 6 waited / were waiting for me. I 7 spoke / was speaking to Mark on the phone.
D: It’s OK. I 8 finished / was finishing work about half an hour ago. Would you like to go for a quick coffee?
Have you got time?
C: Yes, I have. I 9 just looked / was just looking at a report, but I can finish it later.

3 Complete the text with the past continuous or past simple of the verbs in brackets.

A man 1 was walking (walk) down the street. It 2 was (be) a beautiful
day – the sun 3
was shining (shine) and the birds 4
was singing (sing). The
man 5
was walking (walk) past a park bench when he 6 saw (see) a piece
of paper on the floor. He 7 picked (pick) it up. It 8 was (be) a lottery ticket.
He 9 crossed (cross) the street to a shop where a woman 10
was writting (write) the
winning lottery numbers on a board. He 11 read (read) the numbers on the board and
12 looked (look) at the numbers on his ticket. He couldn’t believe his eyes! As he
13 was walking (walk) out of the shop, he 14 was dreaming (dream) about how he
would spend his three-million-pound prize!

Practical grammar 2 2 © National Geographic Learning

do
meet

ride
go
sleep
climb
watch
 London
jungle
a IPhone
a famous
seen a
ghost

so
or

then

because

first also

finally

climbed been too finally

stayed had
tried met
travelled gone

used seen
 out of down into

towards across through under

Have you ever seen Titanic? up

over away from
Have you ever breaked your arm?
Have you ever eaten anything unusual?
Have you ever swum in a river?
Have you ever made anything to wear?

Have you ever gone to a really hot or cold count?

into
out of
up
towards over

across
over
towards
 r\/r*!r-mtrtu ar !:{:
rArr KI r !ruL r>

E Work in pairs. Have similar conversations about

Sprarrrvc countries or cities and. / or different films.

& Work in groups. Look at the photo and discuss the questions. When,you answer present perfect questions,
. Do you know anyone who travels like this? u5e tlti past simple to add details about the
. Which countries would you like to visit? Why? How would you experiince, such as the time or how you felt.
I i ke to travel ?

A: Haueyou beento Budapest?

B: Yes.'tsdeen I wentthere last year.

A. Ha.ve'you seen 'f he President's Son'?

B: Yes; I have. #rc-:een I saw it on Saturday.
+have.art+iled I didn't like it very much.

{ Translate the conversations in the box above.

Do you use the same tenses in your language?

S Add details in the past simple using the ideas

in italics.
1 A: Have you ever been to Japan?
GnarrnrrnaR Present perfect 1 B: Yes, I have. I / go there last year.
2 A: Have you been to Moscow before?
To find out if someone has arparticulll experien€e or not, use B: Yes. / / come here a few years ago.
the present perfect (have+ past partiqiple): 3 A: Have you ever seen'The Exorcist'?
B: I have, but I / not like it.l don't llke horror
A: Have you been to Brazil?
B: Yes (l have). Haveyou (been thefe)? 4 A: Have you seen'Mystery Car'?
B: Yes. / / see it a few weeks ago. lt / be
Have you seen the Pyramidg? greatl
No, (never / t haven't). Have you (seen them)? 5 A: Have you been to the cathedral?
B: Yes,we / goyesterday.We / love it!
A Complete 1-3 with ONE word in each gap.
1 A: Have you ...........................
ever to Poland? H Change partners. Have similar conversations
Have you?
B: No............................ to the ones in exercise B, but this time, add
A: Yes. details when you answer.
2 ever
A: Have you ........................... that new Clooney film?
B: Yes, I have you
. Have .................... ...... ?
A: No. ls it good?
B: Yes.
3 Have
A: .................,.........you to
been ........................... Mexico?
B: No, we haven't
A: Me neither, but lU to go one day.

Need heip? Read the grammar reference on page 158.

72 OUTCOMES
 Vocae u rARV * Decide if the experiences in 1-9 in exercise A are:
Cood and bad experiences . very serious.
. quite serious.
A Match the experiences 1-9 to the pictures a-i. . not very serious.
1 I failed my exam i 6 lfell offthe wall. b
2 1 lost the match. h 7 lbrokeawindow, e Replace the verbs in 1-9 with the opposites in the box.
3 Someone stole my bike. f 8 I criticised my boss d
4 My cat died. a 9 I got divorced g supported climbed onto fou nd
5 I forgot to lock the door. c was born remem bered pa ssed
re pa i red married won

m
g Say five things that have happened in the last year

using some of the verbs from exercises A and C.

For example:
My brother passed his driving test.

j'li, '
Rraor ruc
You arc goira.g t*: read a *tragaxi.m.e axticl* ab*&t x&rilat
tSse wrlter's fathes tp3$ ?rir*e l,!rh*xt he &rad a had
cxperiesrce.

& Work in pairs. Before you read, discuss if you agree

with each of the sentences 1-4.
1 We all have bad experiences, but it's best to forget
them.
2 We need to teach children to be positive and to only
talk about success.
3 lt's important to have good and bad experiences and
it's bad to worry a lot about making mistakes.
4 Children are bad now because they can do what they
want and their parents don't criticise them.

B Now read and decide which sentence in exercise A

best explains the writer's argument.

PUT IT DOWN
TO EXPE,RIENCE,
When I lvas young and You need to remember them st'r
something bad happened to you don't repeat mistakes, but
me - I failed an exam, I lost you also need to continue to
a football match, rny cat died, enjoy life and be open to new
someone stole my bicycle - my expcriences.
dad never criticised me or said I Unfortunately. in our socicty.
rvas stupid if I cried. He didn't many people think that only
say, 'It doesn't matter' or 'Forget good experiences and success
about it'. He said, 'Put it down are important: passing exams:
to experience'. It lvas a good rvinning a match; earning lots r,

expression and I thank my dad money. We only talk about the

tbr it. 'Put it dorvn to experience' good things that we have done
means'think about everything At the same lime, rve criticise
that happens - both good and every mistake that other people
bad - as a useful experience'. make and try to limit every
Negative experiences matter and possibility of bad experiences:
it's not stupid to feel bad or sad. parents don't let their children
74 OUTCOMES
 Work in groups. Explain your choice. Was there any part GRarrnruaR Present perfect 2
of the article you didn't r:nderstand? Can your partners
help you? The present perfect is hove + past participle. Most
past participles are the same as the past simple form
t,, Work in pairs. Did you like what the writer said? Which of the verb:
of his opinions below do you agree with? Why? Haveyou ever played baseball?
. lf people'forget about it', they repeat their mistakes. (play-played-played)
. All experiences are useful. l've never had any success.
. In our society, only good experiences and success are (have-had-had)
i m po rta nt.

. lt's not a good idea to try to limit every possibility of bad Some past participles have different forms to the
things happening. past simple:
. Politicians and managers do a better job when they Have you ever stolen something?
have had lots of different experiences. (steal-stole-stolen)
. Society is better if people feel OK about making
m ista kes. E Test each other. Take turns to say the verbs in the
box. Your partner should say all three forms.

Write the sentences in your language. Translate I ose cry fa il I

stea ma ke
them back into English. Compare your English to the work win do break fall
original.
Their parents don't let them climb trees. Complete the questions with the correct form of the
I don't let my son go out on his own. verbs in exercise A.
They don't let me smoke in the house. 1 A: Have you ever won a prize?
My sister lets me play on her computer sometimes. B: Yes, I came first in a cycle race when I was ten.
My dad let me drive his car when I was younger. 2 A: Have you everbroken any bones?
B: Yes, I broke my arm when lfelldown the stairs.
3 A: Have you ever done something really
Spearrruc i m po rta nt?
B: Yes. Once I left the tickets for my flight in a taxil
A Work in groups. Discuss these questions. 4A off something high?
Have you ever ...........................
. Do you protect your house / flat a lot? How? B: No, I haven't, but my sister once fell three metres
. What do / did your parents not let you do? out of a window!
. What have you learnt from bad experiences? 5A fallen
Haveyou ever........................... an exam?
. Do your parents have a phrase they often say? Can you B: No, never. I always pass theml
translate it into English? 6A stolen
Has anyone ever ........................... anything from you?
B: Yes, someone stole my car a few years ago.
7A Do you know anyone who has worked
olay outside and climb trees. our managers are better when
abroad?
rr rvalk to school on their orvn: they have had a range of
B: Yes, my cousin once had a.1ob in the UK.
ilnd we stay rvith rvhat rve knorv. experiencc. good and bad. in
8A cried
Have you ever ........................... in public?
iiving in flats rvith locked doors diff'erent jobs, rvith different
B: Yes. When Michael Jackson died. lt was really sad.
rnd bars on the rvindorvs. behind people. Society is better if people
9A lost
What's the best thing you've ever ........................... ?
n alls '"vith guards. criticise less. worry less and f'eel
B: That's a difficult question. Maybe going to
lt's not good. Our politicians. OK about making mistakes.
Disneyla nd.
l0A What's the worst mistake you've ever
made
............ . ..... ..... ?

B: Cetting divorcedl

Need help? Read the grammar reference on page J.58.

Choose five questions from exercise B and write

answers that are true for you.

u Work in pairs. Write the numbers of the questions

you have answered, Give them to your partner. Then
ask and answer each other's questions.

Write two more present perfect questions to ask

other students in the class. Then ask them.

09 EXPERIENCES 75
CD1-12
B Listen and check your answers. Then practice the conversation with a partner. Notice
your pronunciation.

10 EDIT. Read the e-mail. Find and correct eight more errors with the present perfect and
simple past.

Dear Ms. Ramos,

saw
I am writing to apply for the position of staff photographer that I have seen on your

website. I believe that my experience has prepared me well for this job.

Photography is my passion. I loved photography ever since I was a child. That is when

I have gotten my first camera. The thrill of taking pictures never gone away, but my

interests have changed over the years. While I was growing up, I liked to photograph

people; however, as an adult, I have took more pictures of nature than people.

I lived in Hawaii since 2013, and I have traveled all over the islands to photograph

rare birds and plants. I’ve learned a lot, and my technique has improved in the last few

years. My photos has never appeared in a magazine or book, but several have been on

display at a local gallery since several months. I would be happy to share my portfolio on

request.

I have heared a lot about your magazine, and it would be a pleasure to work for you.

I look forward to talking to you about this opportunity.

Sincerely,

Katy Mills

Unit 2 Lesson 1 39
 11 WRITE & SPEAK.

A Use the words to write questions. Use the present perfect or simple past.

1. what activities / you / always / love / to do

What activities have you always loved to do?

2. what activities / you / enjoy / when you were younger

What activities did you enjoy when you were younger?

3. you / visit / any interesting places / when you were a child

Have you ever visited any interesting places when you were a child?

4. you / visit any interesting places / recently

Have you ever visited interesting places recently?

5. what dreams for the future / you / have / as a child

What dreams for the future had you as a child?

6. what / goals / you / achieved / in the last few years

What have you achieved goals in the last few years?

B Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions in exercise A.

A: What activities have you always loved to do?

B: I’ve always loved listening to music.

12 APPLY.

A What is your passion? What kind of job would allow you to follow your passion? Imagine that
you are applying for your ideal job. Write an e-mail and apply for that job. Use ideas from the
e-mail in exercise 10 on page 39 to help you. Use the simple past and present perfect.

B Read a partner’s e-mail. Ask and answer questions about each other’s passion.

A: So, you’ve been playing the flute ever since you were a child. I didn’t know that.

B: Yeah. I’ve always loved it.

A: Have you always wanted to play in an orchestra?
B: No. At first, I wanted to be a music teacher.

40 Present and Past: Perfect and Perfect Progressive

 LEARN

2.1 Present Perfect

statements
Subject + Have/Has ( Not ) + Past Participle
Affirmative I have visited many countries.
Negative Tom hasn’t seen the photos of my trip.

Questions answers
( Wh-) + Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle
Have you visited the Arctic? No, I haven’t.
Yes/No
Has Paul taken many photos? Yes, he has.
What have you heard? Nothing. Why?
Wh-
Who has he met? An explorer.

Who/What + Has + Past Participle

Who or What Who has completed the assignment? Only one student (has).
as Subject What has happened? Nothing, yet.

1. Use the present perfect for

lived in Canada
a. actions or events that started in the a.
past and continue in the present; now

We have lived in Canada for a long time.

travel to Antarctica
b. an action or event that happened at b.
an indefinite time in the past; now
He has traveled to Antarctica.

tornado hit
c. recently completed actions or events; c.
just is common with this use of the now
present perfect.
A tornado has just hit downtown.

2. Use the present perfect to connect the She has taught school for 20 years. Now she wants to
past to the present. write a book.

3. Already, always, ever, and never often The employees have already left work. It’s late.
come before the past participle. Have you ever seen a kangaroo?

Yet and so far are common at the end of She hasn’t called yet. I expect the call soon.
a sentence. The speeches have been good so far. There’s one more.

34 Present and Past: Perfect and Perfect Progressive

 4 Complete the conversations with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect.

Conversation 1

Bev: How is your class going?

Ken: Great. (1) I’ve learned (I / learn) a lot about the Arctic and polar explorers.

Bev: That sounds interesting. (2) Have you seen (you / see)
that book by Paul Nicklen?

Ken: No, (3) I haven't . Who is he? (4) I have never hearded
(I / never / hear) of him.

Bev: He’s a photographer. (5) he has lived (he / live) and (6) worked

(work) in polar climates for many years. (7) He has taken (he / take)
amazing photos of all kinds of animals.
reaL engLisH
Do not repeat have/has between present
perfect verbs connected by and.

He has followed sea lions and studied

polar bears.
Conversation 2

Lee: (8) Mr. Chin has just (Mr. Chin / just / cancel)
canceled
today’s class.

Jen: Really? (9) He has rescheduled (he / reschedule) it yet?

Lee: No, not yet. But I heard the class might be on Saturday.

Jen: Is that possible? (10) Have you ever have (you / ever / have)
a class on a Saturday?

5 ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR. Work with a partner. Look at each answer you wrote in exercise 4.
Then write the number of each answer next to the correct description below. Refer to chart 2.1.

1. Started in the past and continues to the present: ,

2. Happened at an indefinite time in the past: 1 , , , , ,

3. Happened recently: ,

2.2 Present Perfect with For and Since

Use for or since with actions or events that graduated worked at store
started in the past and continue to the present.
May now/December
a. Use for + an amount of time a. Jo has worked at this store for six months.
(number of days, months, . . .).
b. Use since + a specific past time b. He hasn’t been a student since May.
(exact date, time, month, . . .).
c. Use a past time clause with since. c. I’ve known him since he graduated.

Unit 2 Lesson 1 35
 6 Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect form of the verb in parentheses. Then write
since or for.

1. People in many countries enjoy ice swimming. It became popular several decades ago.

People have enjoyed (enjoy) ice swimming for several decades.

2. The first Canadian Polar Bear Swim was in 1920. It is still an annual event.

The Canadian Polar Bear Swim has been (be) an annual event
since 1920.

3. Our town had its first New Year’s Day swim in 2010. Our town still has this swim.

Our town has had (have) a New Year’s Day swim for many years.

4. I wanted to swim with the Polar Bears when I was 13. I’m 23 and I still want to do it.

I have wanted (want) to swim with the Polar Bears for ten years.

5. The only sport my brother does is winter swimming. He hasn`t played (not play)
any other sport since he was a teenager.

6. My father doesn’t participate anymore. His last winter swim was four years ago.

My father hasn`t participated (not participate) for four years.

7. My cousin always jumps into the water first. He did this last year and the year before.

My cousin has jumped always (always / jump) into the water first
for he joined the Polar Bears.

8. We all love winter swimming. We loved our first experience, and we still love it.

We have loved (love) winter swimming since we first tried it.

2.3 Present Perfect and Simple Past

1. The present perfect is used for
a. actions or events that started in the past a. Mary is our math teacher. She has taught
and continue to the present; here for five years.
b. completed actions or events with a b. The children have read the rules. They’re
connection to the present. ready to play the game now.

2. The simple past is used for completed actions She taught math ten years ago. Now she works
or events. in finance.

3. With the present perfect, the exact time of the ✓ They have gone to Morocco.
action or event is not given. ✗ They have gone to Morocco last month.
With the simple past, the exact time of the past ✓ They went to Morocco last month.
action or event is given or understood. ✓ did you sleep well?
4. Use the present perfect with a time period that I’ve called her twice this morning.
has not ended yet. (It’s still morning. I may call her again.)

Use the simple past with a completed past I called her twice yesterday.
time period.

36 Present and Past: Perfect and Perfect Progressive

 7 Circle the correct form of the verb to complete each sentence.

1. a. She has dreamed / dreamed about going to the North Pole since she was young.
b. She has dreamed / dreamed about going to the North Pole last night.

2. a. I have never photographed / never photographed animals in the wild before.

b. We have not photographed / didn’t photograph animals when we were in Alaska.

3. a. Last year, my grandfather has gone / went to Iceland on business twice.

b. My grandfather has gone / went to Iceland on business twice since 2005.

4. a. They haven’t seen / didn’t see any bears on their trip so far.
b. They haven’t seen / didn’t see any bears on their trip last month.

PR ACTICE
8 PRONUNCIATION. Read the chart and listen to the examples. Then complete the exercises.

PronUnciation Reduced Have and Has in the Present Perfect

Have and has are often contracted or reduced in the present perfect. Repeat these
examples.
Examples:
CD1-10
Full Pronunciation Reduced Pronunciation
Lisa has just arrived. Lis z just arrived.
Most people have already left. Most peopl v already left.
Who has she talked to? Whoz she talked to?
What have you done? What v you done?

CD1-11
A Listen to the sentences. Which form of have/has do you hear, the full form or the reduced
form? Check (✓ ) the correct box.

Full Reduced

1. Lee has always loved animals. ✓

2. Our neighbors have adopted many animals over the years.

3. Who has taken care of an animal before?

4. We have faced many challenges with our cats.

5. Kara has taken her dog to the park every day for years.

6. Tyrone has volunteered at the animal shelter since 2012.

7. Our landlords have made a rule about owning pets.

8. What have you learned from working with animals?

CD1-11
B Work with a partner. Compare your answers from exercise A. Then listen again and check
your answers.

Unit 2 Lesson 1 37
 Eye of a green tree python snake, common to Australia

9 Complete the exercises.

A Complete the interview with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect or simple past.

Sara: How long (1) have you been (you / be) a snake catcher, Tim?

Tim: (2) I have had (I / have) this job for over ten years.

Sara: When (3) did you become (you / become) interested in snakes?

Tim: When (4) I was (I / be) a kid, and

(5) snakes fascinated (snakes / fascinate) me ever
since then. When (6) I was (I / be) in middle school,
(7) I didn't read (I / not read) much about any other subject. During
my high school years, (8) I was often volunteer (I / often / volunteer)
at the local zoo, and then in college (9) I majored (I / major) in
herpetology—the study of reptiles.

Sara: And after college (10) You have spent (you / spend) a few years in
Thailand. Isn’t that right?

Tim: Yes, I was working with Thai snake experts. (11) I really enjoyed
(I / really enjoy) my time with them.

Sara: (12) Have you ever experienced (you / ever / experience) any
life-threatening situations since you started working with snakes?

Tim: (13) I have worked (I / work) with many poisonous snakes over the
years, but (14) only one bited (only one / bite) me. That was scary!
Since that time, (15) I have paid more attention (I / pay more attention)
to the snakes’ behavior.

Sara: Why do you love your job?

Tim: (16) Because I have been (I / be) able to live my childhood dream.

38 Present and Past: Perfect and Perfect Progressive

 Lesson

5 Present perfect simple

A Present perfect simple (1) ever, never

I / you / we / they he / she / it 3 We use the Present perfect to talk about past actions
or experiences in our lives, but we don’t specify
 I’ve been to Brazil. She’s been to Italy once.
when they happened. We often use it with the
We haven’t seen Shrek 3. He hasn’t spoken to me. adverbs recently and once, twice, etc.
 Have they arrived? Has it rained recently? I’ve been to Argentina.
Yes, they have. Yes, it has. NOT I’ve been to Argentina last year.
s No, haven’t. No, it hasn’t.
I’ve seen Robbie Williams in concert twice.
4 We often use the Present perfect with ever in
1 We form the Present perfect with have/has + the questions and never in negative sentences with an
past participle. In spoken English we usually use the affirmative verb.
contracted form ’ve/’s. Have you ever seen the Queen?
2 The past participle of regular verbs is the same as No, I’ve never seen the Queen.
the Past simple form, for example, work – worked. 5 Note the difference between been and gone.
However, irregular verbs also have irregular past She’s been to New York. (= She was in New York,
participles. For example, but now she’s back.)
be – was – been, see – saw – seen, She’s gone to New York. (= She’s in New York or on
do – did – done, make – made – made. her way there.)

B Present perfect simple (2) already, just, still, yet

I’ve already finished. 2 We use just in affirmative sentences to say that
 something has happened very recently.
She’s just arrived.
3 We use yet in questions to ask about something that
 Has he arrived yet? we expect to happen. We use (not…) yet in negative
We haven’t finished yet. sentences to say that something we expected to
happened hasn’t happened.
They still haven’t arrived.
4 We use still in negative sentences with the same
1 We use already in affirmative sentences to say that meaning as yet.
something happened before now.

C Present perfect simple (3) How long…?, for, since

How long have you been here? the past and continue in the present. We use for to
indicate the duration of the situation and since to
I’ve been here for three hours. / I’ve been here since 3 p.m.
indicate when the situation began in the past.
How long has he known her? Unlike Italian, in English we do not use the Present
He’s known her for six months. / He’s known her since March. simple with for and since to describe continuing
situations.
1 We use the Present perfect with How long…?, for I’ve known her for years. NOT I know her for years.
and since to talk about situations which started in

D Present perfect simple vs Past simple

Present perfect Past simple 3 We use the Present perfect with How long…?, for
and since when the situation or action, or period of
Have you met the new teacher? Yes, I met him yesterday.
time is not finished. We can use the Past simple with
I haven’t seen the film yet. I saw the film on Friday.
How long…? and for and from… to when the time
Have you spoken to John? Did you speak to John is finished and the action is completed.
last night?
How long have you lived in London?
She still hasn’t done her She did her homework I’ve lived in London for several years/since 2005.
homework. this morning.
(= I still live in London.)
1 We use the Present perfect when we talk about an How long did you live in London?
action in the past, but we don’t specify the time. I lived in London for ten years/from 1995 to 2005.
2 We use the Past simple when we talk about an action (= Now I live somewhere else.)
in the past, and we specify the time (two hours ago,
yesterday, last week).

10
 Lesson

5
A Present perfect simple (1) ever, never
1 Complete the second sentence so that it has 2 Write the questions for the answers using
a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the words in brackets.
the Present perfect of the verb in brackets. 1 A (ever/see/a snake)
1 I can’t find my purse. (lose) Have you ever seen a snake?
-I ’ve lost my purse. B No I haven’t – only on TV.
-
2 Gerry can’t remember the time of the interview. 2 A (How many times/Jill/move/house)
(forget) How many times has Jill moved house ?
Gerry has forgotten the time of interview. B Five times!
3 Amy is on her way to school. (go) 3 A (ever/sing/a solo)
Amy has gone her way to school. Have you ever sung a solo ?
4 I don’t know that man. (never/meet) B Once at primary school, when I was five.
-I have never met that man.
- 4 A (be/cold/recently)
5 There’s something wrong with my dad’s leg. Has it been cold recently ?
(break) B No it hasn’t. The weather’s been lovely.
My dad has broken leg.

B Present perfect simple (2) already, just, still, yet

3 Put the adverbs in the correct place in 4 Complete the sentences with already, just,
the sentences or questions. Write in your still or yet.
exercise book. 1 I’ve already passed my driving test. I don’t
1 Have you had dinner? (yet) need lessons.
Have you had dinner yet? 2 Those boys haven’t apologised yet .
2 Their plane hasn’t taken off. (still) Their plane still... 3 Victoria still hasn’t phoned me.
3 4
This letter has arrived for you. (just) This letter has just... Guess what? Simon’s just said he’s
4 I’ve seen this film. (already) I've already seen... leaving home.
5 We haven’t met the new boss. (yet) ...new boss yet. 5 Have you found your glasses yet ?
6 Mary’s told me she’s getting married! (just) Mary's just... 6 We’ve just been on holiday this year.

C Present perfect simple (3) How long…?, for, since

5 Complete the sentences with for or since. 6 Correct the sentences.
1 I’ve had a horrible cold since Friday. 1 I knew you for 5 years. You’re great! I’ve known
2 We’ve lived in this house for three years. 2 We don’t see her since last week. We have seen
3 Dan’s known Alice since they were kids. 3 She played tennis since she was 8. She has played
4 Have you been here for 8 o’clock? 4 They’ve lived in Rome since ages. They have lived
5 I’ve been on a diet for five long months. 5 How long are you here? How long have you here?
6 They’ve had their dog for a long time. 6 He worked for that company for six years and
now he’s the manager. He has worked

D Present perfect simple vs Past simple

7 Complete the sentences and questions with 8 Choose the correct alternative.
the Present perfect or Past simple form of 1 Have you spent/did you spend your pay yet?
the verb in brackets. 2 He still hasn’t found/didn’t find a job.
1 When did you buy (you/buy) that CD? 3 Did he go/Has he gone yesterday?
2 Have you ever gone(you/ever/go) to a concert? 4 Who did you see/have you seen last night?
3 Luckily, --I have never broken (never/break) my leg. 5 I’ve already given/gave you £20. That’s
4 He’s tired. He stayed up (stay up) late enough!
last night. 6 A You look very smart.
5 Have you ever eaten(you/ever/eat) fish and chips? B I’ve just had/just had a job interview.
6 She left (leave) home 4 years ago. 7 I haven’t done/didn’t do the shopping yet.
8 We went/’ve been to Africa three years ago.

11